00:30I think it's a general idea of any continent.
00:32We have heard that Europe is a very cold country.
00:36Why is that?
00:37We found out today that there is a temperate zone there.
00:39Temperate zone means that the sun there is inclined.
00:43Let's discuss this.
00:45The question here is why is there a tolerant zone?
00:48Why is the tolerant zone so much hot as compared to the temperate zone?
00:52This is the question.
00:54You can write it down.
00:56But why?
00:57Why is that?
00:59Very important point.
01:02Inclination of the sun rays.
01:04It's very important.
01:05It's not important to find out the proximity of the sun.
01:07Like we did 1,000,000 perihelion.
01:09If we talk about the orbit,
01:11the earth is very close to the sun.
01:13On which date?
01:15No.
01:17On 4th January.
01:19On 4th January, the earth is very close to the sun.
01:24This concept is called perihelion.
01:26This phenomenon is called perihelion.
01:28And if we talk about the distance,
01:30this distance is 91,000,000 miles.
01:33This is the perihelion phenomenon.
01:36When the earth is closest to the sun.
01:38This happens on 4th January.
01:40Similarly, when is it away from the sun?
01:42Which phenomenon is called aphelion?
01:44A-P-H-E-L-I-O-N
01:46Aphelion, away from the sun.
01:48And the distance we have is 95,000,000 miles.
01:51That's for the sun.
01:53And you will be surprised.
01:55This happens on 3rd June.
02:01That's a different thing.
02:03Those are seasons.
02:053rd June.
02:07There is a difference of 3-4 days.
02:09But usually, there is a difference of 3-4 days.
02:11But usually, there is a difference of 3-4 days.
02:13So, that's the point.
02:15It means that the closeness of the sun and the earth doesn't matter.
02:19What matters is the angle of the rays coming on the earth.
02:23So, you can see in simple words.
02:25When the sun rises in the morning, the rays are coming on the earth.
02:29But the intensity is not so much.
02:31When does the intensity feel?
02:33When it comes vertically on the earth.
02:35So, this is what you understand.
02:37This is the area of the total zone where maximum sun rays fall.
02:41But as the curvature of the earth goes, it declines.
02:45When the area of the earth increases, the amount of light remains the same.
02:49So, the rays spread more in the area.
02:51That's why the curvature of the earth decreases.
02:53That's why the rays spread more in the area.
02:55Here, we have some dates.
02:59It means that the tropic of Cancer and Capricorn extreme limit is that the sun rays fall vertically.
03:05If we talk about the sun's rotation vertically,
03:07it doesn't go beyond 23 degrees from equator to equator.
03:13The tropic of Cancer, suppose that our area is in the northern hemisphere.
03:19So, in Pakistan, the month of summer usually comes in June, July, August.
03:23I am going to answer your question about Australia.
03:25I will explain it to you.
03:27See, what happens is that we have the tropic of Cancer, Equator and Capricorn.
03:35When the sun rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer,
03:39then in the whole northern hemisphere, it is summer.
03:46When the sun rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer,
03:50similarly, when the sun rays fall vertically on the tropic of Capricorn,
03:53then in the whole southern hemisphere, it is summer.
03:56If the sun rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer,
03:58then obviously, the sun rays are not falling vertically on the tropic of Cancer at a time.
04:00So, the sun rays are inclining here.
04:02So, when the sun rays incline here, the temperature here will be more or less.
04:05So, let's make it straight.
04:07Northern and Southern.
04:09There are two parts of the globe.
04:10The northern part and the southern part.
04:12If the sun rays fall vertically on the tropic of Cancer,
04:17then the sun rays are inclining here.
04:19Here, the temperature will be more.
04:22Here, the temperature will be less.
04:24So, obviously, if we talk about summer in the northern hemisphere,
04:28then the southern hemisphere will be winter there.
04:31And if we talk about summer in the southern hemisphere,
04:34then the northern hemisphere will be winter.
04:35This is the difference between Australia and North America.
04:37Because the portion of Australia is in the southern hemisphere.
04:40So, there is a difference in the temperature there.
04:42Not only in Australia, but if we talk about the countries in South America,
04:46which are in the same south, like Chile, Argentina, or Europe,
04:49then the temperature here is entirely different from ours.
04:53In our country, it is summer there.
04:55In our country, it is winter there.
04:56Now, what are the dates when this variation occurs here?
05:01Here, we have some terminology.
05:04In this, we have Solistic.
05:07Solistic and Equinox occur.
05:11Solistic and Equinox.
05:13We have two terms.
05:17When the sun rays fall on the topic of cancer,
05:20then what is the month?
05:23We have the season of summer.
05:25And if we talk about the exact date, then it will be the month of June.
05:30And June can be the 21st or 22nd.
05:34It can be the 21st or 22nd.
05:37Okay?
05:38So, you must have read about the longest day.
05:40What is it?
05:41It is not June.
05:42It is not the 21st.
05:43Why is it the longest day?
05:44The sun does not go up.
05:47Okay?
05:48You can see how long it is.
05:49It will increase during the day.
05:50But let me tell you this.
05:51This is its last day.
05:52This is its last day here.
05:54Next, it will not go ahead.
05:55It will come back.
05:56Sun rays will come back.
05:57So, as soon as it comes back,
05:58June, July, August, September will come.
06:05September will come.
06:06September 23rd will come.
06:09It can be the 22nd or 23rd of a day.
06:12It will come in September.
06:13On September 23rd,
06:15the direct sun rays will fall on it.
06:18So, throughout the world,
06:19the duration of the day will be the same.
06:24Throughout the globe,
06:25the duration of the day will be equal.
06:30Okay?
06:32This term is called Equinox.
06:35And this term is called Summer Solstice.
06:41Summer Solstice.
06:45Okay.
06:46Clear?
06:47It will come in September.
06:49After September,
06:50next month,
06:51October, November, December.
06:54It will come in December.
06:57It will come in December 22nd.
07:01December 22nd.
07:02In December 22nd,
07:03the sun will go vertically on the Tropic of Cancer.
07:07Now, it means that
07:08it has reached its extreme limit.
07:10It cannot go forward.
07:11Now, it is summer here.
07:13It will be the longest day here.
07:15In Australia,
07:16in South America,
07:17it will be the longest day.
07:18But,
07:19in the Tropic of Cancer area,
07:20it will be the shortest day.
07:22Okay?
07:23This term is called Winter Solstice.
07:29Winter Solstice.
07:31Done?
07:33It came in December.
07:34January, February, March.
07:37Now, it came back in March.
07:38Again, it came in March.
07:39It was in September.
07:40Again, it came in March.
07:42Let's leave it here.
07:43March.
07:45Let's do March 22nd.
07:46Let's do March 21st.
07:4721st March.
07:4921st March,
07:50again,
07:51the equator came in front.
07:53Okay?
07:54And now, what will happen?
07:55Equinox will happen.
07:56For the globe,
07:57the duration of day and night will be equal.
07:59It will be equal.
08:00So, after March,
08:01again, April, May, June will come.
08:02In this way,
08:03this period will continue.
08:05Okay?
08:06So, along with this,
08:07we get Summer Solstice,
08:08Winter Solstice,
08:09and Equinox.
08:11Clear?
08:14Sir, you have to see this.
08:15Equally,
08:16comparatively,
08:17both sides of the globe are equal.
08:19It means that
08:20if you stand here,
08:21and stand here,
08:22then the duration of this and this will be equal.
08:24It's not like this and this will be in between.
08:26Both sides of the globe will be equal.
08:28If you go ten steps north,
08:29and ten steps south,
08:30then it will be equal.
08:32If you go ten steps north,
08:33then it won't be equal.
08:34It won't be like this.
08:35If you stand here,
08:36and take a torch,
08:37and light a candle,
08:38then it will get more poison,
08:39and it will get less poison.
08:41If you stand in the center,
08:43then the duration of this and this will be equal.
08:45This is the point.
08:53But if you take this,
08:54then as we go further,
08:55similarly,
08:56the duration will be less.
08:58Yes.
08:59When the summer solstice happens,
09:00the topic of answer.
09:02So, let me tell you that
09:03in Scandinavian countries,
09:04the sun does not rise.
09:07But both the June,
09:08and this July,
09:10and the rest of the year,
09:11the months come to us.
09:13Here,
09:14the sun does not set.
09:16Why doesn't it set?
09:18See,
09:19at this time, this is the position.
09:21It is like this.
09:22This is the Scandinavian country.
09:24Now,
09:25they can see the sun,
09:26but they can't see the sun.
09:27They can't see the sun.
09:29The sun is coming towards them
09:30at this height.
09:31Now,
09:32they are standing here,
09:33and they are looking at the sun.
09:34The sun is a little disturbed,
09:36but it is not for them.
09:38And similarly,
09:39if the sun comes down,
09:41on the Tropic of Capricorn,
09:42then they can't see it.
09:45It is a night of 6 months,
09:46day and night.
09:47That is why it is dark.
09:48It is not 6 months,
09:49it is 3-4 months.
09:51It is not exact,
09:52but it changes.
09:53It changes like this.
09:54So,
09:55when the red sun rays are coming here,
09:56they won't get it, right?
09:59They won't get the light
10:00because it is dark here.
10:07What happened?
10:10No,
10:11it is not that.
10:14It is made later.
10:15Ecuador is here.
10:16See,
10:17it is with us.
10:18Yes,
10:19it is here.
10:20It is close to the equator.
10:21Now,
10:22I will tell you,
10:24you are a globe, right?
10:25I mean,
10:26you are a football.
10:27I have a football.
10:29You are a globe, right?
10:30I have a football.
10:32Yes,
10:33I got it.
10:34Now, see,
10:35I have a football.
10:36This is Ecuador.
10:37Now, tell me,
10:38this is the moon.
10:40Now,
10:41it is a curvature.
10:42Now,
10:43it is very close to Ecuador.
10:44So,
10:45where will it be far from
10:46French Guiana and Columbia?
10:47It looks like a mortar.
10:50These are minor issues.
10:51Very minor.
10:52Now,
10:53you know that
10:54NASA
10:55sends a rocket
10:56to LA.
10:57This is a small area
10:58of French Guiana.
11:00This is French Guiana.
11:02French Guiana is not a country.
11:04In fact,
11:05it is collectively
11:06occupied by Europe.
11:08It is used for
11:09sending space shuttles.
11:11Here,
11:12the impact of rotation
11:13is less.
11:14This is the reason.
11:15Yes,
11:16this is French Guiana.
11:17It is near the border
11:18with Suriname,
11:19Guiana and Suriname.
11:20This is French Guiana
11:21So,
11:22it is not logical
11:23that it is near
11:24Ecuador.
11:25Because,
11:26Ecuador is not
11:27far from the Earth.
11:28If it is near
11:29Ecuador,
11:30then,
11:31what is the fault
11:32of democratic
11:33governments?
11:34Look,
11:35let us go further.
11:36This is Ecuador.
11:37We have caught Ecuador.
11:38This is Ecuador.
11:39Let us come here.
11:40All these regions
11:41are near the moon.
11:42Let us go further.
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