00:00What gives the trumpet its clarion ring,
00:12and the tuba its gut-shaking oom-ba-ba?
00:17And what makes the trombone so jazzy?
00:21The answer lies not in the brass these instruments are made of,
00:25but in the journey air takes from the musician's lungs
00:28to the instrument's bell.
00:31Like any sound, music consists of vibrations traveling through air.
00:36Instruments are classified based on how those vibrations are produced.
00:40Percussion instruments are struck.
00:42String instruments are plucked or bowed.
00:45Woodwinds have air blown against a reed or sharp edge.
00:49For brass instruments, however,
00:51the vibration comes directly from the musician's mouth.
00:55One of the first things a brass player must learn is to breathe in deeply
01:00until every possible particle of air is crammed into the lungs.
01:05Once all that air is inside, it must come out through the mouth.
01:09But there, an internal battle takes place,
01:12as the musician simultaneously tries to hold their lips firmly closed,
01:17while blowing enough air to force them open.
01:20The escaping air meets resistance from the lip muscles,
01:24forms an opening called the aperture,
01:27and creates the vibration that brass players call the buzz.
01:32When a mouthpiece is held up to those vibrating lips,
01:35it slightly refines the buzz,
01:37amplifying the vibration at certain frequencies.
01:41But things get really interesting depending on what instrument is attached to that mouthpiece.
01:46A brass instrument's body is essentially a tube that resonates with the air column blowing through it.
01:52The way that sound waves travel through this column forms a limited pattern of pitches,
01:57known as the harmonic series,
01:59with notes spaced far apart at the lower end,
02:02but coming closer together as the pitch increases.
02:05The musician can alter the pitch of the note through slight contractions of the lips,
02:10and alterations to air volume and speed.
02:14Slower, warm, sighing air produces lower pitches,
02:18and faster, cool, flowing air produces higher pitches in the series.
02:23But any single harmonic series has gaps where pitches are missing,
02:28and the versatility of brass instruments lies in their ability to switch between multiple series.
02:34On instruments like the trumpet,
02:36valves can be lowered to increase the length of tubing the air travels through.
02:41While on a trombone, this is done by extending its slide.
02:45Lengthening the tube stretches the vibrating air column,
02:49reducing the frequency of vibrations and resulting in a lower pitch.
02:53This is why the tuba, the largest brass instrument,
02:56is also the one capable of playing the lowest notes.
03:00So changing the instrument length shifts its harmonic series,
03:04while slight variations of the airflow and the player's lips produce the different notes within it.
03:10And those notes finally emerge through the flared bell opening at the end.
03:15What started as a deep breath and a vibrating buzz on the lips
03:19has now been transformed into a bold and brassy tune.
03:23The musician's skillful manipulation of every part of the process,
03:27from lungs to lips to mouthpiece to the instrument itself,
03:32creates an amazing palette of pitches that can be heard in musical genres across the globe.
03:38By harnessing the power of natural resonance in a flexible and controllable way,
03:43brass instruments are great examples of the fusion of human creativity with the physics of our world.
03:57theichts 24-7000 prosecution instrumentals have been changed
04:02and it's randomized based on a single chapter of the universe.
04:03Since its apples and cultures between vision,
04:04the vision of aetrician control of the person's ahh же气候 panel of the seres
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