Alessandro Barbero | Il corpo nel medioevo, tra scienza e fede - Video Dailymotion

Tuttobarbero

Alessandro Barbero racconta come sia cambiata nel corso dei secoli la percezione del corpo, della vita e della vecchiaia, spiegando come il drastico aumento dell’aspettativa di vita negli ultimi decenni abbia modificato il nostro modo di vedere il passato.  Ma il Medioevo era davvero un’epoca in cui si viveva solo fino a 30 anni? In questa conferenza Barbero smonta alcuni dei più diffusi luoghi comuni sulla storia medievale: l’idea che nel Medioevo si morisse tutti giovani, che la vita fosse necessariamente peggiore rispetto ai secoli successivi o che i genitori non si affezionassero ai figli a causa dell’elevata mortalità infantile.  L’aspettativa di vita media medievale era infatti fortemente influenzata dalla mortalità neonatale e infantile: superata l’infanzia, molte persone potevano raggiungere età avanzate. Un viaggio tra storia sociale, demografia, mentalità e vita quotidiana per capire quanto la nostra visione del passato sia spesso condizionata da stereotipi moderni.

Transcript

00:00:04Sì, non è la prima volta che ho detto questo, ma tu stai scaringi me un po' adesso, eh?

00:00:07I ho detto, ma...

00:00:09Whatever.

00:00:13Ah, quindi, huh?

00:00:17Bodies in the making, well...

00:00:19È un titolo che può essere interpretato in molte mani, ovviamente,

00:00:22ma per me, è perché io sono di una certa age,

00:00:25and I've seen and am seeing my body change.

00:00:30To me, the idea of bodies in the making evokes Zolokarum, first and foremost,

00:00:34the evolution of our bodies throughout the course of our lives,

00:00:39and therefore the problem of growth and, subsequently, the aging process,

00:00:44the stages of life and lifespan,

00:00:46all of which are issues upon which thinkers in the Middle Ages reflected a great deal.

00:00:54Well, it's a commonplace, of course, that in the past, and who knows why,

00:00:58especially in the Middle Ages, life was short.

00:01:03Now, of course, in the past, life was usually shorter

00:01:06compared to the durations that we have become accustomed to today,

00:01:11here in the Western world, Osama.

00:01:13And when I say in the past, there's no need to go back to the Middle Ages.

00:01:17But when I was a child, my grandparents, who were still alive, died at about 70 years old,

00:01:21and for me, as a child, it was obvious that that 70 years or so is the age at which

00:01:25people die.

00:01:27And in the last half century, things have changed.

00:01:32After that, life was shorter.

00:01:34Sure, but we must not misunderstand the meaning of certain things we read, heed.

00:01:39We read, for example, that the average life expectancy in the Middle Ages,

00:01:43ages, or in ancient times, was about 30 years.

00:01:48But we must not think that it means that at 30 years old, you were old to a...

00:01:55When we say, ah, let's say the average age, the average life expectancy was 30 years,

00:02:00it means that out of two children who were born,

00:02:03one died immediately,

00:02:05and one made it to 60.

00:02:07That is, life was shorter than ours, but above all, it was unpredictable.

00:02:13Well, today, the vast majority of people die at a very old age.

00:02:17In the past, death was something that could occur at any stage of life.

00:02:24And after all, you only have to read the tombstones in an old cemetery to realize this.

00:02:29People died a lot in childhood.

00:02:31Sure, childhood was a dangerous age.

00:02:34I'm not saying one in two children, but probably one in three died within the first year of life.

00:02:41From this brief, from this ease with which newborns died, um, in the past,

00:02:46uh, historiography gave rise to the mistaken idea that people in the Middle Ages

00:02:52did not become attached to children.

00:02:55Ah, ah, ah.

00:02:56There was an entire body of historiography that said in the Middle Ages childhood was not even conceivable.

00:03:01They didn't even have the idea, and in any case, they didn't love them,

00:03:03since children died anyway, so it was useless to become attached.

00:03:06So it was useless to become attached.

00:03:08That's absolutely not the case, with one exception.

00:03:13They probably preferred to try not to become attached to newborns,

00:03:17precisely, because newborns died so easily in the file in the very first month of life.

00:03:25Well, it must be said.

00:03:27I don't know if mothers didn't become attached to newborns anyway,

00:03:31having carried them in the wombs for nine months,

00:03:34having then given birth to them,

00:03:35but there are...

00:03:37Ah, indications that fathers, if they could,

00:03:41kept a little...

00:03:45Well, there's a page that I found incredible the first time I read about Montaigne.

00:03:50Now, Montaigne is a philosopher,

00:03:52a great French philosopher of the 5th century,

00:03:55a great humanist,

00:03:56alitist,

00:03:57you might say,

00:03:58I could quack a life when in the Middle Ages anymore.

00:04:01Aside from his humanistic culture,

00:04:03Montaigne is a nobleman,

00:04:04a soldier,

00:04:06who fought his wars in the 5th century,

00:04:08who has a chivalrous mentality

00:04:10that is the same as a nobleman of the Middle Ages.

00:04:15And there's a page in which Montaigne

00:04:16talks about the fact that newborns die easily

00:04:19and says,

00:04:21Eh,

00:04:23I've lost

00:04:24two or three too.

00:04:29I was shocked,

00:04:30but then it's clear that he's sincere,

00:04:32he doesn't really remember.

00:04:33Two or three?

00:04:34Well, in the span of a lifetime,

00:04:35my wife has given birth to many

00:04:36and two or three have passed away.

00:04:38As long as they're newborns,

00:04:40it's not a good idea to get too attached.

00:04:44Then,

00:04:44when the newborn grew up

00:04:45and became a child,

00:04:46it's a real mistake

00:04:47to believe that

00:04:49they weren't capable

00:04:50of getting attached.

00:04:52It that jacquara.

00:04:53In fact,

00:04:54we could say that the rules were different

00:04:56from ours and not

00:04:58just in the Middle Ages.

00:05:01Even in the 19th century,

00:05:04many families still had the idea

00:05:06that children should be treated severely.

00:05:08That the father in particular

00:05:10had to be strict and distant.

00:05:12and he bind distant.

00:05:14This was undoubtedly the case.

00:05:17Showing love rissamerisked,

00:05:20appearing counterproductive.

00:05:23But this does not mean

00:05:24that love did not exist.

00:05:26There's a terrible page

00:05:27in the diary of a Florentine merchant

00:05:29from the 15th century,

00:05:30Giovanni di Pagolo Morelli.

00:05:34He was one of those Florentine merchants

00:05:36who knew how to write

00:05:37and who wrote down everything

00:05:39that happened in the family.

00:05:41At one point,

00:05:42Giovanni di Pagolo Morelli

00:05:43recounts the unspeakable agony

00:05:46of the death

00:05:47of his eldest son

00:05:48at the age of 10

00:05:49and says,

00:05:51Months have passed now

00:05:53and neither I

00:05:54nor his mother

00:05:55have yet had the courage

00:05:57to go into his room.

00:06:00And then he despairs,

00:06:01thinking,

00:06:02But while he was alive,

00:06:03I never said a kind word to him.

00:06:06I never let him know

00:06:07how happy I was with him.

00:06:09Always strict,

00:06:10always criticizing him.

00:06:11And now it's too late.

00:06:17So the lifespan in itself

00:06:19was unpredictable.

00:06:21But you know that we human beings

00:06:23do not accept

00:06:23that something is unpredictable.

00:06:25Instead,

00:06:26we desperately try to predict it

00:06:27no matter what it is.

00:06:28Whether it's next year's GDP

00:06:29or whether Trump

00:06:31will go to war.

00:06:32In short,

00:06:33we always try to predict

00:06:34the unpredictable.

00:06:36And so in reality,

00:06:37the intellectuals

00:06:37of the Middle Ages

00:06:38wondered a lot

00:06:39about what the

00:06:40expectant

00:06:41length of human life was.

00:06:43I-I-Yousef was.

00:06:46The intellectuals

00:06:47of the Middle Ages

00:06:48were Aristotelians,

00:06:49which means

00:06:49that they had a certain way

00:06:51of considering reality.

00:06:53They were used to

00:06:54distinguishing between

00:06:55substance and

00:06:56accident.

00:06:59Between what is

00:07:00foreseen by nature

00:07:01and that is always found,

00:07:02the substance,

00:07:03and then

00:07:04the accident that can happen

00:07:06or not is an addition.

00:07:08You?

00:07:08A cat-cat can be

00:07:09black, white,

00:07:10red,

00:07:11but it is still a cat.

00:07:12The difference between

00:07:13substance and accident

00:07:15is clear.

00:07:16And so

00:07:17allahudatul sabbalbash.

00:07:19They thought that.

00:07:20For heaven's sakes,

00:07:21he put the edges.

00:07:22Of course,

00:07:23by accident.

00:07:24I accident.

00:07:26Even when we say

00:07:27an accident happened to you,

00:07:29an accident happened to you,

00:07:30we are Aristotelians

00:07:32without knowing it.

00:07:33Well,

00:07:34an accident is something

00:07:35that was not foreseen.

00:07:36It's not that it had to happen

00:07:38by force,

00:07:39but it did happen.

00:07:40And so,

00:07:41they certainly argued,

00:07:43many people

00:07:43often pass away

00:07:44in accidental ways

00:07:46through violent death

00:07:47or illness.

00:07:48However,

00:07:50if these accidents

00:07:51were not to occur,

00:07:52there should be,

00:07:53there must be,

00:07:54a natural,

00:07:55predetermined,

00:07:56and programmed

00:07:57duration

00:07:59of

00:08:01a

00:08:01human

00:08:02life.

00:08:04Our bodies

00:08:04must be programmed

00:08:05for a certain length

00:08:06of time.

00:08:07What is it?

00:08:10And here,

00:08:10the Bible came to there.

00:08:12Even though

00:08:13they weren't convinced,

00:08:14the answers are already there.

00:08:16We just need to look for them.

00:08:17In the Bible,

00:08:18Psalm 89 states

00:08:20that man is destined

00:08:21to live

00:08:2270 years.

00:08:25As you can see,

00:08:27as a child,

00:08:27I wasn't that long ago,

00:08:2870 years old.

00:08:32That's why Dante

00:08:36imagines that

00:08:36his journey to the afterlife,

00:08:38as you know,

00:08:38takes place in the year

00:08:39of 1300.

00:08:40There are many

00:08:41clues in the comedy

00:08:42that make it clear

00:08:43that we are in the year

00:08:441300.

00:08:45And of course,

00:08:46first of all,

00:08:46it is a nice round year.

00:08:48And above all,

00:08:50it is the year

00:08:50of the great jubilee.

00:08:52The first Christian jubilee

00:08:54in history.

00:08:55He went to Rome

00:08:58and,

00:09:00as it happens,

00:09:01in 1300,

00:09:03Dante turns 35,

00:09:04which is exactly half

00:09:06of the lifespan

00:09:08predicted by the Bible,

00:09:09a total of 70 years

00:09:11of age of age.

00:09:12That's why,

00:09:13as you all know,

00:09:14I'm almost ashamed

00:09:15to say it,

00:09:16the divine comedy

00:09:17begins in the middle

00:09:18of our life's journey.

00:09:20He is 35 years old.

00:09:25Dante reflects

00:09:26on the natural length

00:09:27of life,

00:09:27even in the context

00:09:29of social life.

00:09:32Convivio,

00:09:32you know,

00:09:33this Reden

00:09:34encyclopedic work

00:09:35that he wrote

00:09:36in the vernacular,

00:09:37not in Latin,

00:09:38because he wanted

00:09:39to make his philosophical

00:09:41and scientific culture

00:09:42available to that

00:09:43vast audience

00:09:44of people,

00:09:45he says,

00:09:46nobles,

00:09:46ladies,

00:09:47knights,

00:09:47and others

00:09:47who can read

00:09:48about,

00:09:49no Latin.

00:09:51We're not going to

00:09:51not talk of Latin.

00:09:53And I tell them things

00:09:55and explain things

00:09:56to them in the vernacular.

00:09:59And in Convivio,

00:10:00Dante says,

00:10:00our life follows

00:10:02an arca opa

00:10:04up to a certain point.

00:10:07And then it begins

00:10:08to descend.

00:10:10And if human beings

00:10:11were all the same,

00:10:12the natural duration

00:10:13of life would be

00:10:15the same for everyone.

00:10:19Only instead,

00:10:20we are not the same.

00:10:22And here comes

00:10:23the other part

00:10:23of their culture,

00:10:24that which they have

00:10:25inherited from

00:10:26ancient medicine

00:10:26and Greek science,

00:10:28the idea that

00:10:28everything in existence,

00:10:29even our own bodies,

00:10:31is composed of humors

00:10:31that represent

00:10:32the four principles

00:10:33of hot, cold,

00:10:34dry, and humid,

00:10:35and that it is

00:10:36the specific combination

00:10:37of these four

00:10:38foundational principles,

00:10:39which ultimately gives

00:10:40rise to

00:10:41and sustains

00:10:43the phenomenon

00:10:44of life.

00:10:46Then among these

00:10:47principles,

00:10:48there is one more

00:10:48important than all,

00:10:49heat, warmth.

00:10:51Heat is the vital

00:10:52principle,

00:10:53says Dante.

00:10:55Heat is our life.

00:10:59And bodies are not

00:11:00all the same.

00:11:00There are those

00:11:01who produce more,

00:11:02and there are those

00:11:03who produce less

00:11:04of this less vital heat.

00:11:06And so,

00:11:06there are bodies

00:11:07of better quality

00:11:08that last longer,

00:11:09others of worse quality

00:11:10than last,

00:11:11last, last, last.

00:11:12In general,

00:11:13Dante says,

00:11:14Oud,

00:11:15I believe that

00:11:16the buppuppus harring

00:11:17of the ark

00:11:19aft,

00:11:20which one begins

00:11:21to decline,

00:11:22is between the ages

00:11:23of 30 and 40

00:11:25and those with perfect nature

00:11:28and those with perfect nature

00:11:29wounds reach the peak

00:11:30at 35.

00:11:32Procedure,

00:11:32precisely.

00:11:37Let's take a closer look

00:11:39at how they reason,

00:11:40because the fascinating thing

00:11:41is to see the complexity

00:11:43of their references.

00:11:44Dante finds that

00:11:46it is better

00:11:46to demonstrate this further,

00:11:48that 35 is the very peak.

00:11:51after 35,

00:11:52one begins to decline.

00:11:53Here is another proof.

00:11:55Christ died

00:11:56at the age of 33.

00:11:58Of course,

00:11:59Dante says,

00:11:59Ofo.

00:12:00Of course,

00:12:01he died in his 34th year,

00:12:03because

00:12:03if he had reached 35,

00:12:06because

00:12:07he too

00:12:08would have begun

00:12:09to die to decline.

00:12:11And it is not appropriate

00:12:12for God

00:12:13to dwell

00:12:15in a body

00:12:15that was declining.

00:12:18and so he,

00:12:19who had obviously planned

00:12:20every single detail

00:12:21and decided everything,

00:12:22ended up dying

00:12:23before he

00:12:24could ever reach

00:12:25the final climax.

00:12:29Now,

00:12:30naturally,

00:12:31the idea that at 35,

00:12:33your body begins

00:12:34its decline

00:12:35and the best

00:12:36is already behind us

00:12:37is not

00:12:39exactly welcome news

00:12:40and it may even

00:12:41seem a bit excessive,

00:12:42yet the factory

00:12:44remains

00:12:45that they were

00:12:45starting to feel old,

00:12:47well,

00:12:47before we ever did.

00:12:51Let's take Dante again.

00:12:53Dante speaks of his old age,

00:12:55or rather,

00:12:55he alludes

00:12:56to his old age

00:12:58in the work

00:12:58that he composed

00:12:59in the very last years

00:13:01of his life.

00:13:02Well,

00:13:02he was still finishing Paradise,

00:13:03of course,

00:13:04he finished it just in time,

00:13:05but in addition to that,

00:13:06in the very last years

00:13:07of his life,

00:13:08Dante wrote a work

00:13:09in Latin,

00:13:09Lecce,

00:13:10which is an inverse

00:13:12causal respondents

00:13:13with the humanist

00:13:15Giovanni

00:13:16del

00:13:18Rgigilio.

00:13:21Giovanni del Vrilio

00:13:22had invited him

00:13:23to travel

00:13:23to Bologna

00:13:24to be crowned

00:13:25as a poet

00:13:26during the course

00:13:27of a great public ceremony.

00:13:29In the 1300s,

00:13:30they loved these ceremonies.

00:13:32Petrarch did it.

00:13:33For example,

00:13:34he went to Naples

00:13:34and had himself crowned

00:13:36poet by the king

00:13:36of Naples.

00:13:38Wonderful ceremonies,

00:13:39the whole crowd,

00:13:40applause,

00:13:40banquets,

00:13:41and so on.

00:13:42Giovanni del Vrilio

00:13:43invites Dante

00:13:44to Bologna

00:13:44to be crowned poet

00:13:45with the laurel wreath.

00:13:46Dante then does not

00:13:48go because he says,

00:13:49I want to do it in Florence.

00:13:52Until they call me to Florence,

00:13:53I will not do it.

00:13:54They did not do that,

00:13:55just as they did not call him,

00:13:56as you know.

00:13:57But in any case,

00:13:58Dante also says,

00:13:59in any case,

00:14:00if I put the golden crown

00:14:02on my hair,

00:14:02it is hair

00:14:04that is now white.

00:14:05Yeah.

00:14:07And then in this correspondence,

00:14:08he says of himself,

00:14:10I am

00:14:11Anjama Anusus

00:14:14Longevusa

00:14:17Senex Vecchio.

00:14:18Three times,

00:14:18he says,

00:14:19I am now old.

00:14:20Now,

00:14:21as you know,

00:14:22Dante died

00:14:23at the age of 56.

00:14:25And yet,

00:14:26he found it obvious

00:14:27at that age

00:14:27to say,

00:14:28well,

00:14:28I have white hair,

00:14:29I am old,

00:14:30I have lived a long time old.

00:14:32Let me give you

00:14:33another example.

00:14:36Let's move forward

00:14:37a little in time

00:14:38to the mid-minus 1400s.

00:14:40A pope,

00:14:41Pope Pius II,

00:14:43before becoming Pope,

00:14:44Pius II

00:14:45had been a humanist,

00:14:47and then Silvio Piccolomini,

00:14:49a layman,

00:14:49who had seen it all,

00:14:50loves children,

00:14:52then they made him pope,

00:14:53and he wrote a letter

00:14:53to a...

00:14:53Indeed, I case.

00:14:55And Pope Pius added

00:14:57to a friend,

00:14:59Pope Pius II

00:15:00in the mid-minus 1400s.

00:15:03to say how awful

00:15:04old age is.

00:15:06He said,

00:15:07I realize that

00:15:07everything has changed,

00:15:08everything is different.

00:15:09The body no longer

00:15:10responds,

00:15:11movements.

00:15:12Become difficult,

00:15:14the whole

00:15:15machine creaks,

00:15:16the...

00:15:17I can never forget

00:15:19that we are mortal

00:15:20and that my death

00:15:22is not

00:15:24so far away anymore.

00:15:25Now,

00:15:26you know,

00:15:27it's a description

00:15:27that we can also share.

00:15:28It works,

00:15:29I assure you

00:15:29that it really works

00:15:30like that at a certain point,

00:15:31but...

00:15:33There is a small detail

00:15:34that when he wrote

00:15:35this letter,

00:15:36Pope Pius II

00:15:37was 45 years old.

00:15:43And yet you see

00:15:44that everything fits.

00:15:45If at 35

00:15:46you reach the peak,

00:15:47he reached 45,

00:15:48you have already started

00:15:49to decline

00:15:50for 10 years.

00:15:52If everything goes well

00:15:53for you,

00:15:54you will still live

00:15:54a long time...

00:15:55But by now,

00:15:56you have entered

00:15:57old age.

00:16:01In short,

00:16:02people aged early

00:16:03if they managed to age,

00:16:04which,

00:16:04I repeat,

00:16:05does not mean

00:16:06that all people

00:16:07died young,

00:16:08but by our standards,

00:16:09perhaps, yes,

00:16:10but there were also

00:16:10those who reached

00:16:1180 years of age.

00:16:12In any case,

00:16:13Dante died at 56

00:16:14and felt old.

00:16:17Pocaccio died at 62,

00:16:19Petrarch.

00:16:20Was always the lucky one.

00:16:22He died at 70.

00:16:22And there were those

00:16:23who even reached 80

00:16:24years of age.

00:16:2680.

00:16:27Someone died.

00:16:28At all ages.

00:16:32But at this point,

00:16:34we return to Pope

00:16:34Pius II,

00:16:35who is 45 years old

00:16:36and feels old.

00:16:38In reality,

00:16:39he has behind him

00:16:40a whole culture

00:16:41that tells him,

00:16:43just as it did with 35,

00:16:45you were in the middle

00:16:46of your life,

00:16:47it tells him

00:16:48that

00:16:53Dante again.

00:16:55Dante again at the banquet.

00:16:59explains that there are

00:17:00four ages in life

00:17:01and the first

00:17:03is adolescence.

00:17:05When you grow up,

00:17:07others,

00:17:07distinguished between

00:17:09childhood and adolescence,

00:17:11Dante finds that

00:17:12this is a useless distinction.

00:17:13It is always the time

00:17:14when,

00:17:15from the moment

00:17:15you are born,

00:17:16or rather,

00:17:17from the moment

00:17:17you are conceived,

00:17:18you do nothing

00:17:19but grow.

00:17:22And adolescence

00:17:22lasts until the age of 25.

00:17:25Up until the age of 25,

00:17:26you continue to grow.

00:17:30Oh.

00:17:32Notice that Dante

00:17:33apparently does not

00:17:34separate the child

00:17:35from the adolescent.

00:17:37We would think

00:17:38that he did not have

00:17:38our concept

00:17:39of adolescence.

00:17:40Adolescence,

00:17:41in reality,

00:17:42he did have

00:17:43a critical age,

00:17:44but he did not

00:17:45see a break.

00:17:46He saw continuity

00:17:49from childhood

00:17:50to at 20.

00:17:50At the 25,

00:17:51there is a very

00:17:53pre-progression.

00:17:55there is an

00:17:56extraordinary

00:17:58passage in the banquet

00:17:59in which Dante

00:18:00retraces

00:18:01the growth

00:18:02of the child,

00:18:04Ratozozuma.

00:18:05He is thinking

00:18:07of a male child.

00:18:08Obviously,

00:18:08he remembers himself.

00:18:10The growth of the child

00:18:11based on how

00:18:12his desires change,

00:18:14he ba'arish.

00:18:16He says,

00:18:18when a very small child

00:18:19desires the first

00:18:21beautiful,

00:18:21colorful thing he sees,

00:18:22a fruit,

00:18:23maybe he throws a tantrum

00:18:24because he wants the fruit

00:18:25and he grows up a bit.

00:18:27He begins to reason.

00:18:29So what does he desire?

00:18:30A bird,

00:18:31for example,

00:18:32he wants to have

00:18:33the bird in a cage

00:18:35and then later

00:18:36he wants

00:18:38naive clothes.

00:18:41There is a moment

00:18:42when the child

00:18:42does not care

00:18:43at all about

00:18:44how he dresses,

00:18:45but then

00:18:46the time comes

00:18:46when the boy says,

00:18:47but why don't I

00:18:48also have designer jeans

00:18:49like the ones

00:18:50my friends are wearing?

00:18:51I remember very well

00:18:53when I was 14.

00:18:54Of course,

00:18:54even then,

00:18:55there comes a time

00:18:56when the desire

00:18:57is no longer

00:18:58for the toy

00:18:59but for the nice clothes

00:19:02and then

00:19:03and then the desires

00:19:05begin to change

00:19:05and then further on

00:19:07I want nice clothes

00:19:08and then the horse.

00:19:09Of course,

00:19:10for service,

00:19:11the motorbike,

00:19:13the car,

00:19:14of course,

00:19:16of course

00:19:16and in the same way

00:19:18then

00:19:19when I reach

00:19:20a certain age

00:19:21I want the horse.

00:19:23Of course,

00:19:24nice clothes

00:19:25and then the horse

00:19:28and then a woman.

00:19:30and the child

00:19:31has become

00:19:32an adolescent

00:19:32and so

00:19:34little by little

00:19:35in stages

00:19:37Dante also understood

00:19:38other things

00:19:39about adolescence.

00:19:40For example,

00:19:41that adolescence

00:19:41is the time

00:19:42when the most important

00:19:43friendships are born

00:19:43and Dante

00:19:44cares enormously

00:19:46ah,

00:19:47friendships

00:19:47and friendships

00:19:49are fundamental

00:19:50because

00:19:50we cannot have

00:19:52a perfect life

00:19:53without

00:19:55friends

00:19:57and friends

00:19:58are born

00:19:58in adolescence

00:19:59and most

00:20:00most

00:20:03friendships

00:20:04seem to be

00:20:05sown at

00:20:06at this age.

00:20:09And then adolescence

00:20:10is the time

00:20:11when one blushes

00:20:11says Dante.

00:20:13Teenagers are like

00:20:14virgins

00:20:14or even like

00:20:15respectable ladies

00:20:16because not all

00:20:17adult women

00:20:17can actually be

00:20:18considered respectable.

00:20:19There are also

00:20:19some women

00:20:20who do not blush

00:20:20at all

00:20:21whenever the subject

00:20:21of sex is mentioned.

00:20:22But Dante says

00:20:23that virgins

00:20:24and respectable ladies

00:20:25blush if sex

00:20:26is even briefly

00:20:27mentioned

00:20:28and teenagers

00:20:29are.

00:20:30They also blush

00:20:32when these kinds

00:20:33of things are being

00:20:34discussed.

00:20:36Then he also says

00:20:38and adolescence

00:20:38is the time

00:20:39when we are

00:20:39most beautiful.

00:20:40We are more

00:20:40handsome,

00:20:41more agile,

00:20:42our bodies

00:20:42more flexible

00:20:43and everything.

00:20:46Oh, well,

00:20:47let's be clear.

00:20:48Dante is not

00:20:49the only author

00:20:50of the Middle Ages

00:20:51to have discovered

00:20:52adolescence

00:20:53and the change

00:20:55of bodies

00:20:56as well as

00:20:57desires.

00:20:58He is not

00:20:59even the first.

00:21:00Let's go back

00:21:01several centuries.

00:21:0310th century.

00:21:04In the 11th century,

00:21:05there is a cardinal.

00:21:06His name is

00:21:06Pierre Damiani.

00:21:09He was a monk

00:21:10then very involved

00:21:12in the great reform

00:21:13of the church.

00:21:13He was a man of power.

00:21:15He was one of the most

00:21:16powerful men

00:21:17in the Christian church.

00:21:18Pierre Damiani,

00:21:20already old,

00:21:21in one of his writings

00:21:23recalls a memory

00:21:25of when he was

00:21:26a young student

00:21:26away from home.

00:21:27He had gone to Parma

00:21:28to study.

00:21:30He was a young boy

00:21:31sent there.

00:21:33He lived alone.

00:21:34He had his own

00:21:36apartment in Parma,

00:21:38Ostrakoka,

00:21:38Ahlita.

00:21:39It was a time

00:21:40when priestly celibacy

00:21:42did not yet exist.

00:21:44Pierre Damiani

00:21:45is someone

00:21:46who fought

00:21:46all his life

00:21:47in the great battle,

00:21:48among other things,

00:21:49to impose celibacy

00:21:50on the Christian clergy

00:21:52who previously

00:21:52married without

00:21:54the slightest problem.

00:21:56But I...

00:21:56He is a monk.

00:21:57So he comes from

00:21:58a culture in which

00:21:59chastity,

00:21:59on the other hand,

00:22:00is important.

00:22:01It's a story

00:22:02that's all about saying

00:22:08It is a narrative

00:22:09entirely aimed

00:22:10at saying,

00:22:10quote,

00:22:11Thank goodness

00:22:11we have now

00:22:12imposed celibacy.

00:22:14When I was young,

00:22:15it wasn't like that.

00:22:16I was in Parma

00:22:17studying,

00:22:18away from home,

00:22:19and...

00:22:20In the apartment

00:22:21next to mine,

00:22:22there lived a clergyman

00:22:23with his woman.

00:22:24He was a clergyman,

00:22:25and they were

00:22:25two dapper individuals.

00:22:26He uses those very terms.

00:22:28Elegant,

00:22:28always well-dressed,

00:22:30young,

00:22:31and cheerful.

00:22:32And for me,

00:22:33living right next to him,

00:22:34it was a constant torment

00:22:36because through the wall,

00:22:38one could hear everything.

00:22:40And what one could not hear,

00:22:41one would simply guess.

00:22:43He says I was in the flower

00:22:45of my adolescence.

00:22:46He says I was in the prime

00:22:46of adolescence.

00:22:47My face was starting

00:22:48to grow beards,

00:22:49and in my flesh,

00:22:51I was starting to

00:22:52ail the urge

00:22:53of desire,

00:22:54and I couldn't think

00:22:55of anything else

00:22:58but those two

00:22:58who were there laughing,

00:23:00playing,

00:23:00with red mouth

00:23:02here in the apartment

00:23:06next to me.

00:23:08I couldn't help

00:23:08but think of those two,

00:23:09and I said to myself,

00:23:10are they right?

00:23:13And even after,

00:23:14I became a monk,

00:23:15they kept coming to mind,

00:23:16and even as a monk

00:23:17every now and then.

00:23:19It was the devil,

00:23:20it was the devil

00:23:21who wanted to trick me,

00:23:22who made me think

00:23:23about this thing.

00:23:25They were right.

00:23:27That's how you have to live.

00:23:32It's one of the first

00:23:33medieval texts

00:23:34that tells us

00:23:34about the turmoil

00:23:36of adolescence,

00:23:37not with the scientific tone

00:23:39of a treatise

00:23:40on the age of man,

00:23:41but with the emotion

00:23:42of someone who,

00:23:43many years later,

00:23:44remembers what it was like

00:23:45for him,

00:23:46what those years

00:23:47were like.

00:23:47but by the way,

00:23:49can you imagine

00:23:49a cardinal

00:23:50today,

00:23:51an old cardinal,

00:23:52writing a book

00:23:54for the public

00:23:54in which he tells

00:23:55how as a young boy

00:23:56he madly desired

00:23:58the girl

00:23:58who lived in the next room

00:24:00and could think

00:24:00of nothing

00:24:01but her mouth

00:24:04that's why

00:24:04I like the Middle Ages.

00:24:06they weren't ashamed.

00:24:21Also,

00:24:22keep in mind

00:24:22that if you died earlier,

00:24:23you also grew up earlier.

00:24:25Well,

00:24:26that adolescence

00:24:27lasts until you're 25,

00:24:28but at that time,

00:24:29if someone was orphaned

00:24:30at the age of 14,

00:24:32they were considered

00:24:32capable

00:24:33of signing a contract

00:24:34and buying,

00:24:35selling,

00:24:35and improperly

00:24:36owning property

00:24:37without the need

00:24:38for a guardian,

00:24:39it didn't matter

00:24:39whether they were

00:24:40men or women.

00:24:41At that age,

00:24:42you were now

00:24:43your own master.

00:24:45That was the sota.

00:24:47Even though theorists say

00:24:48you haven't finished

00:24:49that growing yet,

00:24:50you've still got some cool,

00:24:51but generally,

00:24:5214 or 15

00:24:53was a legal threshold.

00:24:57Oh,

00:24:57let's get this straight,

00:24:58right?

00:24:58If instead,

00:24:59your father lived

00:25:00a long time,

00:25:01as long as your father

00:25:02was alive,

00:25:03you remained subject

00:25:04to paternal authority.

00:25:05Well,

00:25:06unless your father

00:25:06was kind enough

00:25:07to emancipate you

00:25:08with a formal act

00:25:09at which point

00:25:09you were an adult

00:25:10and could sign contracts

00:25:12and could sign contracts.

00:25:15Otherwise,

00:25:15if you were unlucky enough

00:25:17for your father

00:25:17to live to be 80,

00:25:18you would reach 60

00:25:19and continue to be a child

00:25:21in the eyes of the law.

00:25:22You couldn't do anything

00:25:23until your father

00:25:23authorized you to do so.

00:25:25But generally,

00:25:26your father died very early

00:25:27and you became an adult

00:25:29and your own master

00:25:30very early.

00:25:35So,

00:25:35up to the age

00:25:36of 25 adolescence,

00:25:38at the age

00:25:39of 25,

00:25:40Dante,

00:25:40say,

00:25:42youth begins,

00:25:44Juventus,

00:25:45which lasts

00:25:46until the age

00:25:47of 45,

00:25:48however.

00:25:49Bawsh,

00:25:49api,

00:25:50careful,

00:25:51because you understand

00:25:51that this Juventus

00:25:52is not the same thing

00:25:54that we sabi mean

00:25:56when we talk about

00:25:57you,

00:25:58Turi Chebras.

00:25:59because when we talk

00:26:00about youth,

00:26:00we are implying

00:26:01that you have not yet

00:26:02arrived at the

00:26:03complete fullness

00:26:04of your own life.

00:26:06We have in mind

00:26:07a sequence whereby

00:26:08there is youth

00:26:10and then there is maturity.

00:26:12And it is in maturity

00:26:13that you have

00:26:15the fullness

00:26:15of your qualities.

00:26:17they do not.

00:26:18There is only one age.

00:26:20From the age of 25

00:26:21to 45,

00:26:22there is Juventus,

00:26:23which is not

00:26:24an anti-chamber.

00:26:26It is the full age

00:26:28of your life.

00:26:29Dante says,

00:26:31of course,

00:26:31it is called Juventus

00:26:32from the verbeer,

00:26:32which means

00:26:33to benefit.

00:26:34An age that can benefit,

00:26:36that is,

00:26:37to give

00:26:38perfection,

00:26:38which is

00:26:39truly

00:26:41the

00:26:42fullness

00:26:42of our life.

00:26:44Muza.

00:26:45Between ages

00:26:46of 25

00:26:46and 45,

00:26:47you are at the peak

00:26:48of your powers.

00:26:50You can do anything.

00:26:51In fact,

00:26:53it is the age

00:26:54when you should do

00:26:55everything.

00:26:56That is why

00:26:58it happens so easily

00:26:59that a great pope

00:27:00like Innocent II

00:27:01at the end

00:27:02of the 10th century

00:27:04becomes pope

00:27:04at the age

00:27:05of 36.

00:27:06For us,

00:27:07it would be fiction.

00:27:09For us,

00:27:09it would be fiction.

00:27:11For them,

00:27:12it is completely obvious.

00:27:13And when,

00:27:14if not at that age,

00:27:15when you are

00:27:15at the height

00:27:16of your strength,

00:27:17if they saw

00:27:17our world

00:27:18where at 30

00:27:19and maybe even 40,

00:27:20you are still

00:27:21considered too young

00:27:22to do certain things

00:27:23that would say,

00:27:24oh, you're stupid.

00:27:25It's crazy.

00:27:26You're stupid.

00:27:27Those are the years

00:27:28when you are

00:27:28at your peak

00:27:30ready for anything.

00:27:33And then at 45,

00:27:35old age begins,

00:27:37which lasts,

00:27:38according to Dante,

00:27:39until 70.

00:27:41And that would have

00:27:42ended there,

00:27:43but in reality,

00:27:44even in their time,

00:27:44there were some

00:27:45who even reached 80.

00:27:46So what can we do?

00:27:49Hmm.

00:27:49Fortunately,

00:27:50here the Bible

00:27:51comes to the rescue.

00:27:52Again,

00:27:52because the Bible says,

00:27:54yes,

00:27:54the life of a man

00:27:55is 70 years.

00:27:56But in the strongest ones,

00:27:58even 80.

00:27:59And so after 70,

00:28:01Dante says,

00:28:02there is a sort of

00:28:03super old age

00:28:04when you are already senile,

00:28:07but you can still

00:28:08keep going.

00:28:13So up to this point,

00:28:14we have talked about

00:28:15the evolution of the body

00:28:16from adolescence

00:28:17to old age,

00:28:18and we talked about it,

00:28:20yes,

00:28:21referring to the Bible,

00:28:22but without bringing up

00:28:24the religious dimension,

00:28:25but let's bring it up

00:28:26because,

00:28:28let's bring it up

00:28:29because the Middle Ages

00:28:30were obviously

00:28:30a Christian Middle Ages.

00:28:32The society was Christian.

00:28:34They were all believers.

00:28:36And when in the

00:28:37Christian Middle Ages,

00:28:37people thought about

00:28:38the body,

00:28:39it was natural

00:28:40that they immediately

00:28:41thought that we are

00:28:42not just the body,

00:28:44there is also

00:28:44the soul.

00:28:47No,

00:28:48in truth,

00:28:48there is no need

00:28:49to be Christian,

00:28:50you know,

00:28:50to believe in the

00:28:51immortal soul,

00:28:52to be aware of,

00:28:53of the fact that

00:28:54we are not reduced

00:28:55to our body.

00:28:57Is there something else?

00:29:00And otherwise,

00:29:00we would not say

00:29:01my body.

00:29:03We say my body

00:29:04and we know full well

00:29:05that saying my body

00:29:06is not the same thing

00:29:07as saying a saying.

00:29:10the body,

00:29:11to some extent,

00:29:11is only a small part

00:29:12of who I am.

00:29:14Medieval society

00:29:15had a ready answer

00:29:16for this.

00:29:17Of course it is.

00:29:18It is obvious

00:29:18that the body

00:29:19is only a part,

00:29:19guys.

00:29:20There is the body

00:29:21and there is the soul.

00:29:22And every human being

00:29:23is made up of

00:29:24these two things

00:29:25that go together.

00:29:28And at this point,

00:29:29however,

00:29:29a problem arose,

00:29:30a problem that they

00:29:32have never had solved,

00:29:33that they discuss it,

00:29:35but that did not have

00:29:36a clear shared solution.

00:29:37Okay,

00:29:38there is the body

00:29:38and there is the soul.

00:29:39Which is the more

00:29:40important of the two?

00:29:41Well,

00:29:42the soul is understandable.

00:29:43The soul is immortal.

00:29:45And our entire faith

00:29:47speaks to us

00:29:47of the salvation

00:29:48of the soul.

00:29:49The body dies.

00:29:51So the soul

00:29:52is the most important thing.

00:29:53And yet,

00:29:53the soul,

00:29:54which is the most

00:29:55important thing,

00:29:56is a prisoner

00:29:56inside this body

00:29:58that is destined

00:30:00to die.

00:30:03From this perspective,

00:30:04one can also begin

00:30:05to have a negative

00:30:05perception of the body,

00:30:06huh,

00:30:07because my soul

00:30:08is a prisoner

00:30:09inside this stuff.

00:30:12There were extremists

00:30:13in the Middle Ages,

00:30:14the Cathars,

00:30:15who said,

00:30:16oh no,

00:30:17the body is a bad thing.

00:30:18It really does hold

00:30:20the soul prisoner.

00:30:21Hey.

00:30:22Imagine how the soul

00:30:23would be fine

00:30:23if there were no body

00:30:24with its needs

00:30:25and instead we are

00:30:27prisoners inside this stuff.

00:30:29Furthermore,

00:30:30this disgusting thing,

00:30:31the body that stinks,

00:30:33dies,

00:30:34but rots.

00:30:36The Cathars,

00:30:37pushing this reasoning

00:30:39to the extreme,

00:30:40said Hedy,

00:30:42but not our bodies.

00:30:43It is not our good God

00:30:44who created bodies

00:30:45and he cannot have

00:30:47imprisoned our immortal souls

00:30:49inside of these wretched

00:30:50and disgusting prisons of flesh.

00:30:52There must be an evil God.

00:30:55There is an evil God

00:30:56who has created bodies.

00:30:57Well,

00:30:58our own good God

00:30:59has created nothing

00:30:59but the souls.

00:31:01The Cathars,

00:31:02who are extremists,

00:31:04say that one must

00:31:04free oneself from the body,

00:31:07that one must avoid it

00:31:08at all costs.

00:31:09First of all,

00:31:09one must not have children

00:31:11and produce other bodies.

00:31:12And then one must

00:31:14revive one's body.

00:31:15One must let it die.

00:31:16One must starve to death.

00:31:19The ideal for the Cathars

00:31:20is one who is capable

00:31:21of letting oneself starve

00:31:24to death

00:31:24in order to free

00:31:25one's immortal soul.

00:31:26The church wisely says,

00:31:29you are heretics.

00:31:30We will exterminate you

00:31:31because it is not right.

00:31:33Oh,

00:31:34we do not want to hear

00:31:35this nonsense.

00:31:37Well,

00:31:38however,

00:31:39however common also

00:31:40because you understand

00:31:41it is true

00:31:42that the soul

00:31:42is more important.

00:31:44However,

00:31:45for example,

00:31:45Christianity is based

00:31:47entirely on the fact

00:31:48that God became man

00:31:49and took on a body

00:31:50and the Christian liturgy

00:31:52is centered

00:31:53on the body of Christ

00:31:54and it is guaranteed

00:31:56that we will have

00:31:57the resurrection

00:31:58of the body,

00:31:59the resurrection

00:32:00of the flesh by all.

00:32:02So bodies are a good thing.

00:32:04There is little

00:32:05that can be done.

00:32:06But the most

00:32:08radical Christians

00:32:09do the same.

00:32:10They have a bit

00:32:10of difficulty

00:32:11in accepting

00:32:11that the body

00:32:12really has a value

00:32:13when it is

00:32:14such an obstacle

00:32:15to the salvation

00:32:17of the soul.

00:32:19and this contradiction

00:32:20is clearly visible

00:32:21in St. Francis.

00:32:22Then you must excuse me.

00:32:24I have spent

00:32:24the last few years

00:32:25in the company

00:32:26of St. Francis

00:32:26and therefore,

00:32:27obviously,

00:32:28I also draw from

00:32:29there many things

00:32:30that concern our topic.

00:32:32For St. Francis,

00:32:33the body is a

00:32:34a very big problem.

00:32:37St. Francis

00:32:38generally belongs

00:32:39to that line of mistakes

00:32:40who think

00:32:41that the body

00:32:42must be represented

00:32:43and in fact,

00:32:45he inflicted

00:32:47the worst penances

00:32:48on his own body.

00:32:49Francis starved it.

00:32:51He made it suffer

00:32:51from the cold.

00:32:52He whipped it.

00:32:56However,

00:32:57in the memories

00:32:57of those who knew him,

00:33:00he did not have

00:33:01a coherent position

00:33:02towards his own body.

00:33:05Francis.

00:33:07Well,

00:33:08in the meantime,

00:33:08there were those

00:33:09who remembered

00:33:10that Francis

00:33:10had once come up

00:33:11with a particularly happy

00:33:13solution to this problem

00:33:15of the dualism

00:33:16of soul and body.

00:33:17Francis said,

00:33:19reflecting on

00:33:21those hermits

00:33:22who withdraw

00:33:23into a solitary cell

00:33:24to pray

00:33:24far removed

00:33:25from the rest

00:33:26of the world.

00:33:26And Francis used to say,

00:33:28but in reality,

00:33:29wherever we may be,

00:33:30we always

00:33:32carry our own cell

00:33:33with us

00:33:34and brother body

00:33:36and soul

00:33:37are the hermit soul

00:33:38who live in the cell

00:33:39to pray

00:33:39to God

00:33:40and meditate.

00:33:41And meditate.

00:33:44The problem,

00:33:45however,

00:33:45is that the cell

00:33:47is alive.

00:33:48It has needs.

00:33:49And these needs

00:33:50contrast with the

00:33:51search for the

00:33:52mystical experience.

00:33:54Do you understand?

00:33:54The mystic wants

00:33:55to be able to

00:33:56concentrate entirely

00:33:56on his relationship

00:33:58with God

00:33:58and instead,

00:33:59the body

00:33:59wants to eat,

00:34:01wants to drink,

00:34:02wants to warm up,

00:34:02wants to have sex.

00:34:04It continually

00:34:06distracts the body.

00:34:08At this point,

00:34:09Francis gets angry

00:34:10with the body

00:34:10and punishes it.

00:34:11He kind of punishes it.

00:34:13When he has

00:34:14sexual desires,

00:34:15he goes out

00:34:16and rolls in the snow.

00:34:20If it is summer,

00:34:22he undresses

00:34:23and whips himself

00:34:24with a rope,

00:34:25saying,

00:34:27Hey, brother donkey,

00:34:29this is how you have to be.

00:34:31This is how you have to

00:34:32take the whip

00:34:33and take the whip.

00:34:34Laaah.

00:34:36Brother donkey,

00:34:37the body

00:34:37is a beast of burden

00:34:39that must be beaten

00:34:40when necessary

00:34:41to teach it

00:34:42to obey.

00:34:45Oh, but up to this point,

00:34:47he is still a brother.

00:34:48Even if brother donkey,

00:34:49but he is still

00:34:50a brother.

00:34:51But other times,

00:34:52Francis has said

00:34:54even worse things.

00:34:56It happened

00:34:57that demons

00:34:58attacked him

00:34:58and beat him.

00:35:00This also happened

00:35:01to him.

00:35:02Not only temptations,

00:35:04he himself felt

00:35:05that they were

00:35:05coming at him,

00:35:06that they were

00:35:07beating him at night.

00:35:08He would wake up

00:35:09all in pain.

00:35:10They attacked me

00:35:11last night.

00:35:14And then he would say

00:35:15to the demons,

00:35:16demons,

00:35:17if our Lord

00:35:17Jesus Christ

00:35:19has given you

00:35:19permission

00:35:20to harm my body,

00:35:21go ahead

00:35:22because the worst

00:35:23enemy

00:35:24I have

00:35:25is my body.

00:35:26And therefore,

00:35:27you will avenge me

00:35:28on my adversary.

00:35:35But as I told you,

00:35:37it was not coherent,

00:35:38it was contradictory.

00:35:40For example,

00:35:41when he was sick,

00:35:41he would take care

00:35:42of himself.

00:35:43And he would feel guilty.

00:35:46They say,

00:35:48a friar told me this,

00:35:49I remember him

00:35:49talking to me

00:35:49about it once.

00:35:50He was sick,

00:35:51he was taking medicine,

00:35:52and he said to me,

00:35:54listen,

00:35:54my conscience

00:35:55is murmuring

00:35:55because I take

00:35:57too much care

00:35:57of my body.

00:36:00My conscience

00:36:01is afraid

00:36:01that I will become

00:36:02too indulgent

00:36:03now that my body

00:36:05is sick

00:36:06and it is afraid

00:36:07that I will

00:36:08tade.

00:36:10Let's wait

00:36:11for Dante.

00:36:12Dante,

00:36:13goodbye,

00:36:13Francis.

00:36:14Adds not that he likes it

00:36:15because

00:36:17he is depressed

00:36:18by his long illness

00:36:19and

00:36:20can no longer

00:36:21even taste anything.

00:36:24After that,

00:36:25the friar,

00:36:25who is not stupid,

00:36:26says to him,

00:36:27but,

00:36:28your body,

00:36:29before you were sick

00:36:30as long as it could,

00:36:30your body

00:36:31obeyed

00:36:32your orders.

00:36:33Francis?

00:36:35Ah, yes, yes, yes,

00:36:36he behaved well.

00:36:37He spared

00:36:38nothing.

00:36:39He and I

00:36:40served Christ

00:36:41in perfect

00:36:42harmony.

00:36:43He and I

00:36:44here the body

00:36:45is something else

00:36:46entirely.

00:36:47A brother,

00:36:47perhaps,

00:36:48but,

00:36:49the friar,

00:36:50but the body

00:36:51served you

00:36:52in perfect

00:36:52harmony.

00:36:53But then,

00:36:54does it seem

00:36:55right to you

00:36:55to treat such

00:36:56a faithful friend

00:36:57badly

00:36:58and reward him

00:36:59in this way?

00:37:00He who served

00:37:01you and helped

00:37:02you serve

00:37:03Christ,

00:37:04the friar

00:37:05tells him,

00:37:05treating your body

00:37:06in this way

00:37:07is contrary

00:37:08to reason.

00:37:10And since

00:37:11the intellectuals

00:37:12of the Middle Ages

00:37:13had an absolute

00:37:14adoration of reason,

00:37:16saying that something

00:37:17is contrary

00:37:18to reason

00:37:19is already

00:37:20enough.

00:37:22And Francis

00:37:23says,

00:37:23but Francis,

00:37:24relieved,

00:37:24recognizes it

00:37:25exactly like that.

00:37:26Well,

00:37:26at that point,

00:37:27Francis turns

00:37:27to his body,

00:37:29rejoice,

00:37:30brother body,

00:37:31and forgive me,

00:37:32because,

00:37:33now on,

00:37:34I will gladly

00:37:35do what you

00:37:36ask of me.

00:37:37And in fact,

00:37:38not since then.

00:37:40Since then,

00:37:41I added it to

00:37:41simplify things

00:37:42to give an impression

00:37:43of consistency.

00:37:45Others recall

00:37:46that at other times,

00:37:47Francis used to say

00:37:47to the friars,

00:37:48brother body

00:37:49has its rights

00:37:50and one should

00:37:50not afflict

00:37:51too much.

00:37:53Also,

00:37:54because if you

00:37:54afflict the body

00:37:55too much,

00:37:56then you will not

00:37:57be able to be

00:37:57so cheerful

00:37:58and instead,

00:37:59you must serve

00:38:00God with joy.

00:38:03I quote,

00:38:04the servant

00:38:05of God

00:38:05must provide

00:38:06satisfaction

00:38:07to his own body

00:38:08regarding eating,

00:38:10sleeping,

00:38:10and all other

00:38:11necessary needs.

00:38:12so that

00:38:13brother body

00:38:14should not grumble

00:38:15because,

00:38:15uh,

00:38:17brother body

00:38:17would grumble.

00:38:19I am not even

00:38:20able to stand

00:38:21on my own feet

00:38:21and you expect

00:38:22me to continue

00:38:23praying.

00:38:24I am unable

00:38:25to feel joyful

00:38:25in my suffering

00:38:26because you are

00:38:27failing to

00:38:27satisfy any

00:38:28of my basic needs.

00:38:31So brother body's

00:38:32needs must be

00:38:33satisfied.

00:38:35If he then

00:38:36wants to be

00:38:37lazy

00:38:38when it comes

00:38:38to the matter

00:38:39of staying up

00:38:39all night long

00:38:40to pray,

00:38:40well then,

00:38:41that is another

00:38:41story,

00:38:42then yes,

00:38:43then you punish

00:38:43him like an

00:38:44animal that

00:38:45is stubborn

00:38:45and then you

00:38:46need to beat

00:38:46him.

00:38:51Let us

00:38:51quickly look

00:38:52at another

00:38:52example because

00:38:53Francis is by

00:38:53no means

00:38:54the only one.

00:38:55The medieval

00:38:55mystics were

00:38:56all somewhat

00:38:57obsessed with

00:38:58this problem.

00:38:59What am I

00:38:59supposed to do

00:39:00with this body

00:39:01that asks me

00:39:01for things that

00:39:02have nothing

00:39:03to do with

00:39:03the salvation

00:39:04of my soul

00:39:04that distract

00:39:06me from

00:39:06the only

00:39:07important thing

00:39:08are

00:39:10the middle

00:39:11ages are

00:39:11full of

00:39:12female figures

00:39:12who speak

00:39:13with God

00:39:14who have

00:39:14visions

00:39:15and who

00:39:15undergo

00:39:16extraordinary

00:39:17mystical

00:39:17experiences.

00:39:19These women

00:39:19are enormously

00:39:20admired by the

00:39:21people.

00:39:21They even

00:39:22manage to

00:39:22exert a great

00:39:23deal of

00:39:23social and

00:39:24political

00:39:24influence

00:39:24and they

00:39:25also

00:39:26regularly

00:39:26end up

00:39:26killing

00:39:27themselves

00:39:28through the

00:39:28practice

00:39:29of

00:39:29prolonged

00:39:30fasting.

00:39:32An extreme

00:39:32case is

00:39:33Catherine of

00:39:33Siena

00:39:34who at

00:39:34just over

00:39:3430 years

00:39:35of age

00:39:35literally

00:39:36killed

00:39:36herself

00:39:36by

00:39:37fasting.

00:39:39This

00:39:39characteristic

00:39:40is in

00:39:40fact the

00:39:40same as

00:39:41Francis

00:39:41for goodness

00:39:41sake.

00:39:42Francis also

00:39:43died at

00:39:43the age

00:39:44of 45

00:39:44but he

00:39:45was already

00:39:45destroyed

00:39:46by

00:39:46illness

00:39:47and

00:39:47fasting.

00:39:49These

00:39:49girls die

00:39:50perhaps at

00:39:50the age

00:39:51of 30

00:39:52after having

00:39:52fasted

00:39:53desperately

00:39:55and

00:39:56inevitably

00:39:56a few

00:39:57years ago

00:39:57someone said

00:39:58excuse me

00:39:58but this

00:39:59I mean

00:39:59you take

00:39:59a young

00:40:00girl

00:40:00clearly

00:40:01highly

00:40:01intelligent

00:40:02possessing

00:40:03an incredible

00:40:04strength of

00:40:04character

00:40:04capable of

00:40:05imposing her

00:40:06authority on

00:40:07anyone

00:40:07of living

00:40:08her life

00:40:08exactly as

00:40:09she wishes

00:40:09and pursuing

00:40:10whatever she

00:40:11desires

00:40:11and then

00:40:12she fasted

00:40:13until

00:40:13she kills

00:40:14herself.

00:40:15But this

00:40:16this is not

00:40:17what we call

00:40:18anorexia.

00:40:20Many years ago

00:40:21a book that was

00:40:21much discussed

00:40:22said exactly

00:40:23this it's

00:40:23called

00:40:23The Holy

00:40:24Anorexia.

00:40:25They experience

00:40:26what we call

00:40:28anorexia in

00:40:29a different way

00:40:29they interpreted

00:40:30it.

00:40:30They expressed

00:40:31it in a

00:40:31religious way.

00:40:34Now the debate

00:40:35on this is open

00:40:35well whether

00:40:36these anachronistic

00:40:37comparisons are

00:40:38correct or not

00:40:38I don't want to

00:40:39say that they

00:40:40are but it is

00:40:41important to know

00:40:41that it has

00:40:42been discussed.

00:40:43Certainly

00:40:44Catherine's case

00:40:44is impressive.

00:40:45Catherine fasts

00:40:46when everyone

00:40:48wants to convince

00:40:48her to eat.

00:40:50Catherine has a

00:40:51confessor by her

00:40:52side.

00:40:53Catherine of

00:40:54Siena is a

00:40:54figure who is

00:40:55indeed most

00:40:56highly respected

00:40:56and famous

00:40:57throughout the

00:40:57entire Christian

00:40:58world.

00:40:58her words

00:40:59also count

00:40:59in politics.

00:41:01The municipality

00:41:02of Florence

00:41:02asked her to

00:41:03intercede with

00:41:03the Pope and

00:41:04sent her as

00:41:04an ambassador.

00:41:05A woman

00:41:07it would be

00:41:08necessary to

00:41:09wait for the

00:41:09Soviet Union

00:41:10and Alexandra

00:41:11Lontai whom

00:41:11Lenin appointed

00:41:12ambassador of the

00:41:13Soviet Union

00:41:13to Norway in

00:41:15the early 1920s

00:41:16for a woman to

00:41:17be an ambassador.

00:41:18So Catherine of

00:41:19Siena went to

00:41:19Avignon ambassador

00:41:20of the municipality

00:41:21of Florence.

00:41:23After that the

00:41:23Pope assigned her

00:41:24a confessor whose

00:41:25duty was to

00:41:26guide her

00:41:27provide instruction

00:41:28and record

00:41:28everything that

00:41:29she would do.

00:41:31When she was

00:41:31dead he would

00:41:32write her life

00:41:32her biography

00:41:33but until she

00:41:34was dead he

00:41:35tried to

00:41:35prevent her

00:41:36from dying

00:41:36gaying.

00:41:38The confessor

00:41:38Raimondo

00:41:39da Capua who

00:41:40was a very

00:41:40cultured

00:41:40Dominican tried

00:41:41in every way

00:41:42to make her

00:41:43eat and she

00:41:43told him

00:41:44father I

00:41:45can't do

00:41:45it.

00:41:46What should

00:41:47we do?

00:41:47Try to order

00:41:48me to eat

00:41:48as a penance.

00:41:50Maybe if you

00:41:50order me to

00:41:51eat as a penance

00:41:52I'll be able

00:41:52to force

00:41:53myself.

00:41:53No I

00:41:54can't do

00:41:54it.

00:41:55I can't

00:41:55do it.

00:41:55I can't

00:41:55do it.

00:41:56In the

00:41:56end he

00:41:57made her

00:41:57put some

00:41:57sugar in

00:41:58the glass

00:41:58of water.

00:42:00She drank

00:42:00the glass

00:42:01of water

00:42:01and put

00:42:01it back

00:42:02in.

00:42:02What did

00:42:02you put

00:42:02in me?

00:42:03They had

00:42:03to confess

00:42:04to her

00:42:04that he

00:42:04had put

00:42:05sugar

00:42:05in her.

00:42:06I

00:42:06couldn't

00:42:07swallow

00:42:07it.

00:42:09Here to

00:42:10show how

00:42:10contradictory

00:42:10this problem

00:42:11of the

00:42:11relationship

00:42:12between

00:42:12the soul

00:42:13and the

00:42:13body

00:42:14could

00:42:14be

00:42:15in

00:42:15extreme

00:42:15cases.

00:42:21after that

00:42:22of course

00:42:22woe betide

00:42:22us if we

00:42:23thought that

00:42:23the medieval

00:42:24world was

00:42:24limited to

00:42:25the world

00:42:25of religious

00:42:25people

00:42:26monks

00:42:26hermits

00:42:27mystics

00:42:27but imagine

00:42:28that that

00:42:28was a

00:42:29very

00:42:29visible

00:42:30important

00:42:30space

00:42:30which

00:42:31produced

00:42:32very

00:42:32important

00:42:33experiences

00:42:33but

00:42:34they

00:42:34were

00:42:35a

00:42:35very

00:42:36small

00:42:37minority

00:42:38age

00:42:40people

00:42:41lived in

00:42:41a completely

00:42:41different

00:42:41way

00:42:43and

00:42:44among

00:42:44the

00:42:44people

00:42:44there

00:42:44were

00:42:45also

00:42:45people

00:42:45who

00:42:45addressed

00:42:45the

00:42:46problem

00:42:46of

00:42:46the

00:42:46body

00:42:46in

00:42:47very

00:42:47different

00:42:47ways

00:42:48philosophers

00:42:48scientists

00:42:51doctors

00:42:52who were

00:42:53numerous

00:42:53in society

00:42:54in the late

00:42:54middle ages

00:42:56also reflected

00:42:56on the

00:42:57body

00:42:59we don't

00:43:00have much

00:43:00time now

00:43:00we will

00:43:01deal with

00:43:02a single

00:43:02aspect

00:43:02that I

00:43:03have

00:43:03already

00:43:03dealt

00:43:03with

00:43:04in the

00:43:04past

00:43:04so I

00:43:04have

00:43:04it

00:43:05a bit

00:43:05more

00:43:05ready

00:43:05and

00:43:06it

00:43:06is

00:43:06obviously

00:43:07the

00:43:07theme

00:43:07of

00:43:08how

00:43:08doctors

00:43:08philosophers

00:43:09of the

00:43:09middle

00:43:10ages

00:43:10dealt

00:43:10with

00:43:11that

00:43:11specific

00:43:12part

00:43:12of

00:43:13the

00:43:13body

00:43:13which

00:43:13are

00:43:14the

00:43:14sexual

00:43:14organs

00:43:15and

00:43:15conception

00:43:15the

00:43:16entire

00:43:17mechanics

00:43:17of

00:43:18conception

00:43:20it

00:43:21is

00:43:21a

00:43:21very

00:43:22important

00:43:22also

00:43:23because

00:43:23it

00:43:24was

00:43:24very

00:43:24important

00:43:24for

00:43:25the

00:43:25clergy

00:43:26who

00:43:26were

00:43:26very

00:43:27interested

00:43:27in

00:43:28how

00:43:28scientists

00:43:29approached

00:43:30the

00:43:30problem

00:43:31so

00:43:36well

00:43:37obviously

00:43:37even

00:43:37scientists

00:43:38in the

00:43:38middle

00:43:38ages

00:43:38were

00:43:39very

00:43:40much

00:43:40indebted

00:43:40to the

00:43:41ancients

00:43:41they

00:43:41were

00:43:42convinced

00:43:43that

00:43:43the

00:43:43ancients

00:43:44were

00:43:44very

00:43:44great

00:43:45that

00:43:45they

00:43:45had

00:43:45already

00:43:45discovered

00:43:46everything

00:43:46that

00:43:47was

00:43:47important

00:43:47so

00:43:48they

00:43:48believed

00:43:49a lot

00:43:49in what

00:43:49they

00:43:49read

00:43:50in the

00:43:50books

00:43:50of the

00:43:50ancients

00:43:51even

00:43:51when

00:43:51perhaps

00:43:52it

00:43:52would

00:43:53not

00:43:53have

00:43:53been

00:43:54the

00:43:54case

00:43:54to

00:43:55have

00:43:55so

00:43:55much

00:43:55faith

00:43:55one

00:43:56one

00:43:56reads

00:43:56certain

00:43:57medieval

00:43:57treatises

00:43:58and

00:43:58Ashan

00:43:58finds

00:43:59things

00:43:59that

00:43:59may

00:43:59seem

00:44:00Ashan

00:44:00horror

00:44:00we

00:44:01would

00:44:01say

00:44:01oh

00:44:01of course

00:44:01look at

00:44:02the

00:44:02superstitions

00:44:02of

00:44:03the

00:44:03middle

00:44:04ages

00:44:05there

00:44:05are

00:44:06treatises

00:44:06that

00:44:06tell

00:44:06you

00:44:06for

00:44:07example

00:44:08about

00:44:08what

00:44:08a

00:44:09terrible

00:44:09substance

00:44:09menstrual

00:44:10blood

00:44:10is

00:44:13menstrual

00:44:13blood

00:44:13is a

00:44:14terrible

00:44:14thing

00:44:15it

00:44:16prevents

00:44:16wheat

00:44:16from germinating

00:44:17it

00:44:17makes

00:44:17the

00:44:17must

00:44:18sour

00:44:19from

00:44:19contact

00:44:19with

00:44:20it

00:44:21the

00:44:21grass

00:44:22withers

00:44:22the

00:44:23plants

00:44:23shed

00:44:23their

00:44:24fruit

00:44:24iron

00:44:25rust

00:44:25and

00:44:25the

00:44:26dogs

00:44:26that

00:44:27consume

00:44:27it

00:44:27fall

00:44:27ill

00:44:28with

00:44:28a

00:44:28case

00:44:28of

00:44:28rabies

00:44:29now

00:44:30he

00:44:30says

00:44:30look

00:44:30at

00:44:30these

00:44:30superstitious

00:44:31medieval

00:44:31people

00:44:32how

00:44:32did

00:44:32they

00:44:32know

00:44:33all

00:44:33these

00:44:33things

00:44:33they

00:44:34had

00:44:35read

00:44:35them

00:44:35in

00:44:35Peniel

00:44:35the

00:44:36Younger

00:44:37that

00:44:37is

00:44:37in

00:44:37the

00:44:38main

00:44:38treatise

00:44:38on

00:44:38natural

00:44:39history

00:44:39of

00:44:40antiquity

00:44:40where

00:44:41all

00:44:42these

00:44:42things

00:44:42are

00:44:42listed

00:44:42and

00:44:43they

00:44:43more

00:44:43or

00:44:43less

00:44:43took

00:44:44them

00:44:44up

00:44:44a

00:44:45bit

00:44:48one

00:44:49of

00:44:49the

00:44:49great

00:44:49debates

00:44:50on

00:44:50human

00:44:50physiology

00:44:51that

00:44:51the

00:44:52middle

00:44:52ages

00:44:53inherited

00:44:55from

00:44:55antiquity

00:44:56is

00:44:56the

00:44:56problem

00:44:57of

00:44:57female

00:44:57sperm

00:44:57during

00:44:59intercourse

00:45:00women

00:45:00emit

00:45:01sperm

00:45:01exactly

00:45:02like

00:45:03men

00:45:03and

00:45:04this

00:45:04sperm

00:45:04contributes

00:45:05to

00:45:05conception

00:45:06exactly

00:45:07like

00:45:07male

00:45:08sperm

00:45:10Aristotle

00:45:11had

00:45:12declared

00:45:12that

00:45:13female

00:45:13sperm

00:45:13does

00:45:14not

00:45:14exist

00:45:16and

00:45:17that

00:45:17yes

00:45:17for

00:45:17heaven's

00:45:18sake

00:45:18of

00:45:18course

00:45:18women

00:45:18can

00:45:19emit

00:45:19a

00:45:19certain

00:45:19secretion

00:45:20at

00:45:20the

00:45:20moment

00:45:20of

00:45:21pleasure

00:45:21but

00:45:21it

00:45:21is

00:45:22not

00:45:22sperm

00:45:24of

00:45:24course

00:45:24we

00:45:25would

00:45:25like

00:45:25to

00:45:25say

00:45:25seriously

00:45:26he

00:45:26is

00:45:27right

00:45:29well

00:45:29before

00:45:30we

00:45:30get

00:45:30excited

00:45:30notice

00:45:30that

00:45:30Aristotle

00:45:31goes

00:45:31on

00:45:31to

00:45:32say

00:45:32yes

00:45:32certain

00:45:32secretions

00:45:33that

00:45:33women

00:45:33can

00:45:33emit

00:45:34in

00:45:34particular

00:45:34pale

00:45:34women

00:45:35generally

00:45:35not

00:45:35dark

00:45:36head

00:45:36ones

00:45:37and

00:45:37if

00:45:38they

00:45:38are

00:45:38masculine

00:45:39in a

00:45:39appearance

00:45:40absolutely

00:45:40not

00:45:41absolutely

00:45:42not

00:45:42there

00:45:42however

00:45:43you

00:45:43understand

00:45:44that

00:45:44this

00:45:44is

00:45:44not

00:45:45an

00:45:45exclusively

00:45:45technical

00:45:46problem

00:45:47because

00:45:47it

00:45:48has

00:45:48to

00:45:49do

00:45:49with

00:45:49the

00:45:50woman's

00:45:50participation

00:45:51in

00:45:51conception

00:45:55to

00:45:56argue

00:45:56that

00:45:56women

00:45:57do

00:45:57not

00:45:57that

00:45:57he

00:45:57produces

00:45:58sperm

00:45:58may be

00:45:59technically

00:45:59correct

00:46:00but

00:46:00Aristotle

00:46:01and

00:46:01the

00:46:02Aristotelians

00:46:02logically

00:46:03concluded

00:46:03that

00:46:03in

00:46:03the

00:46:03process

00:46:04of

00:46:04conception

00:46:04the

00:46:05woman

00:46:05does

00:46:05nothing

00:46:06she

00:46:07limits

00:46:07herself

00:46:08to

00:46:08providing

00:46:08the

00:46:08vessel

00:46:09while

00:46:09the

00:46:10man

00:46:10does

00:46:10everything

00:46:12do

00:46:13you

00:46:14understand

00:46:14how

00:46:15happy

00:46:15they

00:46:15were

00:46:15there

00:46:15was

00:46:15of

00:46:16course

00:46:16of

00:46:17course

00:46:17we

00:46:18understand

00:46:19that

00:46:19we

00:46:19play

00:46:19a

00:46:20purely

00:46:20passive

00:46:21role

00:46:22but

00:46:22the

00:46:22middle

00:46:22ages

00:46:23had

00:46:23also

00:46:23inherited

00:46:24the

00:46:24works

00:46:25of

00:46:25ancient

00:46:26medicine

00:46:26Herbeles

00:46:27Hippocrates

00:46:28Galen

00:46:28and

00:46:29the

00:46:29ancient

00:46:30physicians

00:46:30did

00:46:30not

00:46:31agree

00:46:31with

00:46:31Aristotle

00:46:32may

00:46:32female

00:46:33sperm

00:46:34does

00:46:34indeed

00:46:34exist

00:46:35and

00:46:36the

00:46:36process

00:46:36of

00:46:36conception

00:46:37derives

00:46:37from

00:46:37the

00:46:38union

00:46:38between

00:46:38both

00:46:39male

00:46:39sperm

00:46:39and

00:46:40female

00:46:40sperm

00:46:41cells

00:46:41now

00:46:42you

00:46:42understand

00:46:42that

00:46:43put

00:46:43like

00:46:43that

00:46:43is

00:46:43technically

00:46:44wrong

00:46:44but

00:46:44the

00:46:44idea

00:46:45but

00:46:46the

00:46:46idea

00:46:46that

00:46:47perhaps

00:46:47both

00:46:47contribute

00:46:48to

00:46:48conception

00:46:48was

00:46:49not

00:46:49so

00:46:49wrong

00:46:51instead

00:46:53the

00:46:54misunderstanding

00:46:55lay only

00:46:55in the

00:46:56notion

00:46:56of

00:46:57sperm

00:46:59and

00:46:59therefore

00:47:00in

00:47:00idea

00:47:01that

00:47:01man

00:47:01and

00:47:02woman

00:47:02contribute

00:47:03symmetrically

00:47:03to

00:47:04conception

00:47:06after

00:47:07that

00:47:07this

00:47:07idea

00:47:08that

00:47:08in

00:47:08the

00:47:08middle

00:47:08ages

00:47:09actually

00:47:09prevailed

00:47:10over

00:47:10Aristotle's

00:47:10view

00:47:10that

00:47:11there

00:47:11is

00:47:11female

00:47:11sperm

00:47:12and

00:47:12that

00:47:12it

00:47:13is

00:47:13necessary

00:47:13for

00:47:14conception

00:47:16so

00:47:17if you

00:47:17have

00:47:17even

00:47:18just

00:47:18a

00:47:18vague

00:47:18idea

00:47:18of

00:47:19how

00:47:19medieval

00:47:19philosophers

00:47:20proceeded

00:47:20you

00:47:21can

00:47:21imagine

00:47:22otherwise

00:47:22I'll

00:47:22explain it

00:47:23to you

00:47:23now

00:47:23what

00:47:25follows

00:47:25from

00:47:25this

00:47:26premise

00:47:27for

00:47:28conception

00:47:28it

00:47:28is

00:47:29necessary

00:47:29for

00:47:30the

00:47:30woman

00:47:31to

00:47:31emit

00:47:31sperm

00:47:32okay

00:47:33what

00:47:34does

00:47:34it

00:47:34mean

00:47:34to

00:47:34emit

00:47:35sperm

00:47:35well

00:47:36we

00:47:36know

00:47:36it

00:47:36well

00:47:36we

00:47:36philosophers

00:47:37are

00:47:37all

00:47:37men

00:47:37it

00:47:38is

00:47:38very

00:47:38clear

00:47:39to

00:47:39us

00:47:39sperm

00:47:40is

00:47:40emitted

00:47:40at

00:47:40the

00:47:40moment

00:47:41of

00:47:41pleasure

00:47:42if

00:47:43you

00:47:43do

00:47:43not

00:47:43achieve

00:47:43pleasure

00:47:43you

00:47:44do

00:47:44not

00:47:44ejaculate

00:47:44you

00:47:45do

00:47:45not

00:47:45emit

00:47:45sperm

00:47:46and

00:47:47you

00:47:47cannot

00:47:47conceive

00:47:49therefore

00:47:49the

00:47:49woman

00:47:49must

00:47:50also

00:47:51experience

00:47:51pleasure

00:47:52at

00:47:52the

00:47:52moment

00:47:53of

00:47:53intercourse

00:47:53because

00:47:54she

00:47:54must

00:47:54ejaculate

00:47:55sperm

00:47:56exactly

00:47:56like

00:47:57the

00:47:57man

00:47:57therefore

00:47:58the

00:47:58woman

00:47:59must

00:47:59also

00:47:59achieve

00:47:59pleasure

00:48:00eh

00:48:01pleasure

00:48:02when

00:48:02conception

00:48:02to

00:48:03occur

00:48:03ma

00:48:03ye

00:48:03if

00:48:04she

00:48:04doesn't

00:48:05enjoy

00:48:05it

00:48:05she

00:48:06can't

00:48:06ejaculate

00:48:06or

00:48:06conceive

00:48:07the

00:48:08proof

00:48:08some

00:48:09say

00:48:10is

00:48:11that

00:48:11prostitutes

00:48:11do not

00:48:11get

00:48:12pregnant

00:48:13prostitutes

00:48:14who do

00:48:14not

00:48:14have

00:48:14sex

00:48:14do

00:48:15not

00:48:15experience

00:48:15pleasure

00:48:15in

00:48:16doing

00:48:16so

00:48:16it

00:48:16is

00:48:16well

00:48:17known

00:48:17that

00:48:17they

00:48:17generally

00:48:18escape

00:48:18it

00:48:20and

00:48:21therefore

00:48:21and

00:48:22therefore

00:48:22the

00:48:23scientific

00:48:23conclusion

00:48:24female

00:48:24pleasure

00:48:25not only

00:48:25exists

00:48:26but

00:48:26it

00:48:26is

00:48:26an

00:48:27integral

00:48:27part

00:48:27of

00:48:28the

00:48:28sexual

00:48:29act

00:48:29we

00:48:29cannot

00:48:30do

00:48:31without

00:48:32it

00:48:35let's not

00:48:35forget

00:48:36that even

00:48:36in the 1800s

00:48:37some will

00:48:37be opposed

00:48:38so

00:48:38female

00:48:38pleasure

00:48:39doesn't

00:48:39exist

00:48:39or doesn't

00:48:40count

00:48:40for

00:48:40anything

00:48:41well

00:48:41no

00:48:42female

00:48:42pleasure

00:48:43is

00:48:43essential

00:48:44and

00:48:44so

00:48:44at

00:48:44this

00:48:44point

00:48:45doctors

00:48:46ask

00:48:46themselves

00:48:46the

00:48:47question

00:48:47by

00:48:47a

00:48:48good

00:48:49couple

00:48:49who

00:48:49want

00:48:49to

00:48:49conceive

00:48:50a

00:48:50child

00:48:50and

00:48:51they

00:48:51have

00:48:51had

00:48:51sex

00:48:52and

00:48:52she

00:48:53hasn't

00:48:53come

00:48:54well

00:48:55this

00:48:55is

00:48:56john

00:48:56of

00:48:56goddesden

00:48:57it's

00:48:57the

00:48:5714th

00:48:58century

00:48:58john

00:48:58is

00:48:59a

00:48:59professor

00:48:59at

00:48:59oxford

00:49:00he

00:49:00is

00:49:00the

00:49:01physician

00:49:01to

00:49:01the

00:49:01king

00:49:01of

00:49:01england

00:49:02and

00:49:03he

00:49:03deals

00:49:03with

00:49:03this

00:49:03problem

00:49:04the

00:49:05clients

00:49:05want

00:49:05advice

00:49:07what

00:49:07should

00:49:07I

00:49:07do

00:49:07if

00:49:08we

00:49:08have

00:49:08made

00:49:08love

00:49:08and

00:49:08my

00:49:08wife

00:49:09hasn't

00:49:09come

00:49:10and

00:49:10you

00:49:10have

00:49:11to

00:49:11make

00:49:11him

00:49:11come

00:49:11again

00:49:11sure

00:49:12and

00:49:13you

00:49:13have

00:49:13to

00:49:13make

00:49:13him

00:49:13come

00:49:13you

00:49:14have

00:49:14to

00:49:14do

00:49:14it

00:49:14again

00:49:16so

00:49:16advice

00:49:19if

00:49:19the

00:49:20penis

00:49:20has

00:49:20difficulty

00:49:20getting

00:49:21erect

00:49:21after

00:49:22the

00:49:22first

00:49:22intercourse

00:49:23and

00:49:24you

00:49:24want

00:49:24to

00:49:24make

00:49:24love

00:49:25again

00:49:25in

00:49:25the

00:49:25morning

00:49:25perhaps

00:49:26so

00:49:26that

00:49:26the

00:49:26woman

00:49:27who

00:49:27hasn't

00:49:28come

00:49:28can

00:49:28fulfill

00:49:28her

00:49:28desire

00:49:29and

00:49:29this

00:49:29is

00:49:29understandable

00:49:30because

00:49:31after

00:49:31intercourse

00:49:33she

00:49:33remains

00:49:34attached

00:49:34to

00:49:34the

00:49:35man

00:49:35embraces

00:49:35him

00:49:36and

00:49:36kisses

00:49:36him

00:49:37and

00:49:38then

00:49:38suddenly

00:49:39puts

00:49:40her

00:49:40hands

00:49:40on

00:49:40the

00:49:41man's

00:49:41penis

00:49:41and

00:49:42testicles

00:49:42to

00:49:42see

00:49:43if

00:49:43he

00:49:43is

00:49:44ready

00:49:44for

00:49:44battle

00:49:46okay

00:49:47here's

00:49:47the doctor's

00:49:47advice

00:49:48before

00:49:49trying

00:49:49again

00:49:49this

00:49:50time

00:49:50lie

00:49:50on

00:49:50your

00:49:50back

00:49:51which

00:49:52is

00:49:52the

00:49:52position

00:49:52that

00:49:53helps

00:49:53the

00:49:53erection

00:49:55notice

00:49:55that

00:49:56he

00:49:56assumes

00:49:56that

00:49:56before

00:49:56who

00:49:57knows

00:49:57what

00:49:57position

00:49:57they

00:49:57were

00:49:57in

00:49:58well

00:49:58anyway

00:49:58now

00:49:58if

00:49:59you

00:50:00want

00:50:00to

00:50:00be

00:50:00sure

00:50:00lie

00:50:00on

00:50:01your

00:50:01back

00:50:03then

00:50:03it's

00:50:03not

00:50:03enough

00:50:04Amy

00:50:04you

00:50:05have

00:50:05to

00:50:05be

00:50:05a

00:50:05psychologist

00:50:07John

00:50:07of

00:50:07Garrison

00:50:08physician

00:50:08to

00:50:08the

00:50:08king

00:50:08of

00:50:09England

00:50:09mid

00:50:09minus

00:50:091300s

00:50:10and

00:50:11you need

00:50:11the

00:50:11atmosphere

00:50:12and

00:50:12you need

00:50:12the

00:50:12atmosphere

00:50:12you

00:50:13have

00:50:13to

00:50:14be

00:50:14calm

00:50:14and

00:50:15without

00:50:15worries

00:50:16that

00:50:16men

00:50:17have

00:50:17fun

00:50:18that

00:50:19they

00:50:19listen

00:50:19to

00:50:19erotic

00:50:20songs

00:50:22that

00:50:22they

00:50:23talk

00:50:23about

00:50:23their

00:50:23sexual

00:50:24act

00:50:24and

00:50:25watch

00:50:25other

00:50:26men

00:50:26or

00:50:26animals

00:50:27performing

00:50:27it

00:50:27escape

00:50:28sadness

00:50:30by

00:50:30all

00:50:31means

00:50:31looking

00:50:31at

00:50:32beautiful

00:50:32girls

00:50:32or

00:50:33talking

00:50:34to

00:50:34them

00:50:34that

00:50:34they

00:50:35sit

00:50:35near

00:50:37the

00:50:38fire

00:50:38to

00:50:39warm

00:50:39their

00:50:39bellies

00:50:40galleys

00:50:41here

00:50:41again

00:50:42is

00:50:42Dante's

00:50:43vital

00:50:43warmth

00:50:43coming

00:50:44out

00:50:46but

00:50:47you

00:50:47understand

00:50:48that

00:50:48it's

00:50:48normal

00:50:48in that

00:50:49society

00:50:49to

00:50:49discuss

00:50:49these

00:50:50things

00:50:50they

00:50:51are

00:50:51very

00:50:51big

00:50:51problems

00:50:52they

00:50:52interest

00:50:52everyone

00:50:53and so

00:50:53they

00:50:53talk

00:50:53about

00:50:54them

00:50:54and

00:50:54try

00:50:54to

00:50:54get

00:50:54their

00:50:55bearings

00:50:55a

00:50:55bit

00:50:56even

00:50:57theologians

00:50:58are

00:50:58interested

00:50:59theologians

00:51:00need to

00:51:00learn

00:51:00from

00:51:01doctors

00:51:01and

00:51:01scientists

00:51:02what

00:51:03is

00:51:03natural

00:51:03what

00:51:04can

00:51:04be

00:51:04reasonably

00:51:05expected

00:51:05and

00:51:06what

00:51:06on

00:51:06the

00:51:06other

00:51:06hand

00:51:07cannot

00:51:07be

00:51:07expected

00:51:08at

00:51:08all

00:51:09because

00:51:10as

00:51:10you

00:51:10understand

00:51:10theologians

00:51:12are part

00:51:12of a

00:51:12small

00:51:13elite

00:51:13while

00:51:13the

00:51:14clergy

00:51:14not so

00:51:14small

00:51:15in

00:51:15reality

00:51:15is

00:51:16a

00:51:16numerous

00:51:16elite

00:51:17that

00:51:17has

00:51:17the

00:51:18specific

00:51:19task

00:51:19of

00:51:20teaching

00:51:20people

00:51:20how

00:51:21they

00:51:21ought

00:51:21to

00:51:21live

00:51:22the

00:51:23clergy

00:51:24has

00:51:24the

00:51:24task

00:51:24of

00:51:25teaching

00:51:25people

00:51:25Christians

00:51:26how

00:51:26to

00:51:26live

00:51:26us

00:51:27Christians

00:51:27and

00:51:27they

00:51:28must

00:51:28give

00:51:29instructions

00:51:29in

00:51:30all

00:51:30areas

00:51:30of

00:51:31life

00:51:31they

00:51:32are

00:51:32paid

00:51:32for

00:51:33that

00:51:34in

00:51:34all

00:51:34areas

00:51:35of

00:51:35life

00:51:35it

00:51:35is

00:51:35necessary

00:51:36to

00:51:36explain

00:51:36what

00:51:36can

00:51:37be

00:51:37done

00:51:37what

00:51:38constitutes

00:51:38a

00:51:38sin

00:51:38perhaps

00:51:39not

00:51:39so

00:51:39serious

00:51:40and

00:51:40what

00:51:40is

00:51:41instead

00:51:41truly

00:51:42grave

00:51:42and

00:51:42must

00:51:42be

00:51:42avoided

00:51:43at

00:51:43all

00:51:43costs

00:51:45this

00:51:45is

00:51:45at

00:51:46least

00:51:46in

00:51:46the

00:51:46convictions

00:51:46of

00:51:46the

00:51:47clergy

00:51:47because

00:51:47then

00:51:48you

00:51:48should

00:51:48not

00:51:48even

00:51:49remotely

00:51:49imagine

00:51:50that

00:51:50since

00:51:51in

00:51:51the

00:51:58precisely

00:51:58because

00:51:59they

00:51:59are

00:51:59all

00:51:59believers

00:52:00no

00:52:00Christian

00:52:01feels

00:52:01any

00:52:01particular

00:52:02respect

00:52:02for

00:52:02the

00:52:02parish

00:52:03priest

00:52:03or

00:52:03the

00:52:04pope

00:52:04because

00:52:05I

00:52:05mean

00:52:06I

00:52:06am

00:52:06a

00:52:07Christian

00:52:07just

00:52:07like

00:52:07you

00:52:08think

00:52:09of

00:52:09Dante

00:52:11a

00:52:11full-fledged

00:52:12believer

00:52:12who

00:52:13wrote

00:52:14a work

00:52:15in which

00:52:15he says

00:52:16that all

00:52:16the

00:52:16popes

00:52:16were

00:52:16believers

00:52:16that

00:52:17he

00:52:17has

00:52:17ever

00:52:17known

00:52:18in

00:52:18his

00:52:18lifetime

00:52:18are

00:52:18all

00:52:19in

00:52:19hell

00:52:20can

00:52:21you

00:52:21even

00:52:21imagine

00:52:21a

00:52:22Catholic

00:52:22today

00:52:22writing

00:52:22a

00:52:22work

00:52:23that

00:52:23every

00:52:23single

00:52:23one

00:52:26in

00:52:27the

00:52:27middle

00:52:27ages

00:52:27was

00:52:27perfectly

00:52:28normal

00:52:28right

00:52:28the

00:52:29church

00:52:29gets

00:52:29a

00:52:29little

00:52:29angry

00:52:30but

00:52:30can't

00:52:30do

00:52:30anything

00:52:31about

00:52:31it

00:52:32well the

00:52:32clergy

00:52:33would like

00:52:34to teach

00:52:35people how

00:52:35to live

00:52:36the

00:52:36even in

00:52:37the

00:52:37sexual

00:52:38sphere

00:52:39after that

00:52:40if one

00:52:40reads the

00:52:41text of

00:52:41the canonists

00:52:42who try to

00:52:43establish what

00:52:44is listed

00:52:44and what

00:52:44is not

00:52:45and then

00:52:45say

00:52:45yes but

00:52:46we

00:52:47prohibit

00:52:47we

00:52:47prohibit

00:52:48it's

00:52:48useless

00:52:48in

00:52:49confession

00:52:49you

00:52:49hear

00:52:50every

00:52:50them

00:52:50in

00:52:51confession

00:52:51you

00:52:52hear

00:52:52everything

00:52:54it's

00:52:55just

00:52:55that

00:52:55people

00:52:55say

00:52:56i

00:52:56do

00:52:57what

00:52:57i

00:52:57want

00:52:58that's

00:52:58the

00:52:58middle

00:52:59ages

00:53:01then

00:53:01the

00:53:01clergy

00:53:01desperately

00:53:02tries

00:53:02to

00:53:03come

00:53:03up

00:53:03with

00:53:03instructions

00:53:04instead

00:53:05and

00:53:06what

00:53:06is

00:53:06the

00:53:06right

00:53:07use

00:53:08of

00:53:08one's

00:53:08body

00:53:11on the

00:53:11surface

00:53:11it's

00:53:12all

00:53:12clear

00:53:12you

00:53:12have

00:53:13sex

00:53:13to

00:53:13make

00:53:13children

00:53:13but

00:53:14for

00:53:14heaven's

00:53:14sake

00:53:18everyone

00:53:18knows

00:53:18very

00:53:18well

00:53:19that

00:53:19in

00:53:19reality

00:53:19it's

00:53:19not

00:53:19like

00:53:20that

00:53:21there's

00:53:21a

00:53:21treatise

00:53:21from

00:53:22the

00:53:22end

00:53:22of

00:53:22the

00:53:2213th

00:53:22century

00:53:23it's

00:53:23called

00:53:23the

00:53:23coitou

00:53:26coitus

00:53:27is

00:53:27used

00:53:27to

00:53:27generate

00:53:27but

00:53:28i'll

00:53:28quote

00:53:28almost

00:53:29all

00:53:30men

00:53:30desire

00:53:30a

00:53:31coitus

00:53:31for

00:53:31pleasure

00:53:32few

00:53:33with

00:53:34the

00:53:34desire

00:53:34to

00:53:35generate

00:53:35children

00:53:35and

00:53:36so

00:53:37they

00:53:37try

00:53:37to

00:53:37reason

00:53:37taking

00:53:38this

00:53:38reality

00:53:38into

00:53:39account

00:53:39because

00:53:39they're

00:53:40not

00:53:40a

00:53:40clergy

00:53:40that

00:53:41if

00:53:42outside

00:53:43the

00:53:44world

00:53:44they're

00:53:44a clergy

00:53:45that

00:53:45tries

00:53:45to

00:53:45give

00:53:46teachings

00:53:47that

00:53:47are

00:53:48to

00:53:48some

00:53:48extent

00:53:49practicable

00:53:51on

00:53:51the

00:53:52subject

00:53:52of

00:53:52female

00:53:52pleasure

00:53:53for

00:53:53example

00:53:53doctors

00:53:54say

00:53:54that

00:53:54female

00:53:55pleasure

00:53:55is

00:53:55necessary

00:53:56for

00:53:56conception

00:53:57here

00:53:58and

00:53:59so

00:53:59of

00:53:59course

00:53:59during

00:54:00coitus

00:54:01you have

00:54:01to

00:54:01give

00:54:01pleasure

00:54:02to

00:54:02your

00:54:02wife

00:54:02of

00:54:02course

00:54:05but

00:54:06if

00:54:06you

00:54:06start

00:54:06to

00:54:06understand

00:54:07how

00:54:07they

00:54:08are

00:54:08you

00:54:09can

00:54:09imagine

00:54:10the

00:54:10next

00:54:10step

00:54:11during

00:54:12intercourse

00:54:12if you

00:54:13are

00:54:13doing

00:54:13it

00:54:14to

00:54:14generate

00:54:14you

00:54:15must

00:54:15give

00:54:15pleasure

00:54:15to

00:54:15your

00:54:16wife

00:54:17and

00:54:18if

00:54:18by

00:54:18chance

00:54:19you

00:54:19are

00:54:19doing

00:54:19it

00:54:19but

00:54:19you

00:54:19don't

00:54:20like

00:54:20generating

00:54:20though

00:54:21that's

00:54:21fine

00:54:21anyway

00:54:22it

00:54:22is

00:54:22lawful

00:54:23to

00:54:23have

00:54:23sex

00:54:23to

00:54:23give

00:54:23pleasure

00:54:24to

00:54:24your

00:54:24wife

00:54:24anyway

00:54:24even

00:54:25without

00:54:25the

00:54:25intention

00:54:26of

00:54:26genera

00:54:27it's

00:54:27hard

00:54:27to

00:54:27know

00:54:28but

00:54:28there

00:54:28are

00:54:29some

00:54:29sources

00:54:30but

00:54:32there

00:54:32are

00:54:32some

00:54:32sources

00:54:33of

00:54:34the

00:54:35theorist

00:54:35of

00:54:35canon

00:54:36law

00:54:36from

00:54:37the

00:54:37end

00:54:37of

00:54:37the

00:54:3710th

00:54:37century

00:54:38says

00:54:38woke

00:54:39showed

00:54:40it

00:54:40is

00:54:40certain

00:54:41that

00:54:41it

00:54:41is

00:54:42lawful

00:54:42to

00:54:42have

00:54:43sex

00:54:43to

00:54:43give

00:54:43pleasure

00:54:44to

00:54:44your

00:54:44wife

00:54:44in

00:54:44itself

00:54:45without

00:54:46having

00:54:46to

00:54:47consider

00:54:48whether

00:54:48you

00:54:48will

00:54:48have

00:54:49a

00:54:49child

00:54:49or

00:54:49not

00:54:50the

00:54:50of

00:54:51course

00:54:51it

00:54:51is

00:54:51St.

00:54:52Paul

00:54:52says

00:54:52so

00:54:53St.

00:54:54Paul

00:54:54says

00:54:54so

00:54:54of

00:54:55course

00:54:55St.

00:54:56Paul

00:54:56says

00:54:56so

00:54:56in

00:54:56fact

00:54:57the

00:54:57first

00:54:57letter

00:54:58to

00:54:58the

00:55:03do

00:55:03to

00:55:03her

00:55:04likewise

00:55:05the

00:55:06wife

00:55:06should

00:55:06give

00:55:06her

00:55:07husband

00:55:08the

00:55:09wife

00:55:09is

00:55:09not

00:55:09the

00:55:09master

00:55:10of

00:55:10her

00:55:10own

00:55:10body

00:55:11but

00:55:11the

00:55:12husband

00:55:13is

00:55:14in

00:55:15the

00:55:15same

00:55:15way

00:55:16the

00:55:17husband

00:55:17is

00:55:17not

00:55:17the

00:55:18master

00:55:18of

00:55:18his

00:55:18own

00:55:18body

00:55:19but

00:55:19the

00:55:19wife

00:55:20the

00:55:21wife

00:55:21is

00:55:22do

00:55:23not

00:55:23withhold

00:55:24one

00:55:24another

00:55:24except

00:55:26by

00:55:26mutual

00:55:27consent

00:55:27and

00:55:27for

00:55:28a

00:55:28while

00:55:28so

00:55:29that

00:55:29you

00:55:29may

00:55:30devote

00:55:30yourselves

00:55:31to

00:55:31prayer

00:55:32then

00:55:32come

00:55:32together

00:55:33so

00:55:33that

00:55:33Satan

00:55:34will

00:55:35not

00:55:35tempt

00:55:36you

00:55:36by

00:55:36you

00:55:37at

00:55:38this

00:55:38point

00:55:38St.

00:55:39Paul

00:55:39must have

00:55:39realized

00:55:39that

00:55:39he had

00:55:40gone

00:55:40a bit

00:55:40too

00:55:40far

00:55:40that

00:55:40he

00:55:40celibate

00:55:41and

00:55:41practiced

00:55:42yesterday

00:55:42and so

00:55:43he says

00:55:43I wish

00:55:45everyone

00:55:46were like

00:55:46me

00:55:48but

00:55:48each

00:55:48one

00:55:49receives

00:55:49his

00:55:49own

00:55:50gift

00:55:50from

00:55:50God

00:55:51one

00:55:51in

00:55:51one

00:55:52way

00:55:52one

00:55:52in

00:55:52another

00:55:53to

00:55:54the

00:55:54unmarried

00:55:54and

00:55:55to

00:55:55widows

00:55:56I

00:55:56say

00:55:56it

00:55:56is

00:55:56good

00:55:57for

00:55:57them

00:55:57to

00:55:57remain

00:55:58chaste

00:55:58as

00:55:58I

00:55:58am

00:55:59but

00:55:59if

00:55:59they

00:55:59do

00:56:00not

00:56:00know

00:56:00how

00:56:00to

00:56:01control

00:56:01themselves

00:56:02let

00:56:02them

00:56:02marry

00:56:03it

00:56:05is

00:56:05better

00:56:05to

00:56:05marry

00:56:06than

00:56:06to

00:56:06burn

00:56:07and

00:56:08then

00:56:08Ugo

00:56:09Shonitapiza

00:56:09a theorist

00:56:09of canon

00:56:10law

00:56:10asks

00:56:10himself

00:56:11what

00:56:11is

00:56:11the

00:56:11meaning

00:56:11of

00:56:11this

00:56:11stuff

00:56:12but

00:56:12it

00:56:12has

00:56:12stuff

00:56:13he

00:56:13is

00:56:13talking

00:56:14about

00:56:14having

00:56:14children

00:56:14but

00:56:15not

00:56:15at

00:56:15all

00:56:16he

00:56:16is

00:56:16talking

00:56:16about

00:56:17burning

00:56:17about

00:56:17the

00:56:17fact

00:56:18that

00:56:18we

00:56:18should

00:56:18not

00:56:18stand

00:56:18there

00:56:18and

00:56:19suffer

00:56:19temptations

00:56:19that

00:56:29means

00:56:29that

00:56:30the

00:56:30wife

00:56:30must

00:56:31be

00:56:31satisfied

00:56:33it

00:56:34often

00:56:34happens

00:56:35that

00:56:36the

00:56:36wife

00:56:36fulfills

00:56:37her

00:56:37conjugal

00:56:38duty

00:56:38without

00:56:38satisfying

00:56:39her

00:56:40own

00:56:40pleasure

00:56:40and

00:56:41vice

00:56:41versa

00:56:42hin

00:56:44often

00:56:45in

00:56:45these

00:56:45cases

00:56:46the

00:56:46woman

00:56:46precedes

00:56:47the

00:56:47husband

00:56:48here

00:56:49I

00:56:49must

00:56:49say

00:56:49I

00:56:49am

00:56:50a

00:56:50bit

00:56:50optimistic

00:56:50but

00:56:51in

00:56:51any

00:56:51case

00:56:51and

00:56:52when

00:56:53the

00:56:53woman's

00:56:53pleasure

00:56:53in

00:56:54the

00:56:54carnal

00:56:54act

00:56:54is

00:56:55satisfied

00:56:55I

00:56:55can

00:56:56if

00:56:56I

00:56:56wish

00:56:56with

00:56:57withdraw

00:56:57without

00:56:58satisfying

00:56:59my

00:56:59own

00:57:00pleasure

00:57:00I

00:57:02sighing

00:57:02own

00:57:03pleasure

00:57:04at

00:57:05this

00:57:05point

00:57:06doctors

00:57:06are of

00:57:06fundamental

00:57:07importance

00:57:07to

00:57:07theologians

00:57:08because

00:57:08they

00:57:09explain

00:57:09to

00:57:09precisely

00:57:11what

00:57:12should

00:57:12be

00:57:12considered

00:57:13natural

00:57:14and

00:57:15the

00:57:15middle

00:57:15ages

00:57:15had

00:57:16enormous

00:57:16respect

00:57:16for

00:57:17nature

00:57:18because

00:57:19God

00:57:20created

00:57:21the

00:57:21world

00:57:21use

00:57:21nature

00:57:22as

00:57:23an

00:57:23intermediary

00:57:24he

00:57:24let me

00:57:24clue

00:57:24nature

00:57:25is

00:57:26the

00:57:26instrument

00:57:26with

00:57:27which

00:57:27God

00:57:27created

00:57:27the

00:57:28world

00:57:28thus

00:57:28the

00:57:29laws

00:57:29of

00:57:29nature

00:57:29are

00:57:30laws

00:57:30willed

00:57:30by

00:57:30God

00:57:31therefore

00:57:33we

00:57:33theologians

00:57:34need for

00:57:34doctors

00:57:35to explain

00:57:35to us

00:57:35which

00:57:36natural

00:57:36things

00:57:36we

00:57:37simply

00:57:37cannot

00:57:37do

00:57:37without

00:57:38and furthermore

00:57:39that

00:57:39these

00:57:39natural

00:57:39necessities

00:57:40cannot

00:57:41possibly

00:57:41constitute

00:57:42a

00:57:42grave

00:57:42sin

00:57:44for

00:57:44example

00:57:46female

00:57:47masturbation

00:57:49Albertus

00:57:50Magnus

00:57:50a

00:57:50Dominican

00:57:51friar

00:57:51one of

00:57:51the great

00:57:52theologians

00:57:52of the

00:57:52200

00:57:54around

00:57:54the age

00:57:55of 14

00:57:55a young

00:57:57woman

00:57:57begins to

00:57:57desire

00:57:58intercourse

00:57:59but she

00:58:00does not

00:58:00ejaculate

00:58:01and the

00:58:02more she

00:58:03engages

00:58:03in sex

00:58:04or uses

00:58:05manual

00:58:05practices

00:58:06the more

00:58:06she desires

00:58:08but since

00:58:09the woman's

00:58:10body is

00:58:11cold

00:58:12consider once

00:58:13again the

00:58:13theory of the

00:58:14humor is

00:58:14hard and

00:58:15cold

00:58:15the man

00:58:15is hard and

00:58:17dry whereas

00:58:17the woman

00:58:18is cold and

00:58:19moist

00:58:21and for

00:58:21this reason

00:58:22she does

00:58:22not arrive

00:58:22at emitting

00:58:23her sperm

00:58:23quite as

00:58:23rapidly

00:58:24and this

00:58:25is why

00:58:25some girls

00:58:26at the

00:58:26age of

00:58:2714

00:58:27do not

00:58:28find

00:58:28satisfaction

00:58:29in an

00:58:29intercourse

00:58:30and if

00:58:31they do

00:58:31not have

00:58:31a partner

00:58:32they

00:58:33imagine

00:58:34intercourse

00:58:34or the

00:58:35male member

00:58:36and do

00:58:36things with

00:58:37their fingers

00:58:38or other

00:58:39instruments

00:58:40until the

00:58:40ducts

00:58:41relax

00:58:41and their

00:58:42spermatic

00:58:42humor

00:58:43comes out

00:58:43then their

00:58:44anxieties

00:58:44are

00:58:46tempered

00:58:46and that

00:58:47they

00:58:47become

00:58:47more

00:58:48more

00:58:49chaste

00:58:50therefore

00:58:50it is

00:58:51nature

00:58:51that makes

00:58:52them do

00:58:52it

00:58:52it is

00:58:53not a

00:58:54sin

00:58:55but again

00:58:55can you

00:58:56imagine

00:58:56a dominican

00:58:57friar

00:58:57writing

00:58:57things like

00:58:58this

00:58:58today

00:58:58in the

00:58:59200s

00:59:01yes of

00:59:02course

00:59:02we talk

00:59:02about

00:59:02everything

00:59:05of course

00:59:06if the

00:59:07principle

00:59:08is

00:59:08what

00:59:08is

00:59:09natural

00:59:09is

00:59:10lawful

00:59:10then be

00:59:11careful

00:59:11what

00:59:11is

00:59:12unnatural

00:59:13or

00:59:15is to

00:59:15be

00:59:16condemned

00:59:17and therefore

00:59:17this includes

00:59:19interchoral

00:59:20intercourse

00:59:20homosexual

00:59:21intercourse

00:59:21and procured

00:59:22abortion

00:59:22which to us

00:59:23may seem

00:59:24like something

00:59:24else

00:59:25but it

00:59:25is all

00:59:26connected

00:59:27right

00:59:27and from

00:59:29the sexual

00:59:29point of view

00:59:30we arrive at

00:59:30pregnancy

00:59:31childbirth

00:59:32and abortion

00:59:32is part

00:59:33of this

00:59:33sequence

00:59:34these are

00:59:35sins

00:59:37let's be

00:59:38clear

00:59:39you won't

00:59:40believe that

00:59:40if the church

00:59:41said that

00:59:41certain thing

00:59:41was a sin

00:59:42those who

00:59:43did it

00:59:43would be

00:59:43punished

00:59:44not even

00:59:44in the

00:59:44slightest

00:59:45not

00:59:45in some

00:59:46cases

00:59:46perhaps

00:59:47yes

00:59:47but in

00:59:47itself

00:59:48the church

00:59:48said

00:59:48this is

00:59:48a sin

00:59:49and hoped

00:59:49that people

00:59:50would come

00:59:50to confess

00:59:51and receive

00:59:52penance

00:59:52based

00:59:54on the

00:59:55seriousness

00:59:55of the

00:59:56matter

00:59:57and how

00:59:58serious

00:59:58are these

00:59:59sins

01:00:01there is

01:00:02no single

01:00:03version

01:00:04theologians

01:00:05argue

01:00:06everyone has

01:00:07their own

01:00:07opinion

01:00:08as was

01:00:08normal

01:00:09in the

01:00:09medieval

01:00:09church

01:00:10homosexual

01:00:11intercourse

01:00:12is a

01:00:12serious

01:00:12thing

01:00:13well yes

01:00:13it is

01:00:14a serious

01:00:14thing

01:00:15indeed

01:00:15but

01:00:15not

01:00:16always

01:00:16in the

01:00:17same

01:00:17way

01:00:17among

01:00:18young

01:00:18people

01:00:19it is

01:00:19much

01:00:19less

01:00:20serious

01:00:20but

01:00:21among

01:00:21consenting

01:00:22adults

01:00:22it is

01:00:22much

01:00:23more

01:00:23serious

01:00:23so

01:00:24penance

01:00:25years

01:00:25of

01:00:25fasting

01:00:25provided

01:00:26that

01:00:26one

01:00:26comes

01:00:27to

01:00:28confess

01:00:28and

01:00:28accepts

01:00:29it

01:00:29otherwise

01:00:29it

01:00:29does

01:00:30not

01:00:30matter

01:00:30to

01:00:30anyone

01:00:31at

01:00:31all

01:00:33the

01:00:33positions

01:00:34of the

01:00:34sexual

01:00:34act

01:00:35here

01:00:36here

01:00:36in the

01:00:37manuals

01:00:37for confessors

01:00:38they

01:00:38discuss

01:00:40well

01:00:40it is

01:00:40good to

01:00:41go into

01:00:41detail

01:00:43some

01:00:44say

01:00:44perhaps

01:00:45it is

01:00:45better

01:00:45not

01:00:45to

01:00:45exaggerate

01:00:46so as

01:00:46not

01:00:46to

01:00:46teach

01:00:47certain

01:00:48things

01:00:48to

01:00:48act

01:00:48in

01:00:48penitent

01:00:48who

01:00:48cannot

01:00:49imagine

01:00:49them

01:00:50but

01:00:50there

01:00:51are

01:00:51also

01:00:51those

01:00:51who

01:00:51say

01:00:52no

01:00:53we

01:00:53must

01:00:53go

01:00:53into

01:00:54detail

01:00:54given

01:00:54the

01:00:55monstros

01:00:56of

01:00:56said

01:00:56is

01:00:56that

01:00:56are

01:00:56heard

01:00:57in

01:00:57confession

01:00:58these

01:00:58days

01:01:00ala

01:01:00Albertus

01:01:01Magnus

01:01:01again

01:01:02the

01:01:02variations

01:01:03of

01:01:03the

01:01:03positions

01:01:05yes

01:01:05they

01:01:05can

01:01:05be

01:01:06tolerated

01:01:06for

01:01:06example

01:01:06if

01:01:07with

01:01:07the

01:01:07normal

01:01:07position

01:01:08to

01:01:08obese

01:01:08people

01:01:09have

01:01:09difficulty

01:01:10and

01:01:10then

01:01:11some

01:01:11positions

01:01:11can

01:01:12be

01:01:13accepted

01:01:15they

01:01:15are

01:01:15more or

01:01:16less

01:01:16serious

01:01:16the

01:01:16least

01:01:17serious

01:01:17deviation

01:01:17is

01:01:18the

01:01:18lateral

01:01:19position

01:01:19then

01:01:20the

01:01:20standing

01:01:21position

01:01:21then

01:01:22the

01:01:22most

01:01:23serious

01:01:23is

01:01:24from

01:01:24behind

01:01:24like

01:01:25horses

01:01:27Albertus

01:01:27Magnus

01:01:28states

01:01:28that

01:01:28some

01:01:28argue

01:01:29this

01:01:29to

01:01:29be

01:01:29a

01:01:29mortal

01:01:30sin

01:01:30however

01:01:31I

01:01:32do

01:01:32not

01:01:32find

01:01:32myself

01:01:33in

01:01:33agreement

01:01:33with

01:01:33them

01:01:36abortion

01:01:37of course

01:01:39induced

01:01:39abortion

01:01:40is

01:01:40a

01:01:40sin

01:01:40of

01:01:41course

01:01:41in

01:01:421230

01:01:43a

01:01:43canonist

01:01:43Raymond

01:01:44of

01:01:44Pignuffort

01:01:45arrived

01:01:45and said

01:01:46something

01:01:46that many

01:01:48that many

01:01:48people say

01:01:49today

01:01:49Mombod

01:01:50he is the

01:01:51only one

01:01:51in the

01:01:52middle

01:01:52ages

01:01:52who says

01:01:52abortion

01:01:53is like

01:01:53murder

01:01:54no

01:01:55theologian

01:01:55accepts

01:01:55it

01:01:56let's

01:01:56not joke

01:01:56around

01:01:57it is

01:01:58a shame

01:01:58that is

01:01:59fine

01:01:59but

01:01:59please

01:01:59there is

01:02:00no way

01:02:00you can

01:02:00compare

01:02:01that

01:02:01to

01:02:01committing

01:02:01murder

01:02:03and

01:02:03well

01:02:06as you

01:02:06can see

01:02:07it's a

01:02:07world

01:02:07how can

01:02:07I say

01:02:08very

01:02:08different

01:02:09from

01:02:09what

01:02:09we

01:02:09might

01:02:09expect

01:02:10it's

01:02:11a

01:02:11complicated

01:02:12world

01:02:12a world

01:02:13full

01:02:13of

01:02:13discussions

01:02:14even

01:02:14uncertainties

01:02:15you know

01:02:15and yet

01:02:16it's

01:02:17also

01:02:18a world

01:02:18in which

01:02:19how can

01:02:19I

01:02:20say

01:02:21things

01:02:21aren't

01:02:23as we're

01:02:24sometimes

01:02:24taught us

01:02:25with a

01:02:25parenthesis

01:02:26of decline

01:02:26and then

01:02:27suddenly

01:02:27there's

01:02:28the

01:02:28renaissance

01:02:29modernity

01:02:29it's not

01:02:30like that

01:02:31the middle

01:02:31ages

01:02:32are the

01:02:32era

01:02:33in which

01:02:33the pieces

01:02:33that would

01:02:34later

01:02:35form

01:02:35modernity

01:02:36were

01:02:37gradually

01:02:37put in

01:02:38place

01:02:39and so

01:02:39even in

01:02:40the field

01:02:40of the

01:02:40science

01:02:41of the

01:02:41body

01:02:41for example

01:02:42things

01:02:43move forward

01:02:45all the

01:02:45things I've

01:02:46told you

01:02:46so far

01:02:46are things

01:02:47that derive

01:02:47from

01:02:48theory

01:02:48mind you

01:02:49not only

01:02:49in the

01:02:49case of

01:02:51but in

01:02:52any case

01:02:52the great

01:02:53principles

01:02:53you go

01:02:53and read

01:02:54Aristotle

01:02:54you go

01:02:54and read

01:02:55Galen

01:02:56that's it

01:02:56but then

01:02:56you also

01:02:57go and

01:02:57see

01:02:57you also

01:02:58go and

01:02:59you also

01:03:00go and

01:03:00touch

01:03:00you also

01:03:01go and

01:03:01make an

01:03:01incision

01:03:02in the

01:03:03Middle Ages

01:03:03surgery

01:03:03began to

01:03:04be done

01:03:04seriously

01:03:04they began

01:03:05to study

01:03:06anatomy

01:03:07on cadavers

01:03:07on animals

01:03:08but also

01:03:09on human

01:03:10beings

01:03:11in Bologna

01:03:12for example

01:03:12at the beginning

01:03:13of the 14th

01:03:13century

01:03:14the University

01:03:14of Bologna

01:03:15regularly conducted

01:03:16anatomy studies

01:03:17on cadavers

01:03:18the great

01:03:19anatomist

01:03:20of the time

01:03:20Mondino

01:03:21de Lilluzzi

01:03:22in 1315

01:03:23published this

01:03:23treatise

01:03:24precisely

01:03:25Anatoma

01:03:25Anatomy

01:03:26in which he

01:03:27clarified that

01:03:28anatomy is the

01:03:29basis of all

01:03:30medical and

01:03:30surgical progress

01:03:31he established

01:03:32a protocol

01:03:33for the

01:03:34practice of

01:03:35autopsies

01:03:35and we have

01:03:37his reports

01:03:37with a

01:03:39cold scientific

01:03:40tone

01:03:40the woman

01:03:42I anatomized

01:03:43last year

01:03:43namely

01:03:44in January

01:03:451314

01:03:46possessed a

01:03:46large

01:03:47uterus twice

01:03:47the size

01:03:48of the one

01:03:48I anatomized

01:03:49during the

01:03:50same year

01:03:51in March

01:03:51whereas

01:03:52the uterus

01:03:54of the sow

01:03:55that I

01:03:55anatomized

01:03:56in 1316

01:03:58was a hundred

01:03:59times larger

01:03:59than any

01:04:00that I have

01:04:01ever observed

01:04:02within a

01:04:03human female

01:04:06also in the

01:04:0714th

01:04:07century

01:04:08Gid Solak

01:04:09the Pope's

01:04:09physician

01:04:10in Avignon

01:04:10published

01:04:11surgical

01:04:12treatises

01:04:13in which

01:04:13he described

01:04:14how to

01:04:15operate on

01:04:15cataracts

01:04:16in the eye

01:04:16how to

01:04:17treat

01:04:17hernias

01:04:18and how

01:04:18to perform

01:04:19a trichinus

01:04:19he described

01:04:20the use

01:04:21of narcotics

01:04:23to put

01:04:24patients to

01:04:24sleep

01:04:25and he

01:04:26to insist

01:04:27it did

01:04:27the starting

01:04:28point is

01:04:29anatomy

01:04:29passmier

01:04:31let's be

01:04:32clear

01:04:32it's not

01:04:33just them

01:04:34there are

01:04:34also university

01:04:35theorists

01:04:35who say

01:04:36oh no

01:04:36it's disgusting

01:04:37to use

01:04:38your hands

01:04:38you should

01:04:39use

01:04:39your head

01:04:41you should

01:04:42use books

01:04:42for centuries

01:04:43there will

01:04:43be surgeons

01:04:44who dissect

01:04:45and operate

01:04:46and university

01:04:47professors

01:04:47who study

01:04:48the treatises

01:04:48of Aristotle

01:04:50and Greek

01:04:50physician

01:04:51Christian

01:04:52Kodas

01:04:53in this sense

01:04:54it cannot be

01:04:55said

01:04:55that a

01:04:56completely

01:04:57modern

01:04:57relationship

01:04:58with the

01:04:58body

01:04:59from a

01:04:59medical

01:05:00point of

01:05:00view

01:05:00had already

01:05:01triumphed

01:05:02in the

01:05:02middle

01:05:02ages

01:05:03but it

01:05:03had been

01:05:05born

01:05:05thank you

01:05:35so

01:05:36to

01:05:36see

01:05:36what

01:05:36is

01:05:36what

01:05:36is

01:05:36what

01:05:36to

01:05:36while

01:05:36can

01:05:36said

Alessandro Barbero | Il corpo nel medioevo, tra scienza e fede

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