00:00What is anti-fascism?
00:01As the name suggests, it's a collection of political movements united by their opposition
00:06to one common enemy, fascism, and more broadly, the far right.
00:10Over the decades, many groups have embraced the anti-fascist label, but from the original
00:15anti-fascists to today's antifas, the goals have evolved.
00:19Fascism as a political movement first appeared in Italy in the 1920s, led by Benito Mussolini.
00:24It pushed an anti-democratic, xenophobic, and racist vision of society, backed by violent
00:30tactics.
00:31It was this movement in the 1920s that gave rise to the first anti-fascists, many of whom
00:37came from left-wing labor unions, as well as anarchist and communist groups.
00:41The clashes between these rival factions often turned violent.
00:45These clashes played out across interwar Europe.
00:48In Germany against the Nazis, where today's familiar anti-fascist symbols originated.
00:52In Spain against Franco, and in France against far-right leagues that didn't shy away from
00:58street violence.
01:00In France back then, anti-fascism took two main forms.
01:03Street-level self-defense groups sprang up within the workers' movement.
01:07Meanwhile, politicians from the far left to the center claimed the anti-fascist mantle.
01:13After World War II, fascist regimes were crushed, but the far right lingered, and so did fascism.
01:19In France, fascist outfits like Ordre Nouveau, founded in 1969, sought direct clashes with
01:25the left.
01:26But the real catalyst for modern French anti-fascism was the rise of Jean-Marie Le Pen's
01:31far-right Front National in the 1980s, the precursor to today's Rassemblement National.
01:36A 1992 Le Monde piece described anti-fascist groups hijacking Le Pen graffiti, crashing
01:41city council meetings to heckle far-right officials, and plastering walls with posters depicting
01:46the far-right leader with a Hitler-style forelock and mustache.
01:50They romanticized physical showdowns with the police and fascists, anyone from Front National
01:54voters to skinheads.
01:56Other local left and far left groups have spread across France.
02:00For some, the fascist threat includes the state itself, which they accuse of stifling freedoms
02:04like the freedom to protest, much like the Antiva groups that took part in the 2016 protests
02:10against the Labour Law, or the 2018-2019 Yellow Vest Movement.
02:16In the 2010s in France, two events galvanized the left and rebooted anti-fascist activism.
02:22The 2013 killing of 18-year-old Clément Méric by neo-Nazis in a street brawl, and the
02:27Manif pour tous protests against same-sex marriage.
02:31The far-right gained steam, ramping up violent and racist actions.
02:36In the face of this, new anti-fascist groups formed, or grew, mostly decentralized, with
02:41no national structure.
02:42Their tactics ranged widely, social initiatives like food and mass giveaways or homework help,
02:48publicity stuns like breaking up a far-right office door, and outright violent street clashes
02:53with extremists at protests, football matches, or elsewhere.
02:57Among these groups, Jeune Garde, launched in 2018, stood out with public-friendly messaging
03:01and outreach to mainstream left parties.
03:04Its spokesperson, Raphael Arnault, even won a seat in the Assemblée Nationale in 2024 with
03:10the left-wing Nouveau Front Populaire Alliance.
03:13But in June 2025, the government dissolved it, citing violent activism behind 11 assaults.
03:19In February 2026, alleged former members of Jeune Garde were accused of having fatally beaten
03:25women, far-right activists, Quentin Téhank, and Lyon.
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