- 7 minutes ago
Discover how Airstream Trailers, Horseradish, Steam Boilers, and Deodorant are made.
拖挂式房车、辣根、工业蒸汽锅炉、除臭剂 —— 制造的原理
拖挂式房车、辣根、工业蒸汽锅炉、除臭剂 —— 制造的原理
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TVTranscript
00:21Today on How It's Made
00:24Airstream Trailers
00:51In 1931, Airstream founder Wally Byam sold plans to build your own travel trailer.
00:57In response to a growing demand, he decided manufacturing was the better way to go.
01:03He then introduced the Airstream Trailer with its familiar modern design that has withstood the test of time.
01:14The Airstream Trailer is a recreation vehicle that can take you to the most remote areas, yet still enjoy a
01:21fully functional living space.
01:24They can also be hooked up to outside services so you can stay as long as you like in the
01:29comfort of home.
01:34To start, an operator puts a sheet of aircraft-grade aluminum into a press that punches the rivet holes.
01:43A worker then rivets the sheets together to make the walls of the trailer.
01:50Here they're assembling the end shells, the rounded end sections for the front and back of the trailer.
02:00They apply sealant to all the seams.
02:08Technicians then rivet the two ends to the components that make up the trailer shell, including the floor, the walls
02:15and the roof.
02:21A worker uses a router and a template to cut out window openings from the walls.
02:29He puts the windows in the openings and secures them in place.
02:41Another worker applies a weatherproof sealant to all the interior seams, then smooths it out to ensure good coverage.
02:52Using a crane, they lower the shell onto the chassis.
02:58At this point, they thread some of the wiring into the shell.
03:06Next comes the plywood floor which a worker attaches firmly to the chassis.
03:14Another associate puts the door in place.
03:20He rivets the door to the shell.
03:22He takes extra care to protect the aluminum from being damaged by the force of the rivet gun.
03:30The trailer then goes into a rain test booth that simulates hurricane-strength rain.
03:37The test lasts about an hour, during which a technician makes sure the shell is watertight.
03:49Next, they apply a water-based adhesive to the interior and install insulation throughout the shell.
04:02Now, they bring in the interior skin.
04:04It's the same aircraft-grade aluminum used on the outside.
04:10They trim the walls for the window openings, then lay down the vinyl floor covering.
04:17An installer trims the vinyl and uses the old-fashioned way to make it snug against the shell,
04:23because a standard carpet stretcher would poke holes in the vinyl.
04:31A worker installs the fiberglass shower stall and hooks up the drain and plumbing.
04:39He cuts a hole in the fiberglass, then installs all the shower control components in the shower head.
04:54He finishes off this residential-style shower with a frosted glass door.
05:02Next, they put in the convertible couches and beds, and all the other amenities of home, including a gas stove.
05:13Finally, a technician performs quality control checks to make sure the electrical and mechanical systems work flawlessly.
05:22Only then is an airstring trailer ready to hit the road,
05:25and continue the time-honored tradition of discovery and adventure that makes this iconic recreation vehicle an American original.
05:51Horseradish has a hot history.
05:53The ancient Greeks used it as an aphrodisiac.
05:55They also rubbed it on sore body parts to alleviate pain.
05:59During the Renaissance, eating horseradish made its way from Central Europe to England.
06:03By the late 1600s, it was customary among the British to eat horseradish with beef and oysters.
06:13At the root of this hot condiment is a root.
06:17You peel away an outer skin to access a thick white flesh.
06:21Chewing or grinding the flesh releases enzymes, which produce horseradish's heat,
06:26the plant's natural defense mechanism against predators.
06:31Horseradish is a leafy flowering plant, with a thick central root called the mother root,
06:36and smaller offshoots called sets.
06:39After culling the mother root, farmers replant the sets, each of which will spawn a new plant.
06:46At harvest time, the first farm machine chops down the plants to ground level,
06:51and rakes the leaves out of the way.
06:56Then a horseradish harvester digs up the roots.
07:01As the roots bounce onto a mesh conveyor belt, most of the soil breaks off and falls back onto the
07:07ground.
07:18You have to keep horseradish cold to keep it hot, so the roots go directly into a cooler.
07:24The temperature is just above freezing, and the humidity high, so the roots retain their moisture.
07:31To grind them fresh from the field would produce horseradish with a grassy flavor,
07:35so the roots spend about a month in the cooler.
07:38Only then are they ready for processing.
07:42At the horseradish factory, a machine washes the roots in cold water.
07:53Then a conveyor belt runs the roots through a final rinse.
08:06Workers carefully inspect the roots.
08:09They pick out any debris, and discard any dark roots that would sully the whiteness of the final product.
08:18Next, the roots travel to the automated grinding system.
08:23The conveyor belt has built-in scales that control how much goes into the grinder at a time.
08:30The grinder works like a giant food processor.
08:33While grinding, it automatically feeds in a specific amount of vinegar.
08:38This stops the enzyme reaction, preventing heat from escaping.
08:43The grinder also automatically adds water and salt brine.
08:47The salt adds flavor, and keeps the horseradish from browning.
08:52Next, the horseradish moves into a blender.
08:55This is where the factory adds the extra ingredients for specialty flavors, such as fresh cream for cream-style horseradish.
09:04A pumping system transfers it from the blender to a holding tank.
09:09Inside the tank, mixing blades continuously turn to prevent the ingredients from separating.
09:16En route to the filling station, the inside of every single glass container gets a blast of air to blow
09:21out any debris.
09:30The filling process is entirely automated.
09:33The machine grabs each container, aligns it under a nozzle, then squirts the horseradish inside.
09:47The filled containers move on a conveyor to the capping machine.
09:54There, a spinning head descends, screwing a plastic cap to the container.
10:06Next, the containers move to the labeler.
10:09It applies glue to the back of the labels, then slaps one onto every container.
10:14From there, the containers go off to cold storage until shipping time.
10:19Shipping via refrigerated truck, of course.
10:23Prepared horseradish has a seven-month shelf life, thanks to the vinegar and salt, which act as natural preservatives.
10:30Those critical ingredients maintain the color, flavor, and heat until you're ready to eat.
10:51Industrial steam boilers heat water to produce steam to do such things as sterilize surgical instruments, cook food, and heat
10:59or humidify buildings.
11:00They are even used for dry cleaning.
11:03The water inside an industrial steam boiler is heated by natural gas, oil, or electricity.
11:13Industrial steam boilers are usually found deep inside buildings, where they inconspicuously create valuable steam and heat.
11:24It starts with a plasma torch that cuts holes in a solid sheet of steel.
11:30The thickness of the steel used depends on the operating pressure of the boiler.
11:42Using a hydraulic bending machine, a worker shapes the metal into what will become the inner shell of the boiler.
11:49This inner shell will contain the water that gets heated inside the boiler to create steam.
11:56He stops the rolls and prepares an edge of the shell for welding.
12:06He continues shaping the metal to a preset diameter, and then he grinds the other edge to prepare it for
12:12welding.
12:16The shell shape is now fully formed and ready to be welded closed.
12:23A submerged arc welding machine deposits a special granular material that protects the weld from air contamination.
12:40He removes the protective granular material, leaving behind a perfect weld.
12:51Next, a worker welds what's called a boiler head to the shell.
12:59He fits steel pipes into the boiler heads located at both ends.
13:08He welds the pipes securely in place.
13:17Workers then insert a combustion chamber into the shell.
13:21Later, a burner, used to heat the water, will be fitted into the combustion chamber.
13:30A worker then tests the fully assembled pressure vessel as it's now called.
13:35He fills the space between the combustion chamber and the shell with water to ensure it doesn't leak.
13:45Workers then wrap the pressure vessel in insulation to help the boiler retain heat.
13:58They wrap an outer jacket around the pressure vessel and secure it in place using sheet metal screws.
14:10All boilers then receive a blower, which feeds air into the burner and the combustion chamber.
14:20Next, a worker attaches what is known as a water column.
14:23This apparatus supports various control devices and sensors, as well as a visual indicator that shows the water level inside
14:31the boiler.
14:35A worker connects the electrical control panel so he can test the safety and operation of the boiler.
14:50He powers up the unit and fires the burner that is installed inside the combustion chamber.
14:57He opens a steam outlet pipe on a test line and makes sure all the control devices, including the water
15:03level indicator, and the blower are working properly.
15:12This boiler passes the test.
15:14It generates the correct amount of heat and steam.
15:25Finally, a worker applies the appropriate labeling on every boiler.
15:30Whether it's a smaller unit, the type used in a dry cleaning business, or one of the larger boilers used
15:35in a food processing plant.
15:49Before bathing became common, people used heavy colognes to mask unwanted odor.
15:54It wasn't until the late 1800s that chemists created the first commercial deodorant.
15:59Today, deodorants are available in a variety of forms, from natural alternatives like body crystals to antiperspirants that use chemicals
16:07to reduce perspiration.
16:12Almost everyone applies deodorant at some point during the day. Convenient packaging helps make application easy.
16:21First step to making deodorant, mixing up the batch.
16:25Workers pour a blend of ingredients into a kettle mixer.
16:28Then add powdered wax, the main ingredient that holds everything together.
16:34They also add silicone for a smooth texture.
16:38Steam heats the mix to 167 degrees Fahrenheit, melting the ingredients.
16:43A standard recipe for deodorants includes wax, active ingredients that prevent perspiration, dimethicone, a blending agent, silicone, and fragrance to
16:54mask odors.
16:57Deodorants, like all personal care products, must meet strict quality control standards.
17:05The chemists in this plant's laboratory perform a variety of tests to ensure their product meets the highest standards.
17:14To make sure that the product has the right consistency, this chemist will perform a viscosity test.
17:20She stirs a sample at a constant speed, then verifies that the force required is within the accepted range.
17:31These containers will dispense the deodorant.
17:35They're mechanically unscrambled on a rotating platform that sends them spinning into individual pockets.
17:50Sensors overhead detect the ones that aren't lining up properly.
17:53A blast of air sends them back onto the platform to repeat the process.
18:02Now that they're all right side up, they move along to the filling station.
18:08There, a system of levers raises them up to align with filling nozzles that dispense the mix.
18:17A system of rotating wheels keeps the containers moving.
18:21One wheel conveys them to the next for filling, and then a third wheel leads them out.
18:35It's best to fill using hot mix that flows freely.
18:39But the deodorant must cool in order to harden.
18:43An overhead rake evenly lines up the containers inside a refrigerating tunnel.
18:53Once it's full, workers set the cooling system to 14 degrees Celsius.
18:58The deodorant will remain here for several hours.
19:02Next, chemists perform a hardness test on a cold sample of deodorant.
19:08A force meter measures the amount of pressure required to crush the sample.
19:16It has to be just right.
19:20Too hard and the deodorant crumbles without spreading.
19:25It must be able to flow smoothly out through this perforated dome that will cover the deodorant.
19:32Each container gets one, over at the doming station.
19:37Again, a system of revolving wheels works together to convey the containers through the station.
19:46At the center wheel, cappers overhead lay the perforated dome on top of each one.
19:53The containers then move to the next station, where they each receive a strip of adhesive plastic that covers the
20:00dome surface.
20:01A safety seal that protects the deodorant.
20:06Back to the doming station.
20:09The containers pass through once more, as the cappers now snap a plastic cover onto each one.
20:16Now they're ready for the final step, labeling.
20:20The containers roll past a plate that lifts off adhesive labels from a continuous strip and applies them.
20:30A brush smooths over the labels.
20:33That's the final touch.
20:35Now the deodorant is ready for shipping to customers.
20:38Good things do come in small packages of all kinds.
20:51If you have any comments about the show, or if you'd like to suggest topics for future shows, drop us
20:56a line at sciencechannel.com forward slash howitsmade.
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