**Origins and Definition**: - **Emergence**: Fascism originated in early 20th-century Europe, particularly in Italy post-World War I. - **Definition**: It is a far-right, authoritarian ultranationalist political ideology and movement characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.
**Key Figures and Movements**: - **Benito Mussolini**: Founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, becoming Prime Minister in 1922 and establishing a dictatorship by 1925. - **Adolf Hitler**: Led the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi Party) in Germany, becoming Chancellor in 1933 and establishing a totalitarian regime.
**Characteristics**: - **Nationalism**: Extreme loyalty to the nation and its leader, often combined with a belief in the superiority of one's own nation or ethnic group. - **Authoritarianism**: Centralized control by a single party and leader, with strict social and economic controls. - **Militarism**: Emphasis on military strength and aggressive expansionism. - **Anti-Communism and Anti-Democracy**: Rejection of political pluralism, democracy, and socialism.
**Impact and Legacy**: - **World War II**: Fascist regimes in Italy, Germany, and Japan played central roles in the outbreak of World War II. - **Aftermath**: The defeat of fascist powers in 1945 led to a widespread denunciation of fascist ideologies, but neo-fascist movements have persisted in various forms.
**Modern Context**: - **Neo-Fascism**: Post-World War II, neo-fascist groups have emerged, often promoting xenophobia, racism, and extreme nationalism.
Fascism remains a significant subject of study and discussion in understanding the dynamics of authoritarianism and its impact on world history.
For more detailed information, you can refer to sources like [Encyclopedia Britannica](https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism) and [History.com](https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/fascism).
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