00:00So the most exciting thing to me about Artemis II is just the return to the moon.
00:04We haven't been there in 50 years.
00:06Human eyes are going to see parts of the moon that haven't been seen by anyone before.
00:12It also recommits us to exploring the solar system in a way that we haven't in a long
00:16time.
00:17And I think it provides an opportunity for younger generations to understand the excitement
00:22of doing that kind of exploration.
00:33The moon is this great sort of cheroscuro subject because the most recognizable thing
00:40about it is the changing sun angles and how that brings out the shape of craters near the
00:46Terminator, which is the day-night line.
00:48Because there aren't oceans and clouds and all the things that you see on Earth, the moon
00:55is really all about its shape.
00:57And the shape is telling you something about its long history and the history of the entire
01:02solar system.
01:03All the things that have happened to the Earth have been erased by geologic processes and
01:08weather and climate, and that doesn't happen on the moon.
01:12The moon has recorded everything that's happened since its formation almost four and a half billion
01:17years ago.
01:18That tells us a lot about where we came from, where the solar system came from.
01:21It also reveals something about the composition of the Earth that we can't see because it's
01:28buried beneath the crust.
01:29Some of that is on the surface of the moon because it's been excavated by all the impacts.
01:35Artemis is our return to the moon after 50 years.
01:38The emphasis of Artemis is going to be first of all science, but second of all learning to
01:43sustain a presence on another world.
01:45First on the moon, but we're hoping that that's a stepping stone to Mars and other destinations
01:51in the solar system eventually.
01:54Artemis 2 will be a fly-by mission.
01:56It's not going to land.
01:58We're testing all of the technology that we've created for flying to the moon since Apollo.
02:04A lot of systems have been modernized and we need to make sure that all of those work.
02:08The astronauts will be looking out the window at parts of the moon that have never been
02:12seen by human eyes before.
02:14They will be flying by the moon at an altitude that's much higher than Apollo's orbits,
02:19and so they will see the entire disk of the moon, including areas that are closer to both
02:25the North and South Pole that astronauts from Apollo never saw.
02:29All of that depends on the lighting, which we really won't know until launch day, but we
02:35can practice with different lighting scenarios.
02:37It's hard for people to sort of picture that in their mind if you can make a visualization
02:42of it and show them a movie.
02:44That helps everybody choose the targets and also practice aiming at those targets.
02:49The astronauts have actually been looking at these visualizations through the lens of
02:54the camera and practicing aiming at the various targets.
02:59This is a map of the surface of the moon, obviously, but it shows what the Apollo astronauts could
03:05see in sunlight while they were in orbit.
03:08The brighter parts are the parts that they could see.
03:11The darker parts, like this entire area here and places that are farther north and south,
03:18are places that they couldn't see in sunlight, either because it was nighttime there or because
03:23it was beyond the horizon of the astronauts.
03:26All of the Apollo flights orbited the moon at a distance of about 110 kilometers.
03:33Because the astronauts were flying at such a low altitude, their horizon was actually quite
03:38close and they couldn't see the north and south poles.
03:42And this whole area over here was not in sunlight at the time.
03:46And it includes this amazing impact feature here called Oriental.
03:51Oriental is a very large impact feature.
03:54It's about 650 kilometers wide.
03:57It's got multiple rings.
03:59These are rings that form like ripples in a pond from the impact.
04:03But of course, it's on a huge scale.
04:05The middle of Oriental has that sort of dark basalt lava covering it like the dark spots that
04:12we see on the near side.
04:14It's one of the biggest ones that's more on the far side than near.
04:17So, seeing it with human eyes and sort of picking out features that maybe you don't
04:22even see in robotic cameras is an important goal for the mission.
04:29One of the photographic targets that is on everybody's list is pictures of the Earth beyond
04:35the limb of the moon.
04:37During Apollo 8, on their fourth orbit, they finally turned their spacecraft around so that
04:42they could see in the direction of the Earth.
04:44Oh my God, look at that picture over there.
04:47There's the Earth coming up.
04:48Wow, that's pretty.
04:50And I'll take that.
04:51That's my schedule.
04:56You got a color film, Jim?
04:58I think it surprised all of them how beautiful and how human it was to see the entire planet
05:05Earth from behind the horizon of another celestial body.
05:09That photograph called Earthrise had a huge impact on the public because from space you
05:14don't see country boundaries.
05:15You don't see some of the human problems that we deal with on the surface.
05:19And you also recognize that the Earth is a finite place.
05:22It's not infinite.
05:23It's not everything.
05:24It is a pale blue dot in the vastness of space.
05:28Artemis is going to have that opportunity once again.
05:33I anticipate that the astronauts will have the same feeling that the Apollo 8 astronauts
05:38did.
05:38And I think it will have a similar effect on a new generation of people who are watching
05:43this mission unfold.
05:55will have the same urge to see a person look upon it.
05:56I think a moment will have a nice chance, though.
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