The following quotations of IOM, which clearly reveal all Yuon criminals, are so active in Cambodia in prostitutions:
In this survey the focus is on the different ways, routes, reasons and perceptions of trafficking of Vietnamese women and children to Cambodia. The fact that this research was conducted in the receiving country has led to a very different perspective on the topic of trafficking compared to the earlier survey on trafficking from Cambodia to Thailand. While greater focus is placed on the situation of ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia, as migrants as well as victims of trafficking. Also more attention is paid to the perspectives and wishes for the future for those Vietnamese women and girls who have become victims of trafficking. These differences are related to the different economic, political and historical realities of the countries involved. A broader understanding of these situations will help gain more insight into the push and pull factors, the rationale, the role of social and cultural factors and the selection processes related to the trafficking in general and the trafficking of Vietnamese women and children to Cambodia in particular.
The survey was conducted by Mrs. Lim Sidedine and Ms. Annuska Derks, with additional help from Mrs. Rakline and Mrs. Tean Sophorn for the Vietnamese and Khmer translations. Some information was collected through organizations working on the topic in Ho Chi Minh City. The survey itself was conducted in Cambodia, in different shelters and areas in Phnom Penh and Kompong Som and in the border provinces Takeo, Svay Rieng and Ratanakiri in order to find out more about the movement of people from Vietnam to different places in Cambodia. The experiences, knowledge, reasons and consequences of the trafficking of Vietnamese women and children were explored through interviews with Vietnamese women and children, especially girls, who had been victims of trafficking. Because the police had raided many brothels in different parts of Phnom Penh, many of these women and girls could be contacted in the various shelters. Other women and girls were interviewed in brothels, dancing halls, massage places and karaoke bars. For more background information, family members of the girls and women, brothel owners, police and other authorities, representatives of Vietnamese and Vietnamese migrants in Cambodia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and international organizations (IOs) working in this field and other resource persons were also interviewed. This survey could not have been conducted without the kind cooperation of these different organizations, authorities, related persons and, especially, the Vietnamese women and girls who shared their experiences with us. We would like to thank them all.
The situation between Cambodia and Vietnam is quite distinct. The migration of Vietnamese to Cambodia is not a new phenomenon. But the trafficking of Vietnamese, especially women and girls, to Cambodia has only come to the attention of non-governmental and international organizations, and the governments of Cambodia and Vietnam, in the past few years. Vietnam has undergone a similar, although not as far-reaching reform process from a socialist to a more market-oriented economy since the late eighties. As a result of this 'renovation' or doi moi, Vietnam has experienced enormous economic growth rates. Irvin states that this "breakout" to the market has benefited mainly the poor, i.e. the peasantry. Vietnam is still a predominantly agricultural country, with 80 percent of the population living in rural areas and 72 percent of the labour force being engaged in agricultural activities, while little more than one-tenth is involved in industry. The growing privatization of land use from 1988 onwards as well as the increasing role of the private sector has brought economic opportunities to many farming families. However, for those families who did not have the capability or the access to the capital or the technology to farm their plots successfully, the reforms created more economic difficulties. As a result, Vietnamese farmers who cannot earn enough to support their families in agriculture seek additional employment somewhere else, in urban areas or even abroad. This is, according to several authors, not necessarily a consequence of growing poverty, but also of growing expectations brought about by economic growth and a broader view on the outside world through more open (trade) relations with other countries. Rigg writes that:
Growing expectations and an absence of sufficient opportunities within agriculture are creating the conditions in which rural households are looking further a field, both spatially - beyond the village - and in sectoral terms - beyond agriculture.
