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00:00Previously on The Revolution. For eight years, Washington led the American army through a
00:05grueling war no one believed he could win against the most powerful empire in the world. But by
00:11sheer will and perseverance, they marched their way to ultimate victory. Now, at 57, nothing would
00:18make George Washington happier than to live out his days in the serenity of Mount Vernon.
00:23Washington has made untold sacrifices to the nation. He really does intend to retire
00:29quietly to civilian life. But Washington's long revolutionary road
00:33has not yet reached an end, for the former commander in chief of the army has again been summoned
00:39into service. It isn't that they think he should be the president. He must be the president.
00:56April 20th, 1789. George Washington, the former commander in chief of the Continental Army,
01:04has been called back into service by his new nation, the United States of America.
01:12For eight years, Washington led the Continental Army through a war against the most powerful
01:18empire in the world. A war few believed he could win.
01:28Now he is on the fifth day of a journey to the city of New York, where he will be
01:33sworn in
01:33as America's first president. At each town along the way, banquets and parties are thrown as the
01:41new nation celebrates the great American hero of the revolution. Next stop, City Tavern. The city,
01:50Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, the former rebel capital, is a fitting halfway stop on
01:59Washington's journey. Eleven years earlier, he faced one of his greatest challenges at a place just
02:06outside the city. A place that even now, in 1789, has become an American legend. A place called Valley Forge.
02:22January 1778. Washington is making winter camp at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. It has been another long
02:31year of fighting, and his men are in desperate need of rest, of resupplying, of retraining.
02:39Washington. But building and running a camp a third the size of Philadelphia is a mammoth undertaking.
02:46Washington relishes the task, overseeing to the last detail the layout of the barracks,
02:52the placement of roads, the location of defenses. His hands-on approach wins the admiration of his
03:00soldiers. He assures his men that he will share in every hardship and partake in every inconvenience.
03:08And for the first month, he lives in a tent at the edge of camp, alongside his soldiers.
03:19Yet, for all his efforts, supply shortages become a problem.
03:26Washington pleads with Congress for more aid, but to little avail.
03:34By February, 2,500 soldiers are dead from disease. More than have been killed in battle since the war began.
03:44Thousands of others are stricken with sickness and hunger. Washington will need help to turn this looming disaster around.
03:56In mid-February, a new recruit arrives in camp.
04:01A foreign officer, sent by the Continental Congress to lend badly needed experience to the cause.
04:09He calls himself Frederick William Augustus Heinrich Ferdinand Baron von Steuben,
04:15and wears a bejeweled cross representing an honorary knighthood from Prussia.
04:22Curiously, von Steuben carries no papers confirming his supposed achievements.
04:28But Washington is desperate for leadership, for officers with European training.
04:34And he puts von Steuben to work.
04:36Baron von Steuben is a remarkable figure.
04:41Von Steuben's genius was the ability to distill the complexity of state-of-the-art European drill tactics
04:48into a digestible form to this raw material that was the American soldier.
04:54Under von Steuben's tutelage, Washington's ragtag army learns how to form solid, orderly columns.
05:01How to properly load and fire a weapon in formation.
05:05And the proper use of a bayonet.
05:09Von Steuben brings a new level of professionalism to the army.
05:14And that by itself creates its own sense of belonging.
05:18They're belonging to something larger than themselves.
05:24Every soldier is taught von Steuben's techniques,
05:27which become the basis of the army's first training manual.
05:34Von Steuben's work gives Washington confidence.
05:37His army is now ready to meet the British head-on.
05:46With the spring thaw comes news that the British are pulling out of Philadelphia
05:50and marching overland back to New York City.
05:56Britain's archenemy, France, has recently entered the war.
05:59And from his headquarters in Philadelphia, General Henry Clinton, Britain's new commanding officer,
06:05fears that an approaching French fleet will blockade New York City.
06:11He is determined to protect the city at all costs.
06:18Washington, eager to avenge his loss of Philadelphia the year before,
06:23decides to go on the offensive against the British as they cross New Jersey.
06:28His army has been trained and turned into a new and hard fighting army.
06:33And that army and its commander are now convinced that they can beat any army on the face of the
06:39earth.
06:40And they are eager for the fight.
06:42And that fight comes on one of the hottest days of the war.
06:48June 28th, 1778.
06:51In a searing heat, the Continental Army catches up with the British at a New Jersey crossroads called Monmouth Courthouse.
07:01Washington's second-in-command on this day is another of his old nemeses, General Charles Lee.
07:07Lee is charged with leading the advance force,
07:10while Washington forms a second wave of 7,000 soldiers seven miles behind.
07:18Three hours into the fight, Washington waits near the front line of battle where he encounters Lee's soldiers,
07:25who appear to be in retreat.
07:28Lee was not attacking him.
07:31What was going on here?
07:33In fact, Lee had no battle plan.
07:36Nothing.
07:36He was hopeful of victory somehow.
07:39It's obvious to all the men at Monmouth that there is no plan.
07:43The men retreat.
07:45In a fury, Washington rides ahead and intercepts General Lee himself.
07:51Nobody accurately knows what Washington said,
07:56because it was almost sacrilegious to write down when George Washington swore.
08:03And whatever he called Lee, it was enough for Lee to get the idea and to get out of there.
08:11It is not the first time Lee has ignored Washington's orders, but it will certainly be the last.
08:18Lee retires to the rear in shame.
08:26Washington now takes charge, ordering his retreating soldiers to form ranks, to create a new front line against the fast
08:33approaching Redcoats.
08:36By the time the British arrive, exhausted from their march in woolen uniforms in the 100 degree heat, they find
08:44the Continental Army in a strong defensive position.
08:48The winter's training at Valley Forge has paid off, and Washington knows it.
08:55He then does something astounding.
08:58He rides back and forth in front of his lines to rally the troops, putting himself in the line of
09:05fire, risking his life as he asked his own men to risk their lives.
09:11The British open up on him and miraculously miss him.
09:21The Battle of Monmouth erupts.
09:24More than 20,000 soldiers clash continuously for five hours in the brutal heat, longer than any other battle of
09:32the war.
09:32In some of the most intense fighting these men have ever seen.
09:40Sunstroke kills as many as musket balls.
09:49When the smoke had cleared at Monmouth, it was a draw.
09:55Washington knew and the country knew that this new army that had come out of Valley Forge was a good
10:00one.
10:02They had held their own against the British.
10:05This renews the public's spirit for the war.
10:08And forever solidifies Washington's position as the unquestioned Commander-in-Chief.
10:17Eleven years after the Battle of Monmouth, as his friends in Philadelphia toast his send-off to the presidency,
10:24that scorching June day stands as the moment Washington silenced Charles Lee and all his other critics.
10:32The day he climbed back on the road to immortality.
10:40April 21st, 1789, day six of George Washington's journey to New York City gets underway.
10:48As he leaves Philadelphia, Washington is reminded of the man he personally appointed to run the city.
10:54A bold and brave American general he once admired and respected, and now despises more than any other man.
11:02Benedict Arnold, one of the most troubled and treacherous characters of the Revolution.
11:15July 1778, City Tavern.
11:20Benedict Arnold has recently arrived in Philadelphia to assume his new post as military governor.
11:26He will attempt to restore order to the city after nine months of British occupation.
11:33Quite well healed now, Arnold seems to have forgotten his own troubled background.
11:40Though born into a prominent Connecticut family, Arnold's alcoholic father squandered their fortune,
11:47forcing his son to take a lowly apprenticeship as an apothecary.
11:53The determined young boy grew to become a successful yet angry man with ambitions of becoming a gentleman.
11:59And once war broke out, a hero.
12:08In 1775, it was Arnold who helped lead a daring raid on a remote British outpost, Fort Ticonderoga.
12:17But Arnold's co-commander on that mission, the wily frontiersman Ethan Allen, took complete credit for the capture of the
12:24fort.
12:27Two years later at Saratoga, Arnold's battlefield heroics were again usurped by a fellow officer.
12:34Horatio Gates.
12:37Though it was Arnold who led the fight and suffered a near fatal wound, he received no credit for the
12:43victory.
12:46The people and the press hailed Gates as the new American hero.
12:52In fact, the hero of the battle was Benedict Arnold.
12:57Crippled by the injury from Saratoga, Arnold has relinquished a battlefield command for this new post in Philadelphia.
13:07Determined to make the best of it, he now throws himself into the job, but his actions begin to raise
13:13questions.
13:14Arnold's first act was to close all the stores.
13:17He said to take an inventory of what there was available, but immediately the accusations began to fly that he
13:24was cornering the market on goods that he was going to sell himself.
13:28I don't think Benedict Arnold was doing anything that many of the other generals on both sides did as a
13:34matter of custom.
13:35He was just doing what was common practice at the time, but he got nailed for it.
13:42Arnold's questionable business dealings come under fire in the press, with charges of corruption and abuse of power.
13:52Charges compounded by his choice in women.
13:57Arnold courts and marries 18-year-old Peggy Shippen.
14:01A beautiful young lady from a wealthy family.
14:05And a suspected loyalist.
14:09She was a gorgeous young woman.
14:11She was extremely well-educated by her father.
14:14Her father could run a business which appealed to a Yankee merchant like Arnold.
14:19Today they would be considered a dynamite couple.
14:27But they are a couple under intense scrutiny.
14:30In an overheated political climate, the cries against Arnold's actions escalate for nearly a year.
14:37They are charges that will have to be answered.
14:43March 5th, 1779.
14:46Benedict Arnold stands in the Continental Congress.
14:49Called by a special investigative committee to answer the accusations levied against him.
14:55In his mind, he is yet again underappreciated.
14:59His honor unfairly tarnished.
15:03His statement is really a recitation of all that he did and all that he had lost.
15:07He had been crippled for life.
15:09He had been passed over for promotion several times.
15:13And he thought he had lost his honor with its lingering cloud over him.
15:19Arnold's impassioned defense vindicates him in front of Congress.
15:24But the charges just won't go away.
15:30Leading the attack against Arnold is Joseph Reed, formerly one of Washington's trusted officers.
15:37Now the acting governor for the state of Pennsylvania.
15:40Reed threatens to withdraw Pennsylvania's support for the war if Washington refuses to take action against Arnold.
15:48And George Washington is forced to weigh in.
15:52The commander-in-chief wants to give the talented Arnold a well-deserved field command.
15:58But he needs Pennsylvania's support and agrees to issue a written rebuke to Arnold.
16:06Once the affair blows over, he can give Arnold the intended promotion.
16:17When Arnold receives the ruling from his commander-in-chief, the words are stinging.
16:24Reprehensible.
16:25Imprudent.
16:27Improper.
16:29For Arnold, it is the final slight.
16:34Now, in his mind, betrayed, he devises a betrayal of his own.
16:41He taps an old friend of Peggy's from the occupation of Philadelphia, British Major John Andre, and offers to surrender
16:49a mighty fort to the British,
16:51in exchange for 20,000 British pounds and a general's rank in their army.
16:58It is a fort that even bears the general's name, Fort Arnold, also known as West Point.
17:07West Point is a prize the British have coveted since the beginning of the war, but have never been able
17:13to take with a military offensive.
17:15Control West Point, and you control the vital Hudson River, severing communication between New England and the rest of the
17:22colonies.
17:23At West Point, the river remains tidal, which is to say at some times of the day it flows south,
17:29and at other times of the day it flows north.
17:32This made West Point an ideal place to mount cannons on both sides of the river, as ships had to
17:38navigate this very tricky curve.
17:42The British readily agree to Benedict Arnold's turns, and Arnold sets his plot in motion.
17:51Arnold takes a meeting with his commander-in-chief and uses Washington's desire to give him a field command to
17:58his advantage, persuading Washington to instead give him control of West Point.
18:05George Washington was puzzled that Benedict Arnold would want the command of West Point.
18:12Washington wanted to put him back into the line of battle, but Arnold insisted on West Point because that was
18:17the deal with the British.
18:20Now in charge of West Point, Arnold prepares detailed information on the fort and sets a meeting with the enemy.
18:30September 21st, Benedict Arnold and his British contact Major John Andre come face to face along the banks of the
18:37Hudson River.
18:39They go over the plans of the fort and troop movements.
18:46Arnold's treason is now complete.
18:52I think the biggest misconception about Arnold's treason is he did it for the money.
18:57I don't think he did. I don't think it was as simple as that.
19:00He did it for his pride. The money was secondary.
19:08Arnold will now wait for the moment when he and Peggy can slip quietly behind the British lines.
19:14But news is about to arrive that will change everything.
19:20Andre has been captured.
19:22And on him are discovered the plans to West Point.
19:27Arnold knows it is only a matter of moments before the plot is uncovered.
19:31So, he flees.
19:38Just a few miles away, a familiar figure is making his way towards a breakfast meeting with a trusted general.
19:47When Washington arrives, it is clear something is amiss.
19:52Arnold is nowhere to be found.
19:55And Washington gets the news.
20:00John Andre has been captured with the plans to West Point.
20:05It all adds up to one undeniable conclusion.
20:09One of the great heroes of the revolution has sold out to the British.
20:25In British-held New York City, there is a new officer in their ranks.
20:31Brigadier General Benedict Arnold.
20:36His loving wife, Peggy, forced in shame from Philadelphia, now by his side.
20:50Arnold's treason was the highest in the young history of America.
20:54It was an act that shook George Washington to the core.
20:59That one of his highest ranking generals would betray the cause forever raised the question.
21:05Who else might be considering the same?
21:08Who else might be considering the same?
21:12Who else might be considering the same?
21:12Who else might be considering the same?
21:14April 22nd, 1789.
21:17The last two days of George Washington's journey to the American Presidency takes him through the countryside of New Jersey.
21:24A place of both grave humiliation and great success.
21:29It was here that his army retreated from the British in 1776.
21:36Here, where he made his greatest reversal of fortune with a surprise attack at Trenton.
21:44But it was the winters at Morristown that proved to be his greatest challenge.
22:00Morristown, 1780.
22:02Washington has just received a dispatch from his southern army.
22:06They have been forced to surrender.
22:10Nearly 5,000 soldiers have fallen to the British at Charleston, South Carolina.
22:14His southern army is now lost, the south's major port in British hands.
22:24Outside of Washington's headquarters, the brutal winter of 1780 is taking a mighty toll on his army.
22:31The winter encampment in Morristown was a lot harder than the encampment in Valley Forge.
22:37Valley Forge seems to get all the press, but Morristown was really dire straits.
22:41It was a long winter.
22:43It snowed in May.
22:45Soldiers are starving.
22:48Dissension and insubordination grow in the ranks.
22:51Some soldiers even threaten mutiny.
22:57Washington must step forward and rescue his command from the threat of chaos.
23:09Eight nooses, prepared for eight men charged with various offenses.
23:16Insubordination, forging documents, theft.
23:21All are sentenced to death.
23:28Washington orders the execution held before the entire camp for all his men to see.
23:34It is a carefully choreographed event.
23:39Washington wanted to use capital punishment particularly sparingly.
23:45But he also knew it was great theater.
23:50All eight were put on top of the gallows.
23:52Their graves had been dug in front of the gallows,
23:55and their coffins, which he ordered manufactured, placed next to the graves.
24:06As they were about to be hung, a soldier stepped forward from the crowd.
24:14Reprieve.
24:16Reprieve.
24:16Reprieve from the commander in chief.
24:19Seven of the eight were freed.
24:27This time, just one man will hang for his crimes.
24:33But it would not be the end of the problems in Washington's ranks.
24:43One year later, it happens again.
24:46Mutiny erupts.
24:51Now it appears as if the Continental Army is unraveling.
24:55And without the Army, there is no revolution.
25:00Washington takes swift and decisive action.
25:09Three soldiers, leaders of 200 mutineers, are condemned to death.
25:18And to carry out the task of execution,
25:21Washington orders a group of the other mutineers to form the firing squad.
25:27To pull the trigger on their own comrades in arms.
25:31It is a psychologically devastating punishment.
25:44It is a psychologically devastating punishment.
25:57The Morristown winters of 1780 and 1781 were some of Washington's darkest days.
26:04His army and the cause seemed to be coming apart.
26:10The war had to come to an end soon.
26:13But the question was how?
26:16The answer would come from the Southern Colonies,
26:19where one of Washington's favorite generals was leading a swift, moving fight.
26:29February 1781, North Carolina.
26:32Major General Nathaniel Green is in the thick of a campaign against British General Charles Cornwallis.
26:40Rhode Island's native son and his force of 1,000 are traveling light,
26:45using guerrilla tactics against the heavily laden British Southern Army.
26:51A backwoods game of cat and mouse that wears the redcoats down.
26:59The fights are few, but take a heavy toll.
27:03The battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina costs the British a quarter of their troops.
27:10By the summer, Cornwallis is spent.
27:14His weakened army limps into a small Virginia port named Yorktown.
27:18Yorktown.
27:24What happens next has not come before in the war.
27:28All the pieces fall into place for Washington, one after the other.
27:33The French dispatch a fleet north from the Caribbean.
27:38Washington marches his army south.
27:41While British General Henry Clinton chooses to keep his men protecting New York.
27:47All roads now lead to Yorktown and an assault on Cornwallis.
27:55For 11 days, the Americans and French lay siege to the city, tightening the noose around the British Army.
28:11Surrounded, cut off and unsupported, it is only a matter of time until the British supplies run out.
28:18Until they must yield and surrender.
28:22For all practical purposes, the war is now over.
28:34Now, seven and a half years later, the victorious general who led his nation's soldiers on the battlefield,
28:41and two years later, its politicians through a constitutional convention,
28:46is about to begin the third act of his remarkable revolutionary life.
28:51As his coach finally brings him to the outskirts of New York City,
28:55George Washington will, in a matter of days, become President Washington.
29:03April 23rd, 1789, George Washington enters the eighth and final day of his journey across many of the American states.
29:13A journey to the city of New York, where he will be sworn in as the country's first president.
29:19If there was ever a question in Washington's mind of the admiration the young nation has for him,
29:25this ride serves as testament to his fame.
29:28The newspapers of the era printed George Washington's route.
29:33There was no television at that time. There was no CNN, no radio.
29:37But the newspapers were read by everybody.
29:40So the entire country knew where he was going and what time.
29:44The highways are filled with people who have ridden days just to see him.
29:51They bring their grandchildren so that their grandchildren can tell their grandchildren,
29:56to tell their grandchildren they actually saw George Washington, this great national hero.
30:02It is a much-deserved hero's welcome for the former commander-in-chief and soon-to-be leader of the
30:08new nation.
30:08A nation that won a war, but still has a long road to travel.
30:16In 1789, the new United States is an extraordinarily energetic, diverse, but also unstable place.
30:26It's a turbulent time in the country. People are apprehensive about the future.
30:32All the soldiers, all the gallant, brave young men of the war, 240,000 of them fought in the revolution.
30:39But there aren't 240,000 jobs for them when they go home. A lot of them are unemployed.
30:46Politically, the country is a mess.
30:48The very ideals that set the country ablaze and drove her to revolution,
30:53individual liberty, representative government, freedom, are no longer just lofty goals.
31:01They are being put into practice across the land.
31:05People seem to think that democracy means that everybody should govern.
31:09Maybe they should not.
31:11Pennsylvania has over 400 people in its state legislature.
31:14If you put 12 politicians in a room, it's hard to get anything done.
31:19Put 400 in a room.
31:23There is no one man that can hold a country together except him.
31:32In defeating the British, America has won her independence.
31:36And under Washington's guidance, she must now become a winning nation.
31:42But the war for independence has left many losers in its wake.
31:47Britain has lost her colonies, a crushing blow to the empire.
31:52But, somewhat surprisingly, it is America's closest ally, France, that suffers the most.
32:00The French are kind of left holding the bag in this conflict.
32:03The French aid for the American war has generally been estimated at something like 13 billion dollars in today's dollars.
32:11We wouldn't have had any uniforms, we wouldn't have had any munitions without the French.
32:17But from the French point of view, they are bankrupted by our war.
32:22And, of course, it will have disastrous consequences for them.
32:25France, in 1789, bankrupt and weakened, is hit by an even greater wave,
32:32as the democratic earthquake that ripped the American colonies from Britain,
32:36hits France's shores with a vengeance.
32:41Peasants and commoners alike rise up against the monarchy,
32:45tearing down centuries of feudal rule, the French people hold their own revolution.
32:53Back in the colonies, restoring peace in the wake of a wrenching war,
32:58is first and foremost in Washington's mind.
33:03In a war between brothers, where people have been forced to take sides,
33:07those who chose to remain with the crown, the loyalists,
33:12have to come to grips with their loss.
33:14And many are still on American soil.
33:18It does take several years for the loyalists who stay in the newly established United States
33:25to be reincorporated as members of the society.
33:28But one of the things you don't see in this country is a massive retaliation against the loyalists.
33:34And that is due to the nature of the American Revolution and to its leadership.
33:41This is the country Washington will have to govern, a country in need of peace between loyalists and patriots.
33:47A country where many African Americans, participants in the struggle for national independence,
33:53find themselves still in the bombs of slavery.
33:59Where American Indians, many who sided with the patriot cause, find themselves forced out of the national dialogue.
34:07It is a complicated picture indeed.
34:10Nobody had created a republic that was this big geographically or contained so many different types of people.
34:18It really threw the rules of what a democracy, what a republic could be out the window and said,
34:23we're going to change all of that.
34:28The final day of George Washington's journey nears its end.
34:32He makes one final crossing, leaving New Jersey on a barge that carries him to the city of New York.
34:42Alongside his barge is a barge full of continental soldiers.
34:46In another barge is a choir of men and women.
34:49And he notices that the old standard, God save the king, has now been translated into God save George Washington.
34:57He had considered himself the father of the army.
35:00The next logical step to him would be to be the father of his country.
35:07The inauguration of George Washington, the great hero of the revolution, is just days away.
35:20George Washington, the father of the American army, is about to assume a new role as the father of America.
35:28The first president of the United States.
35:33It is April 30th, 1789.
35:37And today he will be sworn in at New York City's Federal Hall.
35:41The final step in his long journey.
35:44A journey no other man has known.
35:47It's important to remember that the American presidency and this constitution is an innovation that comes out of this period.
35:55No one quite knows what the role is.
35:57It's not a monarch, it's not a king.
35:59It's something new, so it has to be invented.
36:04At Federal Hall, Washington visits the chamber of the newly created Congress.
36:10Massachusetts firebrand John Adams is vice president at his side.
36:15It is a day for celebration, a day for ceremony, and every ceremonial detail must be created from scratch.
36:24Even how to swear in a president.
36:26In the five days prior to the inauguration, Congress had battled back and forth.
36:33Should the president be sworn in inside?
36:35Should he be sworn in outside?
36:38Everything that Congress did, and President-elect Washington did, was precedent setting.
36:45And they knew that, and he knew that.
36:48In the end, George Washington himself makes the decision.
36:52He will be sworn in outside.
36:55Out among the American people.
37:05April 30th, 1789.
37:10America's first inauguration.
37:16George Washington takes his position on the balcony at Federal Hall.
37:23Thousands look on.
37:26Months of planning have led to this moment.
37:29Though there is one small detail that has been overlooked.
37:33In all the planning, they forgot to get a Bible.
37:36At the last minute, somebody runs two blocks to a fraternal organization
37:41and borrows their Bible to tell them George Washington is going to be sworn in on it.
37:50With everything now in place, the ceremony begins.
37:58A revolution that began with self-evident truths has given birth to a constitution
38:08and a leader to preserve, protect, and defend it.
38:15He takes the oath of office, and as he ends it, adding himself, in a confident voice, says,
38:22So help me God.
38:25Justice Livingston turns to the crowd and says,
38:29Long live George Washington, the President of the United States.
38:34The crowd just roars.
38:41George Washington takes his place in history.
38:45And although some wanted him to have a grand title,
38:48Washington, ever the Virginia gentleman, insists on being called simply,
38:54Mr. President.
39:02No one knew whether this was going to work.
39:05There are observers speculating that, just give them a few years, they're going to be tearing each other apart.
39:13Many people at that time said that the war did not end the revolution.
39:19The revolution ends with new democratic government, this great experiment in the world.
39:27The inauguration of George Washington was not the end of the story.
39:30It was just the start of the story.
39:4325,000 gave their lives for liberty, and long after the heroes of the revolution came home,
39:52others took their place in history.
40:05John Adams, the great firebrand of the revolution, became the second President of the United States.
40:12He died, somewhat fittingly, on Independence Day, July 4th, 1826,
40:18reportedly saying,
40:19Thomas Jefferson survives.
40:21But that was not the case.
40:26Five hours earlier, on that same day,
40:29Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, whose Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of America with a single
40:37stroke,
40:38died at the age of 83 at his home, Monticello.
40:46Benjamin Franklin, the man who delivered the French to the American cause,
40:50withdraws from public life in 1788 due to ill health,
40:55and dies two years later at the age of 84.
41:0020,000 people attend the funeral of the man who tamed lightning.
41:14British Commander-in-Chief Henry Clinton returned to England after the crushing loss at Yorktown,
41:19where he received a very cool reception.
41:24He spent the last years of his life compiling his complete memoirs,
41:28a vain effort to vindicate himself for losing the war.
41:35Britain's King George III, never able to crush the American rebels,
41:39went mad and was deemed mentally unfit to rule for the final decade of his reign.
41:49Benedict Arnold, the Connecticut-born Yankee and America's greatest traitor,
41:54landed in London after the war, where he failed as a businessman.
41:59He died a broken man at the age of 60, suffering one final slight.
42:05Arnold was buried without military honors in a grave mistakenly marked with another man's name.
42:24Frederick William Augustus Heinrich Ferdinand, Baron von Stuyper,
42:28the man who almost single-handedly whipped Washington's army into shape over the winter at Valley Forge,
42:34was rewarded for his efforts with 16,000 acres of land in Upper New York State.
42:40He died there a bachelor in 1794.
42:49Nathaniel Green, the Rhode Island Quaker and George Washington's favorite general,
42:54never got to see the swearing-in of his old commander.
42:59He died of sunstroke in 1786 while on a plantation in Georgia.
43:08George Washington served as President of the United States for two terms,
43:12refusing to accept a third.
43:15He returned to his beloved Mount Vernon home in 1797,
43:20finally leaving his life of service behind him.
43:25He died just two years later, at the age of 67.
43:30In one final act for her ever-private husband,
43:34Martha Washington burned their personal letters written throughout the war.
43:38A record of a man and a war forever lost to time.
43:48The American Revolution.
43:51A colonial rebellion.
43:55A revolution of ideas.
44:00A revolution between brothers.
44:05A revolution for independence.
44:11A revolution between brothers.
44:31Ted, in the home left.
44:32A revolution.
44:36Third ocean.
44:43In the home of life.
44:45Having good Kash synergy.
44:45The war and the� Oftenذا New chemicals.
44:49He died from all about that.
44:51The farm itself got thefilled at midnight.
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