00:00Nipah virus disease is an infectious zoonotic diseases caused by nipah viruses, NEEV,
00:05which first appeared in domestic pigs in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998 and 1999,
00:11when over 1 million pigs were destroyed to control the disease.
00:15This disease causes respiratory and occasionally nervous signs in susceptible animals such as
00:20pigs and horses and could have devastating zoonotic potential.
00:24There have been NEEV outbreaks in humans and animals in some countries in Asia.
00:29For more recent, detailed information on the occurrence of this disease in animals worldwide,
00:34see World Animal Health Information System Interface.
00:37For more recent, detailed information on the occurrence of this disease in humans,
00:42see the WHO Emergency Dashboard.
00:44Nipah virus disease is an infectious disease which first appeared in domestic pigs in Malaysia
00:50and Singapore in 1998 and 1999.
00:53The name Nipah originated from the name of the village in Malaysia,
00:58where pig farmers became infected one.
01:01The organism which causes Nipah virus disease is an RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae,
01:07genus Hennepavirus, and is closely related to Hendra virus that causes
01:11acute respiratory infection of horses and humans.
01:15There is evidence that Nipah virus can infect several species of domestic animals including
01:20pigs, horses, dogs, and cats too.
01:23The disease causes respiratory and occasionally nervous clinical signs in pigs.
01:28In the initial outbreaks in Malaysia and Singapore in the 1999s,
01:33humans became infected with NEEV through close contact with infected pigs.
01:38However, since then, most instances of NEEV in humans have either occurred
01:42through contact with other infected individuals or via exposure to infected bats.
01:48Nipah virus infection in humans causes a range of clinical presentations,
01:52from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory signs and fatal encephalitis.
01:58Infection with Nipah virus is listed in the World Organization for Animal Health,
02:03W.I.H., Terrestrial Animal Health Code, and must be notified to W.I.H.
02:08Fruit bats, also known as flying foxes, are natural reservoir hosts of Nipah virus 3.
02:16The virus is present in bat urine and potentially bat feces, saliva, and birthing fluids.
02:22During the outbreaks in 1998 to 1999 in Malaysia,
02:26bats were implicated in the introduction of the virus to pig herds,
02:30potentially through the ingestion of food and water contaminated with bat waste by the pigs.
02:35Within pig farms, infection can spread between pigs through direct contact,
02:40as well as to other pig farms through carriage of the virus on fomites,
02:44carrying the virus on clothing, equipment, boots, vehicles.
02:48Public Health Risk
02:50Nipah virus is a zoonotic disease with a high case fatality rate in humans, 40% to 75%.
02:57In the outbreaks of 1998 to 1999 in Malaysia and Singapore,
03:02transmission to humans has almost always been from direct contact
03:05with the excretions or secretions of infected pigs.
03:09Since then, reports from outbreaks, notably in Bangladesh and India,
03:14suggest transmission from bats without an intermediate host
03:17by consuming food contaminated with bat secretions, for example,
03:20raw palm sap or fruit six and climbing trees contaminated with bat excrement seven.
03:26In 2014, there was a reported outbreak of Neve in humans in the Philippines
03:31that was attributed to direct contact with contaminated fluids
03:34during the slaughter of infected horses and consumption of undercooked meat for.
03:39There have been recent reports of Neve cases in humans
03:42associated with close and prolonged contact with an infected individual.
03:47Therefore, precautions are necessary for people caring for infected patients.
03:52Precautions should also be taken when submitting
03:54and handling laboratory samples from suspected cases,
03:57as well as for those working in close association
04:00with susceptible animals and slaughterhouses from at-risk areas.
04:04Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of Neve infection has evolved.
04:09Recent Neve cases are predominantly associated with human-to-human
04:13and bat-to-human transmission,
04:15with domestic animals playing a lesser role in transmission.
04:18For information about nypavirus disease in humans and measures to prevent infection,
04:23please refer to the World Health Organization.
Comments