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12:39What was the страш of when they were, when they were out, when they were out of the house?
12:45Then they were scary.
12:47They were not people, they were monsters.
12:52They went to any house, any house.
12:56All that was, they took them.
12:59The Germans, a grandmother in the house, there was a great big tree.
13:04All Germans went to this tree, sat down, sat down, and sat down.
13:08Our grandmother came out and said,
13:15''Kamrad, what is this?''
13:18And on the river, in the village of Piski, there was a strong fire.
13:25Something was burning.
13:27And he looked and said,
13:30''Kamrad, this is our kamrad, who threw a cigarette in the house.''
13:35And it was burning.
13:47In the spring of 1944, SS divisions operating in Eastern Europe were sent to the Western Front.
13:55In Italy, France, and Belgium, units for whom violence and mass murder were routine,
14:01brought along the methods they had practiced on the Eastern Front.
14:09In Tulle and Orador-sur-Glane, in France, the Das Reich division,
14:14which had participated in Einsatzgruppe B extermination operations,
14:19perpetrated the type of massacre that was daily fare in the Bielorussian hinterlands.
14:25642 people were brutally murdered, and the village was burned to the ground.
14:34And yet, the Nazi extermination machine continued, ineluctably.
14:39The gas chambers and furnaces operated until the final hours before the German retreat.
14:46Many of those who had not been gassed perished during the death marches.
14:51Henri Zajdenwerger, then a prisoner at Stutthof death camp, survived this ordeal.
14:57I remember, on the road, those who were not able to follow, they were attacked.
15:02They were in the forest, they were attacked, they remained there.
15:07And then, I remember also, I had my feet enveloped in a big paper cement.
15:13I walked with it, and I ate snow.
15:16I didn't want to think about what would happen later.
15:21I lived at the moment, at the moment, at the moment.
15:36I lived at the moment, at the moment.
15:37I thought, there's another minute, I'm still alive, that's essential.
15:40And I lived like that, in short sight.
15:44In the Crimea, Otto Ohlundorf's Einsatzgruppe,
15:48flanked by a militia of Tartar killers,
15:51had exterminated the Jews of Simferopol at Kilometer 11.
15:57Over 10,000 people between December 9th and 13th, 1941.
16:12Three years later, while the Germans were beating a retreat,
16:16a final action was carried out on March 13, 1944.
16:21I was born in Ukraine, in a Jewish family.
16:26My father is a Jewish family, my mother is a Ukrainian.
16:29It was 8 April 1939.
16:31I was a loving family.
16:33My parents were taught together in school.
16:36There was a big love.
16:38There were no Jews, no Jews, no Russians, no Jews, no pioneers, no Jews, no Jews.
16:43There were no rebels.
16:47No Jews, no foreigners, no Europeans, no Russians, no Americans.
16:52There were no rebels against this marriage.
16:54David Meyrovich and Kizilstein, Rosalia Abramovna.
16:59This is my father and my grandmother.
17:01They were tragically dead in 1941.
17:05In 1941, on December 10, in Simferopol,
17:11the German army entered.
17:13After the murder of her father and her Jewish grandparents,
17:16Nina Lizitsinas survived concealed by a priest.
17:20When he was hanged by the Nazis for rescuing Jews,
17:22she hid in her grandparents' cellar.
17:25Her false certificate of Aryan background was no help
17:28when she was denounced by a neighbor
17:29in the last days of the German occupation.
17:32And on April 13, 1944,
17:37I went to the house.
17:39I was already sick.
17:41I had my eye tuberculosis.
17:43I had my leg tuberculosis.
17:45I was sick.
17:47I literally cried.
17:47I was pissed.
17:49I was dying.
17:49I was temperatureed from the house.
17:53The police were taken away from the entrance.
17:59We were taken away from the river.
18:04Our troops were in a river.
18:08And this gentleman came into the house.
18:14She kept the child in their hands. Who they were, what they were, how many people were in a row.
18:19They brought an open car. There were a lot of people, almost full of people.
18:24They were thrown out of various policemen, officers and Jews.
18:30They were thrown out and killed. I don't remember anything.
18:50I came in a night, in a row.
18:56I fell out of a row, I don't know how many hours.
18:59I came in 11 hours, when the sun was shot.
19:04I came to the house to the people.
19:06There was no dog, no one was lying.
19:08No one was lying.
19:09I came to the house.
19:12They opened the house.
19:13They opened the house.
19:14They were all curses.
19:16They were recognized as criminals.
19:18They were all human blood.
19:20They quickly...
19:21There was a hot water.
19:23There was a cocktail.
19:24They bought me.
19:26They cut all the curses, to go to the partyzans.
19:31Because they knew that the Germans should be burning with people this village.
19:36So they didn't have any witnesses of their assault.
19:41Because they were nearby, in the village.
20:10Because they wereenza euros.
20:34The Battle of Berlin sounded the death knell of Nazism.
20:43The Third Reich, intended to last 1,000 years, was crushed by Allied bombing.
21:04On April 2nd, 1945, a few weeks before he killed himself in his bunker, Hitler wrote,
21:10In a world where the moral order is increasingly contaminated by the Jewish poison,
21:15a people immunized against it will someday recover its superiority.
21:20From this point of view, eternal gratitude will be due to National Socialism,
21:24because I have exterminated the Jews in Germany and Central Europe.
21:49Even before the German surrender, Nazi henchmen were seized and brought to justice.
21:54In 1943, the town of Kharkov, freed by the Soviets,
21:59held the first trial of the Nazi killers and their collaborators.
22:03Such courts became common all over Eastern Europe.
22:06On Soviet territory, the trials were held at a frenetic pace in the decades after the war.
22:18We were attacked by the Russians.
22:21We were attacked by the Russians.
22:21Only we were not desolated.
22:22It was very cold.
22:24We came into the gates in the gate.
22:27We entered and we were at a very small tent,
22:31in which you were able to hold its its exit.
22:34We had to fight the fight.
22:38I closed my eyes, closed my fingers,
22:40I pushed my muscles down to the fire.
22:44It seemed to me that I had a whole life,
22:46but I fell on the troops,
22:48and I was not killed.
22:52After a while, when the shooting was stopped,
22:56I heard that the Germans were down,
23:00in the air,
23:03and killed all of them.
23:07Many people were dead,
23:10many people were dead,
23:12many people were dead,
23:13they were dead,
23:14and killed all of them.
23:17I fell on the floor,
23:19I was scared,
23:20I was scared,
23:23I felt that there was an end.
23:26I decided to stop.
23:28I was scared,
23:29and I started to get down.
23:32I was scared,
23:37I was scared,
23:37but I felt that I was scared.
23:39I was scared,
23:40but I was afraid of being scared.
23:41When I left to get a few breathes,
23:44I decided to shoot,
23:46I was scared,
23:47as if I was scared,
23:49I felt that I was killed.
23:49and then,
23:49I was killed.
23:53I started to get down.
23:55but I didn't know that it was very dark.
24:00I had to go to the left hand,
24:04I was scared,
24:06I was scared.
24:10I stood up.
24:11I was scared,
24:12I was scared,
24:13after several breaths,
24:14I got out of the air,
24:16I was scared,
24:17I was scared,
24:17I was in the middle of the ground.
24:22It was dark.
24:25But it was dangerous to fall,
24:27because from the top to the bottom
24:29they were flying,
24:31they were flying in the storm.
24:34They could get into me,
24:36so I was very careful.
24:39I managed to fall to one of the high walls of the wall
24:43and it was very difficult to go to the top of the wall.
24:52Rīgā, Apgabala Virtsnieku namā,
24:5526. janvārī,
24:56sākās tiesa sprāva
24:58par Vācu fašistisko iebrucēja ļaundarībām.
25:02Apsūdzē pēc Friedrichs Piechka,
25:04SS Obergruppenführers policijas ģenerāls,
25:07bijušais SS Karistēku un policijas augstākais vadītājs,
25:11Baltijas...
25:11Skaidi redzams,
25:13ka tā prāve netiek vēsts
25:15pēc starptautiskajiem likumiem.
25:17Tas ir kara tribunāls,
25:21spriedums un iznākums
25:23apriori jau bija iepriekš zināmas.
25:26Tas taču bija skaidrs.
25:29Bet...
25:32Mēs jau arī negaidījām,
25:37ka tā būs tiesa,
25:40ar kādu tur smalkumu.
25:41Kāda tur var būt vainas pierādīšana.
25:46Kad...
25:48Kad visi zināja, ka viņš ir ne tikai rumbulas autors,
25:53viņš ir arī Babi Jāra autors.
25:56Viņš ir dienvidu Ukrainā un dienvidu Krievijā organizējis
26:00vislabāk organizētās un visplašākās ebreja akcijas,
26:08iznīcināšanas akcijas.
26:11Mašīna piebrauc uz zem karātavam,
26:13zem cilpas,
26:15un tie divi karavīri piepacēle to notiesātu,
26:21un iebāza galvu cilpā.
26:23Pēdējā iekelna kustība.
26:26Viņš visādi kustināja galvu,
26:30lai paildzinātu vēl pēdējos dzīves smirtus.
26:36Šievātu fašistis iebrucēja kāre un slepkavoja tūkstošu tūkstošiem
26:41mūsu tautas dēlus un meitas.
26:43Mūsu cimto zemi viņi pārklāja ar veselu karatavu mežu.
26:46Tagad nu bendēm pašiem jāsaņem karatavu cilta,
26:50un pienācis viņu kauna pilnais gals,
26:53lai iznīkst uz visiem laikiem brūnais pašas mamēris,
26:57lai tas nekad vairs nespēja apdraudēt brīvību vīrošās padomju tautas.
27:02Viņš vēl gribēja dzīvot.
27:05Pa to liecināja viņa izturēšanās tiesā.
27:09Viņš taču iesniedz apžēlošanas lūgumu,
27:14to vajadzētu vispār publicēt,
27:16lai viņam dāvā dzīvību,
27:18ka viņš izpirkšot,
27:20cik simti tūkstošu dzīvības viņam būtu bijis jāizspērk,
27:25ka viņš izpatiks pirkšot savus slikto darbus,
27:28nezināju, ar ko viņš viņas izpirks.
27:30Es domāju, nu, lielāku sakāvi,
27:38idejīsku sakāvi,
27:40un nazisms nevarēja piedzīvot,
27:42kā Jeklis raksta lūgumu augstākai pēstresa,
27:48augstākai padomai,
27:49lūgdams saglabāt viņam dzīvību.
27:55About 2,300 Jews were made harmless in a similar way.
28:04In Western Europe,
28:06Nazi criminals were judged at the Nuremberg trials.
28:09After he had condemned Goering and the top leaders of the regime,
28:13Benjamin Ferensch,
28:14the young American prosecutor
28:15who found the Einsatzgruppen Reports in Berlin,
28:18convinced the tribunal to add a trial
28:21dedicated to the crimes of the death commandos on the Eastern Front.
28:25It opened on September 15, 1947.
28:28To hear these charges of international crimes
28:31and to adjudge them in the name of civilization.
28:35We had the list.
28:37I knew who they were.
28:38We captured their roster.
28:41We immediately sent the information out
28:43to all of the POW camps.
28:45Anybody who's on this list,
28:49please report to headquarters.
28:50Some of the men we already had in custody
28:53for the International Military Tribunal trial.
28:56We had about 10 million Nazi Party files that we captured.
28:59We just selected a few sample cases
29:02to prove to the world beyond doubt what had happened
29:06and to hold accountable a few of the leaders
29:09who were responsible for those crimes.
29:12Most of them had doctor degrees.
29:14Many of them were lawyers.
29:16Some of them, one of them in particular,
29:18had two doctor degrees, Dr. Dr. Rush.
29:21I had a special affection to put him on trial.
29:24His lawyer came to see me.
29:26He was, of course, indicted for that crime
29:28without reference to Bobby Yar.
29:30We just knew it was in the area of Kiev, from his report.
29:34His lawyer came to see me.
29:36And he said, we have to drop the case against Rush.
29:41And I said, why?
29:42He said, because he's sick.
29:44He can't stand trial.
29:45I said, what does he have?
29:46He said, he has Parkinson's disease.
29:48I said, what's Parkinson's disease?
29:51He said, he's shaking all the time.
29:55I said, if I kill that many people, I'd be shaking too.
30:08He died.
30:11I don't know in which direction he moved,
30:14but I think it was a just result, immediate justice.
30:19Blowville was his chief, General SS.
30:23But Blowville, by the time he got around to it,
30:26after Stalingrad, and they thought, hey,
30:29there may be a day of reckoning,
30:30he tried to conceal the evidence of his crime
30:33by digging him up and blowing him up
30:34so there would be no evidence available.
30:36It didn't help him.
30:38How do you plead to this indictment?
30:40Guilty or not guilty?
30:44You may be seated.
30:48Judge Spake will now question the following defendants.
30:52And then, for the ridiculous reason,
30:54we limited the number of defendants to 24.
30:58In fact, two of them dropped out,
31:00one for death and one for suicide.
31:01We had 22.
31:02And the reason it was limited for 22 or 24,
31:06out of 3,000 mass murderers,
31:08was we didn't have any more seats in the courtroom.
31:11The psychological profile was probably very much the same,
31:14but the argumentation in the courtroom was different.
31:19Some of them lied outrageously.
31:23Outrageously.
31:25Was?
31:26Juden erschossen?
31:28Das hörst zum ersten Mal.
31:30Which meant, I hear now for the first time
31:33that Jews were killed.
31:37Some said we were only obeying superior orders.
31:41This was standard.
31:42Others said I wasn't there.
31:43I could play one against the other.
31:45And the evidence given in court was mostly a pack of lies.
31:51But the mentality was all the same.
31:54These were loyal German Nazi fanatics
31:58who believed in what they were doing,
32:00who thought what they were doing was right.
32:03The best explanation for the justification for what they did
32:06was given by Otto Ohlendorf.
32:08Ohlendorf was an intelligent man,
32:10Dr. Otto Ohlendorf,
32:13father of five children, general in the SS,
32:15and a fairly honest man.
32:18He explained why he did this.
32:21And it's important to know the mentality of mass murderers.
32:25If you want to stop mass murderers,
32:28you must know what motivates them.
32:30How do their minds work?
32:32And Ohlendorf was the perfect man to explain that to me,
32:36and I drew it out of him,
32:37and the judges drew it out of him as well.
33:02To which army was group D attached?
33:19Where did group D operate?
33:23Where did group D operate?
33:24Gruppe D operierte in der südlichen Ukraine.
33:39And he said, we did it in self-defense.
33:43I said, what do you mean, self-defense?
33:46Nobody attacked Germany.
33:47Germany attacked Poland, Russia, France, Belgium,
33:52Holland, Sweden, Norway.
33:53Where is your self-defense?
33:55Uh-huh, he said.
33:56But I knew, we knew that Soviet Union intended to attack us,
34:03and therefore we had to attack them first to preempt an attack against us.
34:09And why did you kill all the Jews?
34:11Well, everybody knows the Jews were sympathetic to the Bolsheviks,
34:14and so you had to kill them too.
34:17And why did you kill all the children?
34:20Well, if we eliminated the parents, the children would grow up,
34:25and they would be enemies of the Reich as well.
34:28So we were interested in the long-term security of our country,
34:33and therefore we had to kill the children too.
34:37As if to say it's perfectly logical to kill thousands of little children.
34:42Otto Ollendorf states that his estimate of the number killed
34:46by the Eins Gruppe D during the time that he was in charge was 90,000.
34:52And he comes to that conclusion from the reports.
34:56And that is what I understand he says today.
35:01I am not very concerned with this, Mr. President.
35:05And in this case not, as I said,
35:11that this number of 90,000 was killed as killed.
35:17But I can neither do that they were really killed,
35:22nor do that much less do that they were killed,
35:26because, in other words, I certainly know that
35:34from the Einsatzgruppen,
35:36there were foreign events,
35:38from the Einsatzgruppen,
35:40there were foreign events,
35:41there were foreign events.
35:43Therefore, I could only repeat that
35:47there were 90,000.
35:50There were 90,000.
35:50people had already been taken.
35:53Dr. Norbert Montenegro
35:53Ollendorf was a good example of the type of man who would do that.
35:58And he explained that he would have done it again,
36:00he would do it again.
36:01He believed that the Führer knew more than he did,
36:05and if it was necessary for the protection of Germany,
36:07he would do it again.
36:09And he was the father of five children,
36:11And because he was honest, I thought, well, I didn't want him to have the feeling that my personal intervention
36:18was vengeance as a Jew and glorifying, you know, getting even with this major general in the SS who killed
36:2990,000 Jews.
36:31I thought, well, he's a human being.
36:33He's got a family.
36:34He's got five children.
36:35Maybe he wants me to take some message to his wife or something like that.
36:39So I went down.
36:41To the death house, which is right below the courtroom, there's a little lift goes down, and there are the
36:47various cells.
36:49And they brought him out in a little cell with a heavy glass in between, a few holes in it.
36:56And I said, Herr Ollendorf, I spoke to him in German, he had been sentenced to death.
37:02We both knew he was a dead man.
37:05Is there anything I can do for you?
37:09And it was a human gesture.
37:12I didn't think in terms of clemency.
37:15It was just a human gesture.
37:17I thought he might say, well, tell my wife, my children, I love them, I'm sorry, something.
37:22He said, the Jews in America will suffer for this.
37:27It was threatening me.
37:32I said, goodbye, Mr. Ollendorf, in English.
37:35I turned around and walked away.
37:37The next time I saw, Ollendorf was on photograph of him dropping in the gallows and lying dead in a
37:44coffin.
37:45Those were the only words I ever exchanged with Ollendorf or with any of the defendants.
37:49The only words I ever wanted to exchange.
37:55Of the 24 Einsatzgruppe officers judged at Nuremberg, two were sentenced to jail for life, six to shorter terms and
38:0414 to death by hanging.
38:06Only four of them were actually executed.
38:09The 10 other death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment.
38:14And in 1958, all the prisoners were freed.
38:20Why do the sins are commuted to Nuremberg?
38:24They are commuted because the Americans, from 1947-48, have the interest, well understood,
38:32to have a strong Germany allied, strong and firmly linked in the occidental camp face to the cold war that
38:43is destined.
38:44Or, l'opinion allemande est extrêmement sensible à cette question de la justice et à cette question des procès de
38:52vainqueurs.
38:53Je vous rappelle qu'il y a un rejeu très fort entre l'imaginaire de sortie de guerre de 1945
39:00et celui de 1918.
39:01Des procès de criminels de guerre, il y en a eu à Leipzig, après la Première Guerre mondiale.
39:07Et peu ou prou, l'opinion allemande est extrêmement travaillée par des courants conservateurs qui voient dans ces procès à
39:17Nuremberg des procès de vainqueurs,
39:19des procès qui ne veulent que traiter la question de la culpabilité allemande.
39:24Or, les Américains veulent éviter une sortie de guerre à la 1918 et vont donc mettre en place une politique
39:31d'application des peines qui est extrêmement libérale.
39:34En effet, avec des gens comme Zahnberger qui ont été condamnés à mort, puis peines commues à perpétuité, puis cinq
39:41ans,
39:41et qui Zahnberger a dû sortir en 54, je crois.
39:45Donc il a fait six ans de prison alors qu'il a été condamné à la corde.
39:48Donc, nothing happened to the thousands of shooters.
39:52Nothing happened to commanders whom we didn't have in custody.
39:56Because as a practical matter, if we didn't have them, we couldn't stay on in Germany and continue to search
40:03for them.
40:03Years later, the Germans, as a result of some provocation, won't go into the detail,
40:08was set up at Centralstelle, or Central Office for the Prosecution of Nazi criminals.
40:14And I knew the people who were in charge of that, and they were good people.
40:17And they got dossiers of all of these Einsatzgruppen files that we had.
40:21We turned our files over to them and also to the state prosecution authorities.
40:26And they began a number of prosecutions.
40:29Ensuite, les officiers plus subalternes ont eux aussi été souvent inquiétés, énormément interrogés, parfois mis en examen.
40:39Mais il ne faut pas s'étonner que relativement peu d'enquêtes débouchent sur un procès,
40:46au sens où les Allemands opèrent le choix fondamental de poursuivre sans encourir le risque d'accusation de rétroactivité.
40:56Donc on ne pourchasse que pour, on opère des poursuites que pour meurtres et complicité de meurtres, hein.
41:02Le crime de guerre, le crime contre l'humanité n'existe pas en droit allemand dans les années 30,
41:07et donc ce ne sont pas des chefs d'accusation pertinent.
41:14Most of the thousands of German killers returned to jobs with the police, their pre-war occupation.
41:21Men who had operated at the heart of the Nazi death squads
41:25could be found directing traffic, investigating crimes,
41:28or writing reports in the offices of the West German Interior Ministry after the war.
41:33They were never bothered.
41:4965 years after the perpetration of the crimes against humanity on their soil,
41:55two decades after the collapse of the Soviet Empire,
41:58the countries of Eastern Europe seem to have come back to life.
42:11The devastation left by World War II, then the Soviet dictatorship,
42:16has nonetheless left indelible traces.
42:25The killers and their collaborators have done their time at the Gulag,
42:29at least those who were sent there.
42:30I swear by God, this heiligen eid,
42:34that in the fight against Bolshevism,
42:39with our force,
42:41will be fought until the last time at the end.
42:53Freed only recently from Communism,
42:55the Eastern European countries needed to regain their national pride,
42:59identified with nationalist movements for whom Russia was the first enemy.
43:05Some of these nationalists were the murderers
43:08who helped commit the genocide in the first years of the war.
43:12Today, the Galicia SS lie in sparkling new mausoleums,
43:17while most of the mass graves where thousands of Jews were murdered
43:21are in a state of total neglect.
43:28This gathering in modern-day Lviv
43:31honours both the UPA, a Ukrainian nationalist militia,
43:35and the Galicia SS,
43:37both of which lent armed thugs to the pogroms of June 1941.
43:43Lithuania has no intention of trying its elderly citizens
43:47for crimes against humanity.
43:55The implosion of Soviet power
43:57has led to such lawlessness and humiliation in Russia
44:00that neo-Nazi groups have sprung up.
44:02They randomly seize and kill people from ethnic minorities,
44:06using methods similar to those of the Einsatzgruppen.
44:09Missouri is a part of the Polish nation.
44:24Missouri is a part of the European Union
44:25in Russia.
44:26The European Union is a part of the European Union
44:33in Russian.
44:35But the Jewish communities who live for centuries
44:37on the Ukrainian plains, in the Baltic cities, and in the Bielorussian countryside,
44:43their Yiddish culture, rich and lively until the cataclysm of June 1941,
44:49all the farmers, tailors, factory workers and poets,
44:53they have disappeared forever.
45:36For more information, visit www.fema.org
45:55For more information, visit www.fema.org
46:30For more information, visit www.fema.org
46:37www.fema.org
46:43For more information, visit www.fema.org
46:43For more information, visit www.fema.org
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