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00:00The Great Northern War was a conflict that, between 1700 and 1721, pitted Sweden under Charles XII against its allies
00:05to a section of the Polish nobility, Stanislas Lechinsky, to the Ukrainian Cossacks of Ivan Mazepa, and to the Ottoman Empire,
00:11on the one hand, and on the other hand, the Russia of Peter the Great, allied with the King of Poland and Elector
00:16from Saxony, Augustus II, to Denmark, Frederick IV, to the Elector of Hanover and King of England, George I
00:21and to the Elector of Brandenburg and Duke, then King in Prussia, from 1701, Frederick William I.
00:27The anti-Swedish alliance initially included Russia, Denmark, and Saxony, which declared war on the
00:32Sweden and launches a three-pronged offensive against Swedish possessions, taking advantage of the accession of Charles XII to the throne,
00:38aged only 18.
00:39But Sweden repelled the Russian forces at Narva, imposed a separate peace on Denmark at Travendal in 1700, and forced the
00:46forces of Augustus II to retreat to Saxony, then to sign the Treaty of Altranstadt, 1706.
00:52He must, in particular, renounce the Polish throne, occupied since 1704 by Stanisław Leshinsky, under the protection of the
00:58'Swedish army which occupies the country.
01:01Charles XII then launched a major offensive against Russia, but this campaign ended in disaster
01:06of the Battle of Poltava and Charles's exile in the Ottoman Empire where he would remain until 1714.
01:11After Poltava, the initial anti-Swedish coalition was restored and Augustus II once again became king of Poland.
01:18The Swedish forces in the south and east of the Baltic Sea are driven out and the Swedish dominions are
01:22divided among the members of the coalition.
01:25Sweden is even invaded by Denmark in the west and by Russia in the east.
01:29The Danish offensive was repelled at Helsingborg in 1710, but Russia managed to seize Finland and...
01:35inflict heavy losses on the Swedish navy and coastal fortifications.
01:38The coalition was joined by George I in 1714 as Elector of Hanover and then in 1717 as King of Great Britain
01:45-Brittany and by Frederick William I in 1715.
01:48Charles XII, returning from Türkiye, opened a front in Norway but was killed at Fredrixton in 1718.
01:54The war formally ended with the Treaties of Stockholm, 1719, between Sweden, Brunswick-Lüneburg, Hanover and the
02:02Prussia, the Treaty of Frederick Sborg, 1720, between Sweden and Denmark and by the Treaty of Nistad, 1721,
02:09between Sweden and Russia.
02:10By these treaties, Sweden relinquished its exemption from tolls in the Oressoun and lost all its dominions.
02:16with the exception of Finland and the northern part of Swedish Pomerania.
02:19This defeat of Sweden, where the death of Charles XII put an end to the absolute monarchy and where began
02:24the era of freedom, made Russia the main power in the Baltic Sea and an important player in
02:29European affairs.
02:31From 1560 to 1660, Sweden, which had controlled Finland since the Middle Ages, conquered territories to the south
02:37and to the east of the Gulf of Finland, the provinces of Kareli, Hingrie, Estonia and Livonia.
02:43The period of unrest in Russia led to territorial gains for Sweden, which were formalized in the treaty.
02:48of Stolbovo in 1617, which deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea.
02:52On the other hand, during the Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, Sweden conquered in the south
02:59of the Baltic Sea territories of the Holy Roman Empire, including western Western Pomerania, Vismar, Bremen and Verden.
03:05It also invaded the Danish and Norwegian provinces north of Loresund, Scania.
03:10Although smaller in number, the Swedish army was at that time much better organized than most armies
03:15of Europe, thanks to the modernization of civil and military administration during the 17th century, enabling a mobilization
03:21efficient use of resources.
03:23However, the principle is that, abroad, the army must finance and resupply itself locally by looting
03:28and by taxing the conquered territories, a procedure also used by all the powers of the time.
03:33Nevertheless, it was necessary to draw on the resources of Sweden itself to cope with the long campaigns, in particular
03:39those of Gustave Adolf.
03:40The Republic of the Two Nations, Poland and Lithuania
03:43Sweden therefore controls a large part of the Baltic Sea coastline, the rest falling under the jurisdiction of the Republic of
03:48two nations, capital Warsaw, an entity created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin, and uniting the Kingdom of Poland and the great
03:56-Duchy of Lithuania.
03:57However, some provinces of the Kingdom of Poland were held as fiefs, either by the Elector of Brandenburg, Duchy of Prussia,
04:03capital, Königsberg, either by the Duke of Courland.
04:06The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth extends south and east beyond Poland and
04:10present-day Lithuania.
04:11The Kingdom of Poland included Ukraine west of the Dnieper as far as Pervomaisk, at the confluence of the Southern Bug.
04:17and of the Sinucca.
04:18The Grand Duchy covers the present-day territories of Lithuania and Belarus.
04:23In 1697, after the death of King John III Sobieski, the new king and grand duke was elected by the diet
04:28and Frederick Augustus I, Elector of Saxony, who took the name Augustus II in Poland.
04:33However, while in Saxony he possesses the powers of an absolute monarch, the same is not true in the
04:38in Poland where the Sejm plays a vital role in political life.
04:41During the Great Northern War, Poland was not officially at war, but it was a significant strategic issue.
04:46of the struggle between Sweden and Saxony in the years 1700 to 1709.
04:50Russia is at the beginning of the reign of Peter the Great.
04:53At the end of the 17th century, the accession to power of Peter the Great in 1682 was marked by his will
04:59to make Russia a power and, to begin with, to recover the territories previously lost.
05:04Foreign interventions in Russia during the period of unrest had indeed resulted in Swedish gains in the
05:09Treaty of Stolbovo, 1617.
05:11The treaty deprived Russia of direct access to the Baltic Sea, but Russia's fortunes began
05:16to reverse in the last years of the 17th century.
05:19In the late 1690s, the adventurer Johan Patkul succeeded in uniting Russia with Denmark and the
05:25Saxony by the secret treaty of Preobragenskoyer, and in 1700 the three powers attacked.
05:29Denmark then controlled Norway.
05:33Frederick IV, cousin of Charles XII, succeeded Christian V in 1699 and continued the anti-Swedish policy.
05:39of his predecessor.
05:41Its goal is to reclaim the Danish lands lost to Sweden during the 17th century.
05:46The Electorate of Brandenburg, whose capital is Berlin, controls the Duchy of Prussia and has designs on the
05:51Polish territories located between these two entities, notably Danzig-Gedansk, the main city of West Prussia.
05:57In 1701, ceasing to be part of Poland, the Duchy of Prussia became a kingdom, outside the Holy Roman Empire.
06:04The Brandenburg-Prussia complex is on the verge of becoming another major power.
06:08Saxony, on the other hand, is rather in decline.
06:10The period of successes of Charles XII.
06:121700, March-August, the offensive of the coalition and the neutralization of Denmark.
06:17As early as 1697, Frederick IV of Denmark led an attack against the Holstein-Gothorp.
06:23The Danish forces then seized several of their fortresses.
06:26After the declaration of war on Sweden in February 1700, a Danish army laid siege to Tonning in March.
06:33Simultaneously, the forces of Augustus II advanced into Swedish Livonia, captured Neymund and laid siege to Riga.
06:39But the King of Sweden reacted strongly, focusing his first attacks on Denmark.
06:44The Swedish fleet managed to bypass the blockade established in the Oressund and landed an army near Copenhagen.
06:50This surprise attack and the pressure from the two major maritime powers, the United Kingdom and the Dutch Republic, led to the
06:56Denmark to withdraw from the conflict by signing the Peace of Travendal, August 18, 1700.
07:011700, August-October, the war in the Baltic provinces, the victory of Narva.
07:06Charles XII was then able to transfer his army to the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea to confront
07:11his other opponents.
07:12Augustus II's army in Livonia, the Tsar's army preparing to invade Swedish Ingria and
07:17The siege of Narva begins, October 1700.
07:19In November, the Russian and Swedish armies clashed in the First Battle of Narva, where the Russians suffered
07:25a severe defeat.
07:26After this double victory, Swedish Chancellor Benedikte Oxensternat is attempting to "auction off" the Swedish alliance between
07:33France and the two maritime powers,
07:34then on the verge of clashing in the War of the Spanish Succession, in order to put an end to the
07:39war in the North and to make Charles an arbiter in Europe without conclusive results.
07:43Charles XII then turned south to confront Augustus II.
07:46He invaded the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by crossing the Dogava River on July 18, 1701.
07:51In 1702, he faced the troops of the Etman of Lithuania, Michal Serroisi-Wisnovietzki, the recent victor in the civil war
07:58of Lithuania in 1700, and seized the capital Wilno-Vilnius in April.
08:02He then launched an offensive in the Kingdom of Poland and, on July 19, 1702, crushed the reinforced Saxon army.
08:09by Polish units, during the Battle of Klisouf, 50 km north of Krakow.
08:15Augustus II retreated towards Sandomierz, to the east, while Charles XII advanced towards Krakow, which occupied him, before
08:20to settle in Warsaw.
08:22Augustus II then withdrew to Saxony.
08:24Charles XII had him dethroned and organized elections in 1704 to place a man of sufficient rank on the throne.
08:30Stanislas Lechinski nobility,
08:31who had been sent to him as a representative of the opponents of Augustus II and became his friend.
08:37On February 2, 1706, Augustus II was defeated at Fraustadt, now Doubt Vestchova, very close to the border of
08:43Silesia, then an Austrian province,
08:45and signed the Treaty of Altranstadt on September 24, 1706, by which he renounced his rights to the Polish crown
08:52and recognizes Stanislas Leschinski as King of Poland, and ends its alliance with Russia.
08:57He also delivered to Charles XII Johan Reynold von Pakthul, the Russian ambassador, initially a Swedish subject and for a time
09:03officer in the Swedish army,
09:04who was condemned to death for high treason and suffered the torture of the wheel in 1707,
09:08which will be considered abusive by many Polish nobles, given his status as a diplomat.
09:13In general, the Swedish occupation of Poland and the government under Swedish protectorate of Stanisław Leshński pose a
09:20a number of problems arise and give rise to opposition.
09:23Despite the setback suffered at Narva, the movement of Charles XII's army towards Poland and Saxony
09:28allows Peter I to resume the offensive in the Baltic provinces.
09:32The victories at Erastfer and Nøteborg, Schlisselburg, gave Russia access to Ingria where Peter I
09:37launches the construction of a new capital,
09:39Saint Petersburg, on the site of the former Swedish fortress of Njenskang.
09:43He began to establish a modern navy and army, based on infantry trained in the use of
09:48firearms.
09:49However, when he resumed the offensive, General Adam Ludwig Leveno repelled the Russians with numerically inferior armies.
09:55At Djekapil, August 5, 1704,
09:58and at Gemma-Werthof, July 26, 1705, and Sweden retains most of these Baltic provinces.
10:04Following the victory won by Charles XII over Augustus II in 1706,
10:08Peter I proposed to return everything to Sweden except for Saint Petersburg and the territories located in
10:13north of the Neva,
10:14But Charles XII refused, preferring to attack Russia.
10:17The refusal of this peace offer, at a time when all of Sweden's enemies have been defeated or neutralized, will
10:22to have tragic consequences.
10:241708 to 1709, the Russian campaign of Charles XII.
10:28Charles left Saxony in August 1707.
10:30In 1708, leaving a force of 24,000 men in Poland, he set off towards Moscow with an army
10:36of 35,000 men.
10:37A second army commanded by Leveno, departing from Livonia with 12,500 men and supplies, is to join him.
10:43On July 14, Charles won a victory against a Russian vanguard at Olovchin, near Mojilev, then located in
10:50the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, 50 km from the Russian border.
10:54This victory is not decisive, however, as the Russians suffered few losses.
10:57On October 9, 1708, Leveno's army suffered a defeat at Lesnaya, southeast of Mojilev.
11:03He abandoned supplies and most of his cannons, and when he rejoined Charles on October 30,
11:09He now has only 6,000 men with him.
11:11Deprived of supplies and facing a scorched-earth strategy, Charles XII decided to descend into Ukraine, where
11:17He is counting on support from the Cossacks of Etman Ivan Mazepa.
11:19But they suffer a violent Russian attack and Mazepa is deprived of his post as Etman.
11:24Only a few thousand Cossacks remained loyal to him to join the Swedes, who would spend the winter of 1708 to 1709
11:30in very poor conditions, it is an exceptionally cold winter across Europe.
11:36July 1709, the Swedish disaster of Poltava and its aftermath.
11:40Charles, however, succeeded in capturing the fortress of Véprique on January 7, 1709, and laid siege to Poltava in April.
11:471709.
11:48On July 9, the Swedish army was attacked by a numerically superior Russian army and suffered a crushing defeat.
11:54Charles managed to escape and take refuge in the Ottoman Empire, where what remained of his army
11:58surrenders to the Russians.
11:59This battle was the turning point of the war.
12:02Denmark and Saxony regained their place alongside Russia and Augustus II, thanks to the maneuvers of
12:07Boris Kourakin, return to the throne of Poland, Stanislas Leschinsky having left the country.
12:12Peter the Great then continued his campaigns in the Baltic region.
12:15In 1710, Russian forces captured Riga and Tallinn. The Baltic provinces of Livonia and Estonia were subsequently incorporated.
12:21to the Russian Empire.
12:231709 to 1714, the Russo-Turkish war and the stay of Charles XII in Türkiye.
12:28After the defeat of Charles XII in Russia, a new anti-Swedish coalition was formed with Russia and Denmark.
12:34and Saxony.
12:35Peter the Great requests the extradition of Charles XII, who is settled in the Ottoman Empire in Bender, present-day Moldova.
12:40But when the sultan refused, he went to war and in 1711 invaded Moldavia, the Prut campaign.
12:46On July 18, 1711, the Russian army found itself trapped near the Prut River.
12:51Peter the Great signed the Treaty of Falchou on July 23, 1711, which provided for territorial concessions, the return of Azov, and
12:58dismantling of some fortresses,
13:00and the end of Russian interference in Poland and Moldavia; the Treaty of Falchou was renewed on the 24th
13:04June 1713 by the Treaty of Adrianople.
13:07Charles XII, disappointed by this prospect of peace, tries to engage the sultan in a new alliance against Russia.
13:14Having become a source of worry for the sultan, he was invited to Constantinople in February 1713.
13:19and placed under house arrest in a well-guarded palace, until he abandons his plans and
13:23decides to return to Sweden, October 1714.
13:26In 1710, the Swedish army present in Poland withdrew to Swedish Pomerania, pursued by the coalition forces.
13:33who laid siege to Stralsund in 1711.
13:36A relief army forces the coalition army to lift the siege, then overthrows it at Gadebuche, December 20
13:411712.
13:42But the arrival of numerically superior forces forced the Swedes to take refuge in Tonning, where they were besieged.
13:48and surrendered on May 13, 1713.
13:50In 1714, Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire and arrived in Stralsund in November.
13:55On October 28, 1714, near Greifswald, a formerly Swedish town, Tsar Peter the Great and George I, in his
14:02As Hannover's voters, they conclude an alliance.
14:05Previously neutral, the Elector of Brandenburg and King of Prussia, Frederick I, joined the coalition by declaring the
14:11war with Sweden during the summer of 1715.
14:14Sweden is now at war with most of Northern Europe.
14:17Charles XII escaped from Stralsund a few days before the fall of the city, December 1715.
14:23The campaign ended with the surrender of Wismar, 1716.
14:27Sweden lost all its possessions in Germany and on the Baltic Sea.
14:31In 1714, Peter I's galleys won a victory over the Swedish navy at the Battle of Angoud.
14:37off the coast of the Ango peninsula.
14:39The last Swedish troops stationed in Finland were defeated at Storkiro, Napu, in the province of Ostrobothnia.
14:45The Russian army then occupied most of Finland.
14:48This period of occupation, which lasted until 1721, is called in Finland "the Great Wrath," Finnish,
14:55Isovia,
14:56Russian soldiers committed numerous atrocities, burning towns and villages and forcing thousands of peasants to
15:00hard labor.
15:02Approximately 20,000 people, including, in accordance with the directives of the Swedish authorities,
15:06Most civil servants and a large number of pastors left Finland to escape the Russian army and
15:11take refuge in Sweden.
15:131716 to 1718, the war in Norway and the death of Charles XII.
15:17After his return to Sweden, Charles XII launched a campaign towards Norway in February 1716
15:22in order to force Denmark to sign a separate peace and to block access to the Baltic Sea to
15:26Great Britain.
15:27He also negotiated with the Jacobite rebels in Great Britain,
15:31which led to a declaration of war by the United Kingdom in 1717.
15:34On November 30, 1718, Charles XII was killed during the siege of the Norwegian town of Fredrixton.
15:41His sister Ulrike Eleonor succeeded him and the Norwegian campaign was halted.
15:451719 to 1721, the war in Sweden.
15:49Despite the death of Charles XII, Sweden refused the terms of peace offered by Russia.
15:53In 1719, a Russian fleet plundered the eastern coast of Sweden.
15:58Several cities are attacked and almost all buildings located in the Stockholm archipelago are destroyed.
16:02A Russian squadron en route to the capital was stopped at the Battle of Staket, August 13.
16:08That same year, George I ended his alliance with Russia.
16:11opting, once Sweden was virtually defeated, for an anti-Russian policy in the Baltic.
16:16The Russians resumed the offensive in 1720 and 1721.
16:19but the presence of a British squadron reduces the number of raids.
16:23At the time of Charles XII's death, the anti-Swedish alliance split over the distribution of conquered territories.
16:29George I and Frederick IV both coveted hegemony in Northern Germany,
16:33while Augustus II was worried about the ambitions of Frederick William I of Prussia in the southeast of the
16:38Baltic Sea.
16:39Peter the Great, whose forces were deployed all around the Baltic Sea,
16:43aimed for domination over eastern Central Europe and planned to establish naval bases as far north as the
16:47Mecleanbourg.
16:48In January 1719, George I, Augustus II, and Emperor Charles VI signed the Treaty of Vienna.
16:54aiming to bring Russia's borders back to their pre-war levels.
16:57George I as Elector of Hanover as well as King of Great Britain and Brandenburg Prussia
17:02signed separate peace treaties with Sweden,
17:04the Stockholm treaties of 1719 and 1720 which divided Swedish possessions between the different parties.
17:10The negotiations were conducted by French diplomats who sought to avoid a total collapse of the Swedish position in
17:17Baltic Sea.
17:18Sweden was therefore able to retain Wismar and northern Pomerania
17:21while Brandenburg Prussia incorporated the southern part of the region and Hanover gained the Swedish Bremenverden.
17:26In addition to rivalries within the anti-Swedish coalition,
17:29there were rivalries within Sweden between Charles Frederick of Holstein-Gothorp
17:34and Frederick I of Eskassel for the throne of Sweden.
17:37When peace was signed with Denmark,
17:39the coalition had already split and Denmark was not in a position of strength
17:43to obtain the return of its former provinces across the Ressunde.
17:47Frederick I, however, wished to end Swedish support for his rival in Holstein-Gothorp.
17:51which came under Danish control and the northern part was annexed.
17:54Sweden was also exempted from paying the Sunde duties.
17:57A separate treaty was signed at Fredericsburg in June 1720.
18:01When Sweden was finally at peace with Hanover,
18:04Great Britain, Brandenburg, Prussia, Denmark, and Norway,
18:07she hoped that anti-Russian sentiments among the signatories of the Treaty of Vienna and France
18:12these plans materialize within an alliance that would allow it to recover its Baltic provinces.
18:16However, this alliance never materialized.
18:19mainly due to tensions between the United Kingdom and France.
18:22Therefore, the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Nistad
18:26between Russia and Sweden at Usika-Eupenki, Nistad, on August 30, 1721.
18:31Finland was returned to Sweden, while Estonia, Livonia, Hingria,
18:35Keksholm and a large part of Karelia were ceded to Russia.
18:39Sweden's discontent led to a series of unfortunate wars during the 18th century.
18:43to recover lost territories such as during the Hat Wars and the war of Gustav III.
18:48Saxony-Poland-Lithuania and Sweden did not sign a formal peace treaty
18:52but renewed the Peace of Oliva which had ended the First Northern War in 1660.
18:56Sweden lost all the possessions it had conquered during the previous century and a half
19:00and ceased to be a first-rate force in European affairs.
19:04Conversely, Peter the Great's Russia became the dominant power in Eastern Europe.
19:09Plague epidemic
19:10During the Great Northern War, many cities and regions on the Baltic coast,
19:14Central and Eastern Europe experienced a major plague epidemic, peaking between 1708 and 1712.
19:20The plague spread via Pinchuf in southern Poland
19:23where it was first observed in a Swedish military hospital in 1702.
19:28Subsequently, the plague will follow trade routes and armies, thus spreading along the
19:33coasts of the Baltic as far as Prussia in 1709.
19:36In 1712, it was the city of Hamburg that was affected.
19:39Soldiers and refugees were unwitting agents in the spread of the plague.
19:43This epidemic, corresponding to a resurgence of the second plague pandemic,
19:47is also the latest episode in the region which has experienced several waves since the Black Death of the 14th century.
19:53Mortality rates varied greatly from one region to another.
19:56Some cities and regions were only affected for a short period.
19:59while in other territories, episodes of plague would reappear for several years.
20:04Locally, it was able to reach three-quarters of the population.
20:07However, it is difficult to distinguish between deaths resulting from the plague itself,
20:12deaths attributable to famine and other diseases such as smallpox.
20:15Furthermore, the great winter of 1709 was an aggravating factor in the situation.
20:20Indeed, this "great winter" was a period of intense cold that struck Europe,
20:24leading to a subsistence crisis which in turn leads to famines in an already complicated health context.
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