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00:28Transcribed by ESO, translated by —
00:58Transcription by CastingWords
01:14Transcription by CastingWords
01:30For me particles are colourful, for me an electron is red, I don't know why, don't ask me why, an
01:34electron is red, a photon of course is yellow because of light, a proton is brown.
01:40My perception of reality, you know, I go deep inside, so I eat my spaghetti and I think of the
01:46quarks that are inside the spaghetti.
01:47That's true.
01:57You know, you will say I'm crazy.
02:21In music you have very complex and rich symphonies, think about Beethoven, Mahler, but actually they are built up on
02:30the combination of seven notes.
02:32And likewise, nature is beautiful and extremely complex, but actually the most fundamental level is made of just three particles.
02:51I always wanted to understand what are we made out of.
02:56I need to know how are things connected, how does one depend on the other.
03:11It is the most powerful, most complex machine ever built by mankind to try to understand why we can exist
03:25at all.
03:26It is the most powerful, most complex machine ever built by mankind.
04:01When I was young, I wanted to understand the logic of nature, the fundamental laws which
04:15allows us to exist.
04:20We need these laws for our existence.
04:24The trouble is that these laws can be used for peace and for war.
04:38Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.
04:45Dr. Oppenheimer, you and many like you who brought the bomb into being still seem to
04:52suffer, may I say, from a bad conscience about it.
04:56Is that true, sir?
04:58I do think it has left a mark on many of those who were responsibly engaged.
05:05This is not the natural business of a scientist.
05:11After the first few minutes of elation, I realized what had happened to the world.
05:19The big thing I felt was to eliminate this.
05:24We have to explain to the governments that what we want to do is never to be associated
05:33with the use of these laws for war.
05:47Today, CERN is a truly global laboratory with a community of more than 17,000 people across
05:55more than 110 nationalities, an incredible melting pot of languages, cultures, traditions.
06:03But in a world where conflicts between countries, religions and cultures sadly persist, this
06:13is a truly precious gift which cannot be taken for granted.
06:19We now have autocrats ruling the largest nations on earth in ways we thought belonged to history.
06:26Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine by land, air and...
06:29CERN has announced that it will end cooperation with up to 500 scientists from Russian institutions.
06:41The last world war had been so terrible.
06:45I thought it would be unimaginable that a new war would start again.
06:50Humanity should have learned a lesson.
06:53Here at CERN, several thousand scientists coming from different social political systems,
07:00having different religions, having completely different mentalities,
07:04working together very peacefully and, I might say so, also very successfully.
07:15How many years ago was it that you stepped out as Director General?
07:19It's a long time ago, 1990.
07:22Wow. And you're still coming in?
07:25When I became 100 years old, some people asked me,
07:29what do you do to become so old?
07:32I said there are two things.
07:34Always stay active and always be curious.
07:41The CERN council decided that we have to stop almost all collaborations with Russia now.
07:48It's a pity.
07:49I think it was more or less the first time that in the 70 years of CERN
07:54that politics determined essentially a council decision.
08:07World War II
08:08This week there was council week at CERN.
08:10So, it means the representative of our member states got together for decisions and discussions.
08:16The contracts with Belarus and with Russia already have been suspended.
08:23However, there is still this laboratory in Russia, which is a bit similar to what we have at CERN.
08:29And the collaboration with them dates back to 1967.
08:34So it's a really long-standing partner.
08:38Here at CERN, we have Israelis working together with Palestinians, Indians with Pakistani.
08:42So science and fundamental science gives you a kind of basis where people, independent of their religion,
08:52independent of their political system where they grew up in, can collaborate and can communicate.
08:58And I think that's something important to keep.
09:00That was what CERN is for, science for peace.
09:11I remember when I first came to CERN, I was here visiting because I was thinking about moving here and
09:18I wasn't sure.
09:20One of my mentors at the university arranged to see the Atlas detector and was the best thing anyone ever
09:28did for me
09:29because when you see it, it was like, it was love.
09:47You know, this is this beautiful detector with the precision of it, the size of it, the amount of human
09:57effort and passion that went into building every single little part.
10:02I just wanted to be a part of that.
10:06I got to build this, help build this.
10:08There are, you know, thousands of people involved in this construction.
10:11And I really got to help with that, those teams, putting it all together.
10:15There was a common goal that we all had.
10:17So it gave a special spirit to the whole thing.
10:20There was this chance to unlock something very deep about nature itself.
10:32It was really the first time we switched on our camera Atlas and took the first data.
10:38But the room was crowded at that time.
10:40So everybody who contributed was in that room.
10:43The preparation of this experiment took decades.
10:52We now believe that all the matter that we now see in the universe was made during the first fraction
10:59of a fraction of a fraction of a second of the age of the universe.
11:02In fact, it's something like 10 to the minus 35 seconds.
11:08That means a one with 34 zeros before it.
11:14Extremely small time.
11:17The zero particle and all the other elementary particles have masses.
11:23They weigh something.
11:24Why is that?
11:25We believe that comes about from a particle called the Higgs boson.
11:31Peter Higgs proposed the existence of the Higgs boson in 1964.
11:37I would compare it to a Roman arch.
11:40So you've got this beautiful semicircular arch.
11:45And at the top, there is a capstone.
11:47And if that capstone were not there, the arch would collapse.
11:52With my colleagues, we basically sat down and said,
11:55OK, we don't know what the mass of the Higgs boson might be.
11:59But for different masses, we could figure out the way in which it would show up in an experiment.
12:05Some experiments of that type were being done at CERN.
12:08But we really thought it was going to be heavier and could only be found at a higher energy accelerator.
12:20The protons are in the machine.
12:25We're ready at this end.
12:30We're now in the countdown.
12:32We'll change the orbit.
12:35Next pulse.
12:49You see, what happens in the sort of experiments that are done here,
12:51well, actually sort of underground, in some sense, what's being done down there,
12:57is a sort of recreation of the first seconds of the Big Bang.
13:08You are about 100 metres underground at the absolute best experiment on Earth.
13:15The LHC pipe runs through the centre and protons come in from either direction.
13:22If we're lucky and if they hit really like a big strong head-on collision,
13:26we can create all sorts of cool stuff, potentially something we have never seen before.
13:36It's very nice here in the control room because you can see in real time all these collisions and particles,
13:43the shower coming out of it and sometimes, yeah, it's really overwhelming.
13:48And actually it's also bothering me thinking about all the things that they will discover in the future
13:55and that maybe I will never know.
14:01Everybody's trying to write his history in a way.
14:04That's our ambition.
14:05You know, the man of the caverns was writing pictures of cows on the walls, right?
14:12So that 3,000 years later you walk in there and he says,
14:15my God, look at that, there's a human being there.
14:17Now, we are not trying painting ghosts on walls or caves.
14:23We are trying to do much more sophisticated things.
14:26When it's all done and over, what do you think we 20th century civilisation are left behind?
14:32I mean, my own opinion is that we care.
14:35They will respect us.
14:37They will respect us on the basis of the understanding we have.
14:55When I arrived here at CERN, you know, I was this student very much lacking in confidence,
15:02looking around at what's happening here and I did not feel that I fit in here.
15:08I felt like an imposter.
15:10It was like another planet, first of all, because there were literally no Indians here at CERN.
15:18It was incredible.
15:20I can tell you that even the smell of coffee was alien to me.
15:26Coming from India, a woman working in the laboratory, you know, with Europeans and with Americans and all that,
15:34it was not easy.
15:35The confidence is today, the smiles are today.
15:39But I have had endless sleepless nights, years on end.
15:52This human endeavour is mind-boggling.
16:11When you were presented with the plans for the LHC, the engineering challenges absolutely enormous.
16:19Well, I wasn't presented with the plans, I made the plans.
16:27I came to CERN in 1969.
16:31Antiprotons now.
16:33What is it, 55 years now?
16:35Practically.
16:3855 of the 70.
16:41But this is home now, after all this time.
16:45I took over the project in 1993, prepared it for approval.
16:48It took until the end of 1994 to get approved.
16:58The project could provide answers to the nature of the universe.
17:01The machine, called the Large Hadron Collider, will aim to recreate the conditions at the time of the Big Bang.
17:09The tunnel was there already.
17:11We took it over from a previous machine.
17:16There is a pit where the big magnets can be lowered into the tunnel, onto a transport vehicle, and then
17:24that gives us access to the LHC ring.
17:33This is really the biggest and most complex scientific project ever undertaken.
17:39The whole 27-kilometre circumference is aligned to better than a tenth of a millimetre.
17:47Very, very, very tiny movements will affect our data.
17:52The moon, for example, also affects the LHC.
18:05It's the kind of breathing that goes on.
18:08Like the tides, you know?
18:11And we need to track everything.
18:13Think of gravity, that every time there is a movement of a piece of matter around the Earth,
18:21that actually translates into a very, very, very tiny movement,
18:26which can be reflected in the measurements at the scale at which we do the measurements, you know?
18:32We are looking for a particle that has a lifetime of 10 to the minus 22 seconds.
18:39And within that, if there is a movement, you're lost.
18:48So the idea behind the collision is you're just getting a huge amount of energy into, you know, a single
18:54spot,
18:54and then you can produce something very massive.
18:57And so by studying these collisions, we understand this very microscopic world,
19:02and then that helps us understand how we evolved from a microscopic world to the macroscopic,
19:10to galaxies, super clusters of galaxies.
19:13It's all intertwined. We can't understand that without understanding this.
19:17or whatever it is
19:47or for somebody who800-광il��� globe.
19:50Hello, welcome, all the best, nice to welcome you here in my home, please come in.
19:58Thank you so much.
20:03Do you still play the piano?
20:05Yes, a little bit, yes, a little bit. I like music besides physics very much.
20:19I am a very old man now. I have the advantage that I've seen now practically 100 years of European
20:27history.
20:28Till the last war, I was a soldier. I was fighting against Russia and the British.
20:42In fact, I was, by chance, also in Dresden when it was bombed. So I've seen it. Fortunately, I survived.
20:52So I know what real war means, where 10,000 people were killed in one night.
21:00All that, of course, is nightmare.
21:05The war was ended. I was taken prisoner by the British troops near Hamburg.
21:11At that time, I imagine there was practically no radio. There were just a few local newspapers.
21:18There was no television, nothing. So I learned about the bombs rather late, more or less by chance.
21:41It is an atomic bomb. It is a harnessing of the basic power of the universe.
22:17How the world is .
22:18I never thought it was already.
22:27I knew many of the people who were involved in the development of these mobs.
22:37In Germany it was Heisenberg.
22:44And it was never quite clear whether the nuclear chain reaction would work.
22:49I knew Heisenberg quite well.
22:52He was surprised that the mob had worked because he had calculated the detailed cross-section
22:59and he made a mistake.
23:01It was very credible because Heisenberg said, look, it can't have worked.
23:06And they told him, yes, but it worked. So he sat down and found out, yes, he had made a
23:11mistake.
23:15A short time ago an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the enemy.
23:25That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of TNT.
23:32The force from which the sun draws its power has been loosed against those who brought war to the Far
23:39East.
23:40We have spent more than $2 billion on the greatest scientific gamble in history.
23:47And we have won.
23:54What has been done is the greatest achievement of organized science in history.
24:11I think when you play a meaningful part in bringing about the death of over a hundred thousand people
24:19and the injury of a comparable number, you naturally don't think of that as with ease.
24:31We had known the sin of pride.
24:33We had turned to effect in what proved to be a major way the course of man's history.
24:54The European Council for nuclear physics has set the seat of the future international research research.
25:02The delegates have held their choice on Genève, with the great satisfaction of the President.
25:11It is an idea which is, to some extent, unimaginable today.
25:16Shortly after the Second World War, a handful of visionary scientists and a handful of visionary diplomats
25:27scientists getting together from all continents and saying,
25:33OK, we have to do something to get Europe out of the ruins.
25:38It took only a few years to create CERN.
25:42This is amazing. I cannot imagine something like this today.
25:52The Council of CERN is made up of delegates from the 13 member states.
25:57The purpose of the European Organization for nuclear research is to further collaboration in scientific research of a purely fundamental
26:06nature.
26:09The purpose of the world's most famous atomists.
26:13And Niels Bohr, Denmark, Nobel 1922.
26:17Robert Oppenheimer, creator of the A bomb.
26:22Heisenberg, Germany, Nobel 1932.
26:26looking at these people together Oppenheimer Heisenberg who worked beforehand on different
26:35sites within the war but they ignored the political difference and they were just concentrating on
26:46science an atomic war would end this civilization and would end any science and so on mankind has
26:59to learn to control itself because it now has within its power to destroy itself very cheaply
27:10we brought the people together we wrote a convention which clearly states peaceful application only
27:26the organization to provide for collaboration among European states in nuclear research of a pure
27:34scientific and fundamental character when we work we don't think of making military applications
27:51the responsibilities of the scientists is that the new technologies are used in the proper way
27:58every technology can be used for the good of humanity or against humanity every typewriter can
28:08be used for war can be used for peaceful poetry
28:25i grew up in an industrial part of the united states in western pennsylvania where everybody's
28:30grandfather and father worked in the steel mills and they told us when we were kids that if we didn't
28:35study hard we'd end up in the factory like they were and i totally failed you can see
28:51we have metallica muse roger waters jack white pixies the bar is pretty high it's not just for any rock
29:03stars
29:05but there'll be more i hope the science fiction question is do we have enough antimatter to be dangerous
29:14or to power a starship and the answer is even though this is the best and only machine to create
29:22this
29:22anti-hydrogen atom we kind of suck it's never going to be a danger to anybody um it would take
29:29longer than
29:30the age of the universe to accumulate just one gram of antimatter but that one gram of antimatter could
29:38put a space shuttle into orbit right that's that's a cataclysmic amount of antimatter to lose all at once
29:44we simply i wouldn't want to be anywhere near that let's put it that way
30:05so in the early 90s i found an extremely exciting atmosphere those were the years we were developing
30:15the large atom collider atlas is the biggest experiment ever built in practical physics
30:22we are all pushed by the same spirit and by the same awareness of being very close to discover
30:31something big in addition to the fundamental science which might have interesting applications
30:39there are the technologies which you develop in order to make the research possible and the world wide
30:46web is one example of that this is a technology which was developed in order for scientists to be able
30:54to collaborate around the world and of course it's completely revolutionized the way that humans interact
31:19so what's the web it used to be difficult to explain what the web would be like now it's difficult
31:25to explain
31:26why it was difficult
31:30but back in the 1980s at thern it was an exciting place to be
31:34lots and lots of information systems on different computers on different networks all incompatible
31:40so the idea was that one should be able to communicate by sharing information how many of you have actually
31:49never experienced the world wide web i see one hand two three four five six seven no come on
32:03what was it that made the web click as the universal hypertext on a computer network it is the url
32:14and that is tim's fundamental contribution we sat under the big tree in the certain cafeteria one evening
32:23with a beer and then i said we need a catchy title for it and suddenly tim said but what
32:30about world wide web i said yeah
32:34that's great it's a bit long i like its name the world wide web which was unpronounceable to french
32:42people that's why most french people didn't like it's uh
32:48i don't think we've even seen the tip of the iceberg i think the potential of what the internet
32:55is going to do to society both good and bad is unimaginable i think we're actually on the cusp of
33:04something exhilarating and terrifying it's just a tool though isn't it no it's not no no it's an alien
33:13life form what do you think i mean when you think then about it's their life on my yes it's
33:19just landed
33:24you never spend your nights with me you don't go out with other girls either
33:34you only love your collider
33:46tim bernersley and our group of friends were part of a of a theater group we used web pages for
33:54the
33:55clubs and for the for for work um and i mean i did think it was a brilliant thing
34:02when this cernet picture you know published ended up being the first picture of a band of an artist
34:11of something social on the web which was not near physics
34:15i think that's um realized fairly early on that the world wide web was not something that it could manage
34:30the most ambitious attempt ever to recreate conditions at the beginning of the universe
34:35is launched this morning in switzerland catastrophic claims professor otter rosler
34:41who went to court to stop the experiment warning the earth could be eaten inside out how many months
34:48or years it takes to eat the whole earth cannot be predicted at the moment this might be my last
34:55broadcast
34:55because tomorrow may be the end of the earth you get these things moving around at the speed of
35:02lightning bam that story was very beneficial for us because it attracted a lot of the interest and
35:11attention by the public the media which was not there before normally we would not publish a switch on
35:18day but we never did that before we were forced into it effectively so we had to pick a day
35:24and then uh go flat out to to make it we're actually inside the control room for what is genuinely
35:34the biggest experiment ever undertaken by mankind nobody was most surprised than me when i came in
35:40at this clock in the morning and saw these huge satellite dishes and big lorries full of mobile studios and
35:47god knows what there that were under enormous pressure we would normally not accept that
35:52don't forget that it made google the google logo was the lhc that day
36:00i didn't really know how much of it in the spotlight i was i was doing a running commentary on
36:04what we
36:05were doing from step to step let's get started everybody now comes the day of reckoning little did
36:11i know that my wife was watching it at home there are innumerable things that could go wrong this has
36:19never
36:19been done before i did not sleep that night before because i kept thinking i had this list in my
36:27brain
36:28did we check that did we check this did what about the voltage you know everything that could have gone
36:33wrong i was sure it was going to go wrong everybody is staring at a series of screens above us
36:40and the
36:41tension you could cut with a laser beam okay the next cycle we will inject the beam into the lec
36:51now we
36:52go into new territory okay let's go five four three two one zero nothing
37:07wait
37:20wow last night i was like waking up constantly like did we say that right
37:23we're both we're disabled oh my gosh this is has that kind of garage feel to it it's not production
37:31you know it involves a lot of tweaks it involves a lot of hacking i mean we're hackers
37:35in the end we we fix things they don't work we tweak them we don't work they tweak them
37:41fundamental research is a lot of getting it wrong until you get it right but fortunately we got it
37:48right on the first try never happens that was a day really you know a big emotion when you see
38:00the thing on which we have been working for years together with thousands of colleagues from all
38:07over the world become real and i said wow here we are we managed we did it
38:16it may have looked easy to you but i can assure you it was only made to look easy because
38:20of the
38:21quality of the equipment the quality of the software and above all the quality of the people who have
38:27built this machine and and will operate it in the future
38:52i got a call so i went straight over to the control room and all the screens were red red
38:58is a bad color
38:59so what we thought it was at the time was that they had lost the helium and that it would
39:08take us
39:09two months to recover i mean at that point we were just like days from data and ah we've got
39:15to lost
39:15lose two more months because of the helium i think it only settled later that we were talking about a
39:22year
39:24it took a long time to recover emotionally from from it
39:38took about 50 magnets with with it in one sector that we we had to replace
39:47unfortunately we had all all the spares it was just picking ourselves up uh rolling up our sleeves
39:54yet again and and getting on with the job
40:00clearly i was uh frustrated but that was 24 years after first thinking about the physics that you could
40:10do with the lhc so if it was going to take another year or two no that's okay
40:21so i am a palestinian from hebron west bank part of this job is it's international we work
40:30physics and for physics and we have to collaborate with all people regardless of their background
40:41i don't care what you believe our goal is to understand the building blocks of matter the
40:48fundamental uh interactions in nature i am a muslim and i believe the god almighty and i believe there is
40:57a beginning of the universe and my goal is not to contradict the god but to discover the laws of
41:04god
41:04the laws that govern nature so it's my belief my physics works are side by side there is no contradiction
41:15is my belief consistent with my reserve up to now yes there is no contradiction
41:24there are so many unanswered questions
41:28questions if we really do want to understand why the universe is the way it is we need to understand
41:34what the pieces are that make it up and how those pieces fit together
41:40the pieces that we know about is that all of them uh or are there more pieces
41:47the pieces that we know about is when they were building a part of this they needed some really
41:52really high purity brass which was expensive and difficult to get hold of but some of the russian
42:00colleagues realized that they had loads of world war ii shell casings made out of exactly the right
42:08quality brass necessary and so over a million world war ii shell casings were collected melted down and
42:16turned into our calorimeter right in here
42:26cern was one of the holes in the iron curtain during the cold war
42:32because all the people from the other side of the iron current curtain could come to cell and vice versa
42:48cern is the only organization which had in its foundation the double role to promote science and
42:57improve the relations between countries the moment is at hand president reagan now is in a lakeside
43:04mansion about eight miles north of geneva and it is there that the president will meet this morning
43:09with mikhail gorbachev of the soviet union the first meeting between the leaders of the two most
43:13powerful forces in the history of civilization in more than six years now
43:29when i was director general of cern i got a call from the head of the american delegation to prepare
43:36the discussion we said look we need a place which is respected by both sides where we can freely and
43:46informally discuss the problems so i invited a small group from both for the russians and americans to
43:53dinner and serve and after the first dose i left them alone i said goodbye i called for a fresh
44:02start
44:03and we made that start i can't claim that we had a meeting of the minds on such fundamentals as
44:08ideology
44:09or national purpose but we understand each other better and that's a key to peace
44:16i think if in the end gorbachev could sign this of course this armament agreement it must i believe
44:23with the help of the physicists
44:52the large hatton collider is unmaschined for the best
44:55world because it's the only machine of that type it brings the world forward and it can only work
45:03because the whole world is involved
45:13we could not immediately start with the highest possible energy for which the lhc was designed
45:19so we decided to go up very slowly but we reached the highest energy ever with an
45:25accelerator on earth it's a bit like an explorer because i see something which nobody else had seen
45:33before it's brilliant 40 million pictures per second of these collisions roughly 150 million channels
45:47yeah and it's a three-dimensional picture
45:54of course then we were in a rush to find the higgs particle i mean that was what we wanted
46:00to see
46:02what's left to fill the gap between theory and experiment that's the higgs boson contribution
46:10for particle physicists discovering the higgs boson this would be like landing on the moon
46:21it's not just a particle it's not just a thing that gets produced it is a clue to one of
46:28the most
46:28fundamental concepts of our lives and worlds which is how do we get mass
46:41it was sort of bam bam bam we were working along we were doing everything calibrating the detector
46:46and then suddenly there was something there i mean and we thought okay god is this the higgs you
46:50could could could this be it you know of course there was this excitement that we knew that but
46:54it happened so fast you check and recheck and then you see suddenly this peak or this uh number of
47:06pictures indicating something interesting growing people were working days and nights looking at the data
47:16data there was something special going on we decided okay we will have a seminar but we didn't know yet
47:30is
47:31it a discovery or is it close to a discovery
47:45today we get two presentations from the two experiments atlas and cms on their update on a search for a
47:51certain particle
47:54we have a magic limit in particle physics when we cross this threshold of evidence
48:01then you can call it a discovery we needed to to cross this threshold in both experiments
48:07because the cost check is absolutely vital there were many many people who have made the history of
48:14cern previous director general um peter higgs was there francois angler the day of the announcement
48:21was really kind of not only was the world learning about it but also half the community was learning
48:27about the other half to sigma so this this distribution extremely clean except one big spike here in this region
48:35here
48:49we have observed a new particle consistent with a big exposure thank you as a layman i would now say
48:57i think we have it
49:10maybe one more round of applause to all the guys
49:15has supported the whole project for more than 25 years here, all of them, okay?
49:25Just take a step back and look at what we achieved. It was huge.
49:43The elementary particles wouldn't have a mass. They would fly through the universe with the speed of light.
49:50No chance to form composite matter. No chance to form us. No chance to form the Earth.
49:56And now we found the explanation. We found it.
50:03Great moment, yeah?
50:21I have to say I was pretty emotional.
50:26I'm not quite sure whether I had tears in my eyes. Peter Higgs certainly did.
50:32So this was 48 years after they had proposed their theory.
50:39Well, I would like to add my congratulations to everybody involved in this tremendous achievement.
50:45For me, it's really an incredible thing that it's happened in my lifetime.
50:53Thank you very much.
50:54Thank you very much.
50:55Thank you very much.
51:00Thank you very much, everyone.
51:28just at the moment where you say okay that was worth all my work this moment this day
51:34and basically you then stop working after that seminar we just celebrated it was a
51:40day full of champagne and beer perfect
51:48i think the the one good thing that i that i had going for me when i started this
51:52was that i was naive and never realized the the mountain that we had to climb to to to actually
51:59you know succeed
52:06you look at the experimental teams that discovered the higgs boson they include russians
52:12and americans they include chinese and europeans they include indians and pakistanis they include
52:23israelis and palestinians
52:27this is an endeavor which i think really unifies the human race
52:37the situation is complex today the war in ukraine
52:41does have an impact last year the cern council decided to terminate the collaboration with
52:49some russian institutes
52:54so there is one institute based in russia that we're still working with
53:01now the cern council must decide whether it wants to keep that long-standing collaboration
53:06going or whether it wants to cut all ties
53:12sanctioning russia and belarus yeah that contradicts the cern foundation so it cern was established
53:21that after the second world war on the ash of europe 1954 and in 1950s 60s 70s at the height
53:30of the cold war world war americans germans west europe russians soviet
53:36it's worked together so what it changed why don't you keep that
53:43you cannot generalize to all the people you cannot generalize to all russian or ukrainian
53:49the decision event of few people in the government maybe
53:56i know these people they are against war and they are paying for something that is not their fault
54:07so i'm really curious now to see whether fabiola somehow has sent something there is something i'll wait
54:15so i think that's an important item on the room council operation as the council decided not to terminate the
54:21agreement
54:21that's good i'm very happy to read that cern remains in its tradition very good
54:33if the council had not taken that decision and had decided to terminate the agreement that would have been the
54:39end of any relation with the russian federation
54:45this is really the nerve center this is where everything happens you know how can we make sure you know
54:51that we continue being the number one lab
54:53so it's projecting cerns you know in decades away from today
55:00this is why we're doing this feasibility study
55:03you know should we have a super super duper large accelerator
55:08it's going to be three times the size of the current lhc
55:16what is dark matter that's the question i'm looking for
55:19we know it's there and it must be there in an enormous amount about
55:23four times more of this than the visible mass of the universe
55:32we're in the control room of my experiment on the space station
55:40the highest energy particle come from cosmos
55:50zero and lift off for the final one
55:53to know the original problem you have to go above the earth's office
55:58thank you very much for the great ride and safe delivery of ams to the station
56:04your support and fantastic work has taken us one step closer to realizing the science potential of ams
56:19we have some very very important results
56:24this corresponds to dark matter commission
56:28so we have learned from this experiment cosmic rays
56:33behave in a way nobody dreamed of that's why it's so interesting
56:47it's the mystery of life and we have to accept that there are things that are much bigger
56:53much more complex than our brain and our imagination can capture
57:11we are made of sub-nuclear universe
57:15we are pieces of the sub-nuclear universe
57:18believe it or not is the real origin of existence
57:36do you sometimes want to wake up to the singularity we once were
57:47for every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you
57:55when earth was sky and animal was energy and rock was liquid and stars were space and space was not
58:11only a tiny dot brimming with is is is is
58:22all
58:24everything
58:27home
58:43how the careers and reputations of scientists in the race to build the first super bomb
58:48were seared in the process
58:50back 60 years next on bbc4 with a rare archive documentary to near the sun
58:57Sunday
58:57the bigger900
58:58after the success of moving into the world
58:58you should have designed Campaign yani
58:59it's all about native stock It's going on
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