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AnimalsTranscript
00:00The East African savanna is one of the richest biotopes in the world.
00:15It's home to some two million large herbivores.
00:23In season, these mammals feed on the abundant vegetation.
00:29Life seems easy, yet they're constantly facing danger from predators.
00:42Carnivores form the apex of the food chain.
00:45However fierce, however dominant they may seem, they are virtually dependent on the existence of their prey.
00:52So they too are vulnerable.
00:55Which group is better adapted to the challenge of survival in the savanna?
01:00The carnivores or the herbivores?
01:03The predators or the prey?
01:06The animals and animals.
01:18Theuddites.
01:19The birds and individuals.
01:21The animals and animals.
01:22The deduction of life.
01:23The birds and individuals.
01:24The bird in the sea.
01:25The animals and animals.
01:26The birds and animals.
01:28Dawn breaks, and the first light rekindles the daily cycle of life.
01:48Photosynthesis can now resume.
01:50Plants can grow, providing food for the herbivores.
01:54Now is when many diurnal species emerge from the topar of the night and begin to graze before the sun evaporates the dew.
02:09After the cold and the darkness, sunrise on the savannah seems to celebrate the miracle of life, and the morning is usually when female topas give birth.
02:21This female topai is preparing to give birth to a single calf after a gestation of eight months.
02:30hogs
02:31Hogs
02:34Hogs
02:35Hogs
02:39Hogs
02:39Hogs
02:53Immediately after birth, this little topi is capable of seeing the world surrounding him.
03:04This is when mother and newborn calf are most vulnerable to predators.
03:09There's no time to waste.
03:11As the mother removes the placenta, the newborn's instinct is to stand up.
03:23So far, so good.
03:41Shivering in the cold air, he'd like to suckle, sheltered by his mother's body.
03:47But she deliberately steps away.
03:49First, he must be able to run, to run from danger.
03:54Speed, running speed, is all he can count on to survive.
03:58So he tries and falls.
04:01But that doesn't matter because he's learning to run.
04:05And so only 15 minutes after being born and before feeding,
04:10this little herbivore is already capable of galloping across the savannah.
04:19Things are totally different for young carnivores.
04:35A lioness has come to this canyon to be alone, away from the other adults.
04:41She's followed by two other cubs from the same pride, but with different mothers.
04:45This is where she's hidden her three cubs, born just a month ago.
04:53They weighed a little more than a kilo at birth, and their eyes were closed.
05:07They're older now, but still don't dare hazard away from their shelter.
05:13These future superpredators seem much less independent than the young antelopes.
05:19They learn much more slowly about the world around them.
05:23But they, too, must become aware of danger.
05:27Until they're two months old, a male lion from the same pride could kill any cub he didn't father.
05:34That's why the lioness gave birth in a hiding place.
05:38She'll return to her pride two months later, when her cubs are strong enough to join the group.
05:44In the meantime, she protects her offspring, and this causes considerable curiosity among the other cubs.
05:52For the time being, both feed on their mother's milk, sharing her four teats.
05:58When they join the pride, at the age of two months, every lioness will be willing to nurse them.
06:03This lioness has two cubs.
06:11They're seven weeks old.
06:13She often moves them to new hiding places to keep them from being spotted by predators.
06:18For long journeys or tricky terrain, she still has to carry them in her mouth, one at a time.
06:41With their long legs, young antelopes don't need so much attention.
07:01Higher up the hill, the little topi born this morning need sustenance.
07:06His mother guides him to his first taste of milk.
07:23Large herbivores usually give birth to a single newborn.
07:28This zebra colt doesn't have to contend with siblings to feed.
07:32Things are different for carnivores, as seen in this clan of spotted hyenas.
07:44Litters are large, and births do not follow a seasonal pattern, so cubs of different ages live and play together.
07:52Younger ones learn to defend themselves against older and sometimes aggressive cousins.
07:57They also learn to preserve their position in keeping with their mother's social status.
08:05From their first days onward, hyenas have to be aggressive, in particular to suckle from their mother.
08:13Hyena cubs are born with teeth, but only feed on their mother's milk for the first year.
08:19Cubs that succeed in suckling longer will grow faster, while the others grow weak and may even die.
08:29Social life is highly competitive, and there is little time to rest.
08:33Lion cubs, on the other hand, once they're old enough to join the group, are raised jointly by all the lionesses in the pride,
08:53with different generations living together in peace.
08:56Even before they are weaned, the lion cubs are aching to join their elders,
09:24who enthusiastically devour their prey.
09:40The hunting instinct is innate in all carnivores,
09:44and even if the cubs are still suckling from their mother,
09:48they're already interested in their future prey.
09:50This wildebeest seems quite vulnerable, isolated in the middle of the river.
09:58This lioness has already eaten, but she's still a threat.
10:07The wildebeest isn't going to turn its back to flee.
10:11That would be too dangerous.
10:13This gives the lion cubs an opportunity to go hunting.
10:16The wildebeest has no choice but to defend itself.
10:20The wildebeest is cornered.
10:48The lioness could easily finish it off, but they simply stand by and watch to see how the younger generation fares.
10:56The cubs are still too small to hunt this large prey, especially when the wildebeest fights so well.
11:16A lioness steps in and puts an end to the exercise.
11:19Facing each other for millions of years, carnivores and herbivores have developed a reciprocal relationship.
11:29Predators have eliminated the most vulnerable species,
11:33and only the survivors have been able to transmit their genes.
11:36At the same time, as prey became harder to catch,
11:41only the best hunters were able to reproduce from one generation to the next.
11:46As soon as young herbivores are weaned, they can graze as much as they want.
12:06Carnivores, like these little black-backed jackals, are dependent on their predators for much longer.
12:14They might try insects and other small prey or fruit, but that's not enough.
12:21Better to wait for the parents' return.
12:24Hope that nothing happens to them,
12:26The mother jackal has decided to attack a Thompson's gazelle.
12:44Normally an impressive prey, but this gazelle is injured,
12:49and the jackal is ready to run it down until it can no longer defend itself.
12:56The other gazelles remain aloof.
13:15Living in a herd allows a statistical safety in numbers,
13:19but that's no protection for any individual member.
13:23The jackal pups wait near their burrow, which began as a termite mound.
13:32Their mother can't take them to the gazelle.
13:35That would be too dangerous.
13:37And the body is too heavy to drag back to the burrow.
13:40So she swallows the meat and carries it in her stomach,
13:44which prevents it from being stolen on the way home.
13:46The father was also away hunting, and brings more food for the family.
13:50The father was also away hunting, and brings more food for the family.
13:52The father was also away hunting, and brings more food for the family.
14:11Jackal couples mate for life, and cooperate in taking care of their large families.
14:38Jackal couples mate for life, and brings more food for the family.
14:43Leopards lead a solitary existence.
14:46This female is on her way to care for her single cub for 12 to 15 months.
14:52Whenever she sets about inspecting her territory or goes hunting,
14:57she leaves the cub hidden in the bushes.
14:59Leopards are slower than cheetahs.
15:05They prefer to lie in ambush in the brush, so they can better surprise their prey.
15:20This rabbit is intended for the leopard cub.
15:29It might look huge compared to the size of the cub,
15:33but carnivores can only eat what they kill, and nothing must go to waste.
15:37Still, carnivores require less food than grazing animals, in terms of weight or volume,
15:47because animal flesh is richer in protein and calories than grasses and leaves.
16:01When the youngster has eaten his full, the mother can finish off the rabbit's carcass.
16:17Since carnivores spend less time feeding than herbivores, they have more time to rest,
16:28or for young carnivores, more time to work off their energy.
16:42All these physical exercises will make this young leopard a better hunter.
16:55Lions also rest for nearly 18 hours a day.
17:15Cubs have many brothers and sisters, and plenty of time for play fighting.
17:21This will come in handy for hunting,
17:23and one of the cubs could one day become leader of his pride.
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18:03The third big cat of the savanna, the cheetah, is a solitary non-territorial species.
18:27Unlike leopards, female cheetahs have litters of three to six cubs.
18:33Feeding and protecting them requires constant care.
18:36Young cheetahs are often attacked by other predators, especially hyenas.
18:41Typically, less than half of a cheetah litter will survive to adulthood.
18:52Cheetah cubs are either napping or in perpetual motion.
18:56Playing together builds strong muscles and teaches them to control their body.
19:08Their predator instinct drives them to test their powers against a common eland.
19:14The antelope weighs nearly 100 times more than they do, but that doesn't discourage the cheetah cubs.
19:28These cats demand affection.
19:30Cuddles play an essential role in social bonding.
19:40Young herbivores, like these waterbugs, also need to work off their energy.
19:45And that includes fighting.
19:47Jousting by young males prepares them for later, when they will attempt to win a harem.
19:53The older they are, the more serious and violent these clashes can become.
19:57Young animals can play, and not only in the savannah.
20:16Much higher at 2,000 meters altitude, the Virunga Mountains are covered with a rainforest.
20:23This impenetrable jungle is one of the last refuges of the mountain gorilla.
20:29The dominant male watches over his family, composed of several females and their young, plus one or two younger non-dominant males.
20:39While adults are calm and even-tempered, young gorillas are bundles of energy, whether alone or playing with others, climbing and jumping in the branches.
20:50For these generally peaceful herbivores, playing means learning to move through the forest, above the ground, in order to reach the leaves, the stems, and the bark they feed on.
21:02To see the shadows, who are the only two people.
21:08As you can see, everyone is in the sky, when it comes to the forest.
21:12Every person is in the sky and with the Chamber of Commerce.
21:15To hear the true or the sun is in the sky at the shore, when it comes to the sap is despite the shadow of the hail.
21:22At the back there, there are many people who've been in the last room and when they've been in the, the fire of the sea is still going.
21:25To be honest, they are only following the sun.
21:27Sometimes the brouhaha and the excitement will annoy an older gorilla, but that's not
21:41really a problem.
21:43And it's even better when an adult male's silvery back is used as a trampoline.
21:57Gorillas are not territorial creatures.
22:13They don't stay very long in the same place.
22:16They move easily through steep terrain and dense vegetation so they can enjoy a varied
22:22diet.
22:27Gorillas spend a third of their time eating.
22:30With a break in the middle of the day, adults will not only eat 30 kilograms of plants and
22:36fruits every day, they will sometimes chew on rotting wood for insects, which are rich
22:42in protein.
22:46To digest the food required to fuel 200 kilograms of muscle, gorillas have proportionally
22:57longer intestines than humans.
23:00This explains why their bellies are so large.
23:09A few kilometers from there, at a lower altitude, we encounter another species of primates.
23:18These are lighter and smaller than gorillas.
23:21And they can swing through the branches to the very tips to pluck fruits and tender leaves.
23:32Young chimps are easily recognized by their pink faces.
23:36older chimps can be less acrobatic in search of food.
23:50In search of food, this one climbed a jackfruit tree, which produces its heavy fruits.
23:57They can weigh 5 kilograms directly on the trunk.
24:01His powerful canine teeth crack open the shell to uncover its dense, delicious flesh.
24:08Other chimps will generally let their others know when the fruit on a tree has ripened.
24:13They may also join up to hunt small monkeys and to steal birds' eggs.
24:19They divide their high-protein food according to their hierarchical position in the troop.
24:25But fresh meat generally accounts for only 5% of their diet.
24:34Each troop seems to have its own food culture, some meat plant species that chimps from other
24:41troops won't even try.
24:44This is evidence that individuals learn to identify edible foods more through transmission
24:50from one generation to the next than through personal experimentation.
25:04These travel a great deal around the territory of their troop.
25:09They know where every fruit tree is located and how to get there.
25:13The alpha male, the leader of the troop, often patrols the perimeter of the troop's territory
25:19to protect against intruders.
25:22If chimps from a neighboring group try to enter, the conflict soon turns violent and can result
25:28in multiple deaths.
25:36During his inspection tour, the alpha male also checks fruits and other edible plants for ripeness.
25:43Figs are especially prized.
25:46Food resources must be protected from neighboring groups, a problem that seldom arises among grazers,
25:52even in territorial species, which typically face less competition for food than carnivores do.
25:59The savannah is dotted with large fruit trees, a valuable source of food for olive baboons.
26:18These highly social creatures live in troops of about 30 individuals, and they're far from being strict vegetarian.
26:36Plants form the mainstay of their diet, but they also catch insects, steal birds' eggs, and hunt small mammals.
26:45Females give birth to a single baby a year.
27:07At about eight weeks old, the baby can reach out to the most readily available food,
27:12but without separating from its mother.
27:19This provides both mother's milk and a very pleasant way for baby to travel.
27:27Baboons are opportunistic feeders, so they're not dependent on a single type of food.
27:48They can live in a broader range of habitats than gorillas or chimpanzees.
27:54They face little or no stress for food, and have developed one of the most complex social and hierarchical systems in the animal kingdom.
28:05or maybe some simple animals or a better relationship.
28:14Earth's more common can be found in their own, namely,
28:19nearer to the lakes and rivers, the savannah becomes lush and green.
28:23Herds gather at watering places to quench their thirst.
28:28Especially the largest terrestrial animal, the elephant.
28:36This pachyderm needs close to 200 liters of water a day.
28:41Elephants also wade into the water to feed on reeds and rushes, plants that are particularly
28:47rich in the fiber they need.
28:56Like many herbivores, elephants like variety in their diet.
29:11They move from plant to plant, if only a few steps away.
29:16This preserves the shrubs for another day, without killing their food source.
29:22That's something carnivores cannot do.
29:25When elephants uproot grasses or break branches, they give them a vigorous shake to remove dust,
29:36insects and dead leaves.
29:40If an elephant loses its trunk, as sometimes happens after an attack by lions, it can no longer feed itself.
29:49The shape of their heads and the location of their teeth prevent them from grazing directly on the ground.
29:55There are 10,000 muscles in an elephant's trunk.
30:00It takes time for young elephants to learn to master them.
30:04But for the first three months, their only food is mother's milk.
30:10Then they copy grown-ups and learn to pluck grass in a circular motion.
30:18Still, they need calcium and fats and continue to suckle for the first two years of life.
30:25Elephants hardly sleep.
30:39And spend up to 16 hours a day feeding.
30:43It takes time to eat 150 kilograms of plants each day.
30:47Especially because they're finicky.
30:50And always choose the best leaves, the highest they can reach.
31:02Giraffes can feed on leaves five meters above the ground, on branches that an antelope cannot reach.
31:09This limits competition for food between herbivore species, especially in the most arid areas.
31:20Giraffes choose the most nutritious foliage as they forage from tree to tree.
31:26Giraffes spend much of the day feeding.
31:39And need about 30 kilograms of plants a day.
31:42The rest of the time, they rest and ruminate.
31:46Rumination is a digestive process, specific to certain herbivores, in which they chew their cud.
31:53In other words, they bring food from the stomach back into the mouth to chew it again.
32:00Having several stomach pouches allows for fermentation and absorption of nutrients.
32:06This improves the energy yield from relatively nutrient-poor plants.
32:14The Bovedae family has many ruminants, including elans, buffalos, and all the antelope species.
32:22They swallow their food quickly and chew it later, when they are less vulnerable.
32:29They can survey their environment and protect themselves from predator attacks.
32:34Herbivores depend on their keen senses to spot a threat.
32:45Their large ears can turn in different directions to locate where sounds are coming from.
32:52Their eyes are set on the sides of the head, which gives them a very wide field of vision.
32:58Wild cats, on the other hand, have frontal-placed eyes for three-dimensional vision that allows them to better evaluate distances.
33:09By living in a herd, Thompson's gazelles increase their probability of spotting a predator.
33:19And once they do so, they never take their eyes off, showing their attention by facing it squarely.
33:25The cheetah, aware that it can no longer attack by surprise, simply gives up the chase for now.
33:33He cannot afford to waste his energy on a hunt that is doomed to failure.
33:38Carnivores rely on their physical condition and their instincts to hunt.
33:48They have to weigh the balance between the caloric value of their prey versus the energy expended in hunting it.
33:56This is what biologists call optimal foraging theory.
34:01A predator will be successful only if it knows the capabilities of its prey.
34:11Is feeding any easier for the herbivores?
34:14During East Africa's two wet seasons, there's plenty of green grass for the antelope.
34:20These cobs need only to bend down to graze on the fresh, sappy grasses.
34:35But things become more difficult in the dry season.
34:39Grass grows pale and dry, no longer providing sufficient nutrients.
34:44Food is scarce for species that graze only on grasses.
34:50Fortunately, the herbivores can sense that beyond the horizon, the rains have begun to fall, and the savannah is turning green again.
35:05So, the herds assemble for an extraordinary journey.
35:11This is the annual Great Migration, the most spectacular symbol of African wildlife.
35:18Nearly a million and a half wildebeest and zebra begin their weeks-long journey, forming gigantic columns, climbing the hills and crossing the Great Plains.
35:30It is a perilous journey of 400 kilometers, with dangers at every stage.
35:49Nearly 10% of the wildebeest will die somewhere along the way.
35:53Great rivers to cross, the danger of drowning.
35:56Nile crocodiles, four meters long and weighing half a ton, lurking in ambush.
36:05Before facing the danger, the wildebeest come to a halt.
36:10They could spend days here, crowding on the riverbank, until one wildebeest, possibly bolder or hungrier than the rest, finally takes the plunge.
36:26The rest of the herd follows, sharing the risk of falling to the crocodiles.
36:39The End
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37:20are caught in the crocodile's jaws, pulled under, and drown.
37:26Carnivores feed on herbivores.
37:29That's nature's implacable law.
37:32It's not a question of fair or unfair.
37:43With luck, the vast majority of the herd
37:46could cross the river unharmed.
37:48But a few dozen kilometers ahead,
37:50there's yet another river and a new set of dangers.
37:59This bloodbath naturally attracts other predators,
38:03and not only scavengers looking for easy prey.
38:06This lion, who seldom hunts on his own,
38:09considers it well worth taking the wildebeest carcass
38:12from a lethargic crocodile.
38:18Predator species that live in family groups, like lions in their prides, or hyenas in their
38:29clans, usually share the spoils of their hunt.
38:32This morning, however, the dominant male won't let one of his females eat just yet.
38:49And her submissiveness won't change a thing.
38:55All she can do is wait.
38:58But why?
38:59Did she spurn his courtship?
39:01This shows how the dominant member in a carnivore species can control access to food.
39:08Herbifors don't have that problem.
39:21When they're too hungry to wait for nightfall, a lioness will hunt by day.
39:25The lioness goes directly to the throat, killing the wildebeest by suffocation.
39:27The lioness goes directly to the throat, killing the wildebeest by suffocation.
39:32In his misfortune, at least he was fortunate enough to fall to a predator who can kill him in an instant.
39:35The lioness goes directly to the throat, killing the wildebeest by suffocation.
39:51In his misfortune, at least he was fortunate enough to fall to a predator who can kill him in an instant.
40:04The lioness still has to drag the 150-kilogram carcass from the canyon.
40:09It's a huge effort, but well worth it, because she now has enough to feed the entire family.
40:20The dominant male isn't hungry, so he lets the rest of the pride feed on the wildebeest.
40:41The taste of flesh proves irresistible, and everyone fights for the best pieces.
40:47The family ties that bind the members of the pride keep things from getting out of hand.
41:05The lion finally decides to join the feast.
41:08There is no opposition to his arrival.
41:20Another male in the same pride approaches, but the alpha male shows his displeasure.
41:26The hierarchy is preserved between males.
41:35This means the other male can eat too, but only when the leader has finished.
41:41Carnivores sharing food reinforces social bonds.
41:50So even solitary predators, like cheetahs, sometimes choose to live together.
42:03This usually occurs among males, brothers from the same litter.
42:08This confers a definite advantage in hunting.
42:11Yes, they will have to share their prey, but that's not a problem,
42:16because they only attack larger animals, like gazelles or young antelopes.
42:22These four brothers have spotted a wildebeest herd.
42:28They split up, two of them to the front of the herd to draw their attention,
42:34one to the back of the herd, and the fourth to run down the most vulnerable wildebeest.
42:40In the short grass, cheetahs cannot hide an ambush.
42:44They rely on their running speed to catch their prey.
42:47They've caught a wildebeest, but the cheetahs won't have time to finish off their prey.
43:15The hyenas watch the hunt, and know the cheetahs won't put up a defense.
43:20The slightest injury could prevent the cats from running at top speed,
43:24and therefore prevent them from hunting.
43:27The hyenas can feast on fresh meat, but the cheetahs will have to rest for hours before they can resume the hunt.
43:40Predators tend to devour their prey in a hurry.
43:55They're never sure they can hold onto it for long.
43:59Despite the hierarchy within the hyena clan, individuals fight for access to the food.
44:14They also have to chase away hyenas from other clans, as they devour everything they can.
44:25Until the arrival of a lion signals that the feast is over.
44:29There aren't enough hyenas to defy the big cat.
44:36Otherwise, they could have fought him off, until he was discouraged or even fatally wounded.
44:42But not today.
44:44This lion can eat in peace.
44:59Not all carnivores depend only on hunting to survive.
45:03Hyenas often make do with carrion, as do jackals.
45:07But they have to keep the spoils from others.
45:12Unfortunately, something has changed in recent years.
45:16As lion populations have fallen, the carrion available daily has decreased.
45:21And to avoid depending only on what lions kill, hyenas are hunting more.
45:27And because they are better fed, their population has increased.
45:32In some places, the overpopulation of hyenas is a threat to other predators in their fierce competition for food.
45:45Hyenas will attack any animal in a weak condition, like this wildebeest that sought safety in a river.
45:53He is wounded, and the scent of blood proves irresistible.
45:57But he hopes to escape by staying in the water.
46:02He's wounded!
46:03He's wounded,miro in a weak condition, we will.
46:04In some cases it will.
46:05In some cases, LX would end up in a security fleetultura complex sequence
46:07and have used to war.
46:08It's the last fight in the latter, the enemy.
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46:31the predators attack and the end is never in doubt the wildebeest is
46:39disemboweled and eaten alive hyenas never acquired the habit of killing
46:44their prey first
46:47the balance of nature requires that herbivores outnumber carnivores in some
47:02antelope species such as the cob females are overrepresented this allows the
47:09most dominant males to assemble a large harem and produce large numbers of
47:14offspring things can be tricky even in heat the female may be unwilling to mate
47:25males need to be patient
47:29among carnivores not even the lion can dictate his will the lioness demands
47:46to be courted the dominant male in the pride can do nothing until the female
47:51agrees
48:21In some rare cases, it's the female who does the courting.
48:41Things go faster.
48:42The male leopard will never keep her waiting.
48:49When big cats mate, it often ends aggressively.
48:59Mating occurs at intervals of 20 minutes or so, for a day or two.
49:04This pattern is necessary to trigger ovulation in the female.
49:12The sun sets over the savanna, over the herbivores and the carnivores that have confronted each other all day.
49:18And we'll do the same tonight and tomorrow and as time goes on.
49:24Nature's balance depends on this constant confrontation.
49:28Survival is not only a matter of strength, but of successful adaptation.
49:33This topi is thoroughly aware of the distance that keeps him safe from cheetahs.
49:40He can defy them with his presence.
49:42And in doing so, the antelope dominates the situation.
49:46All told, herbivores may be less vulnerable than it seems.
49:52There may be safety in numbers.
49:54Although they live under constant threat, the fittest among them learn survival from an early age.
49:59Carnivores, on the other hand, may look tough, but their existence is far from easy.
50:13Their natural territories are continually shrinking under pressure from humans.
50:18Can we still consider the lion, the lord of the savanna, when half the lion population has disappeared in the last 25 years?
50:28How can these big cats preserve their freedom and their dignity in reality, and not just in the popular imagination?
50:36This young generation of lion cubs doesn't seem to have a care in the world.
50:42Yet it is on their future that the natural balance of Africa's large wildlife depends.
51:06Let's see and widest this way!
51:11Oh!
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51:30This channel will help return to podcasting for podcasting event.
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