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Editing DNA: the « molecular scissors» CRISPR-Cas9
AFP English
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2 years ago
The genome editing technique CRISPR-Cas9, sometimes called the "molecular scissors", allows the modification of the genome of living beings, in a similar fashion to cutting and pasting on computers. VIDEOGRAPHIC
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00:00
The genome editing technique CRISPR-Cas9, sometimes called the molecular scissors, allows
00:13
the modification of the genome of living beings in a similar fashion to cutting and pasting
00:18
on computers.
00:20
The molecular scissors imitate what certain bacteria do in nature.
00:25
When they attack a virus, these types of bacteria defend themselves by capturing DNA fragments
00:31
of their attacker.
00:33
The bacteria integrates the foreign DNA into its own genome to create an RNA molecule.
00:40
This type of RNA, produced from the DNA of the bacteria named CRISPR, has the ability
00:46
to remember an attack by a virus, a little like a vaccine, and allows the bacteria to
00:53
defend itself against new attacks.
00:56
Combined with the protein Cas9, the CRISPR RNA functions like molecular scissors, recognizing
01:02
the virus DNA and cutting it at the right place to neutralize the intruder.
01:08
To reproduce this behavior in cells in the laboratory, the researchers use an RNA strand,
01:14
the RNA guide, which will play the same role as the CRISPR molecule.
01:18
For this, they combine the Cas9 protein with the RNA guide, which can be chemically synthesized,
01:24
then introduce this aqueous solution into the targeted cells.
01:30
The researchers can then remove or replace a DNA sequence by another.
01:36
The CRISPR-Cas9 technique allows the treatment of hereditary diseases like sickle cell anemia
01:42
or to create new varieties of genetically modified plants.
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