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Freshly You
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Motor
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00:00Well, IDDS is us.
00:08We come from 18 different countries around the world.
00:12We are students. We are teachers. We are doctors.
00:16We are economists. We are farmers. We are machinists.
00:20And this is a wonderful opportunity for us to work together to challenge
00:24some of the great problems in the world today.
00:28So the chance to bring people to MIT to sort of create solutions
00:32together I think is really important in the way that development should
00:36be happening. And so the idea is help me, but let me help you.
00:48My name is Samantha Dwyer and I work for Global Alliance for Africa.
00:52It's centered around bicycle mechanics. And Bernard Kiwias, who we're waiting for
00:56here. He is our head mechanic and he instructs all of the bicycle
01:00training, the technical part of it.
01:02And he's never left his village, Arusha.
01:06So this is definitely going to be a big event for him.
01:08Good to see you.
01:10How's the sauna?
01:12But welcome. This is Boston.
01:14Okay, thank you. This is nice. Very nice.
01:16How was the flight?
01:18I told you okay. Long?
01:20Yeah, I know.
01:22They asked me if anyone in our program would be a candidate for this program
01:26and I definitely, hands down, it would be Bernard.
01:28He is one of the most talented mechanics I've ever come across.
01:32He's definitely very skilled and has done wonders for our program.
01:36And we're really excited for him to kind of be able to share his ideas
01:40with other people and learn from people from all over the world and from the people at MIT.
01:46Tanzania has a lack of electricity and even the fuel is expensive.
01:53The people who are living at the village, they can't afford to buy those things,
01:58like to pay for the electricity bill or the fuel.
02:02We are trying to sit down and see maybe we have water problem.
02:06We need water, we need the water pump.
02:08How could we make it without electricity?
02:12Because those people are living at the villages.
02:14The villages, they don't have electricity.
02:17So I sort of spent a bunch of time learning as much engineering as I could
02:22and then at the same time I really wanted to do development work while I was at MIT
02:27and there wasn't a program to do it.
02:28So I just sort of created sort of bigger and bigger programs along the way.
02:32And, you know, it's interesting because I had envisioned that I would go back
02:37and actually, you know, live in southern Africa doing this type of work.
02:40And, I mean, I haven't done that yet, but I feel like I sort of, in the position that I'm in,
02:46I'm wondering whether it does more good to be here sort of training lots of people to do that
02:50as opposed to just being one person myself working in the field.
02:53And so I still have this debate as to whether or not I do more good here than there.
02:58Yeah, it's hard.
03:05This is where we'll be able to tell who's from which country.
03:10Because Americans will be like, oh, that's really hot.
03:13And then when you get to Africans they'll be like, oh, let me put this one off.
03:17And then if you go, you can see how hot it is.
03:32Technology designed to address problems in developing countries,
03:37but it has a broader scope than I think most people realize.
03:42I guess what everyone's battling against in this community of people working on appropriate technology
03:55is the view that it's inferior technology.
03:58What do you want to add to that?
04:03Okay, it's a rural village in Tanzania.
04:08Did you have in mind a specific village?
04:11No, because this is common, not in one village.
04:15So most of the Tanzania.
04:17What's the nearest village?
04:19I think it would be useful if we focused on one village.
04:22If you're saying that they're all very similar, then if you focused on one, then a solution fine.
04:28Like my village maybe?
04:29Yeah, so what's your village called?
04:31Sinon.
04:34Do you want to find it on the map?
04:36I'm trying.
04:37I don't think you can find anything.
04:39Okay, how do you spell the name of your village?
04:42Or the nearest city?
04:47Simon?
04:48Simon.
04:49Okay.
04:50You can't find the village in the map.
04:54Okay.
04:57Find Haiti.
04:58Typical.
04:59You should know where it is.
05:00You don't have to look.
05:01I can't see.
05:03It's so horrible.
05:04Come on.
05:05I can close my eyes and tell you where Pakistan is.
05:07Yeah, Pakistan is huge.
05:08Yeah, true.
05:09Yeah, and so is Egypt.
05:10And the UK.
05:11And the US.
05:12Do you want to say Northern Tanzania?
05:14Yeah.
05:15Like it's really, it's probably much worse than that.
05:19And this also says that the diseases caused by unsafe drinking water are things like diarrhea,
05:26cholera, dysentery, typhoid.
05:28Yeah.
05:29Guinea worm, intestinal worms, schistosomiasis and trachoma.
05:33What do you call schistosomiasis?
05:36I think that's the sleeping sickness.
05:40I know in Swahili.
05:42Swahili?
05:43Homa Malali.
05:44Homa Malali?
05:45Yeah.
05:46Okay.
05:47And you know, even if like in the beginning the way you told us what the problem is that,
05:51you know, people go walk this many hours to the river and the river water is not that clean.
05:57Yeah.
05:58Even if you give that picture, I think it gives you a whole picture of everything.
06:02So if you want to do something about poverty, you go to where poor people are, you talk to
06:07them in their life space, you learn everything you can about what their constraints are, what
06:12kind of soils they have, what's the climate.
06:15And out of that you come up with major design strategies that make a big impact on their lives.
06:22The one thing that we were trying to push here was, you know, figure out who's going
06:27to use this, how they're going to use it, what their problem is.
06:30And that's kind of what Paul was talking about.
06:32He said, what sucks.
06:34Address what sucks.
06:35If it sucks bad enough and the thing that you come up with is going to lower that pain
06:40enough at a point people can afford it, then it'll move.
06:45So you leave the capital and you're on the road for about five hours and then the pavement stops
06:51and then you're on the road for about 20 more hours.
06:54If you're lucky, you're in the back of an open truck so that you don't hit your head
06:58on the ceiling as it bounces over these things.
07:00If you're not lucky, you're in the back of a closed truck and you just feel like, you know,
07:04you're getting thrashed around a lot.
07:06And, you know, anywhere between 16 and 20 hours later, you show up in this very small village.
07:12People, you know, you'll see people all the time walking around with water on their head in buckets
07:18because very few people have water taps near their homes.
07:22So getting water into the households is always challenging.
07:35He expressed that there was an opportunity here to enhance what he was doing back home, you know,
07:41to come and meet people, to learn new things, et cetera, to create technologies that could solve problems in his villages.
07:46And so those are, that type of thing was, of course, very compelling.
07:51Because this is African Tanzania.
07:54And the color is flag for Tanzania, but the drawing is Africa.
08:01So this means from Africa, Tanzania.
08:04For me, everything is, like, new.
08:07And also I was trying to use those sticks for, like, Chinese.
08:12Just for the end.
08:15The last one.
08:20It's my first time, so...
08:23So I didn't know anything about the visa or the passport.
08:27Because in Tanzania, you don't need the passport if you don't want to go out into the country.
08:34So normally, you don't have a passport.
08:43So my name is Mohamed.
08:46Mohamed Mashal, from the UK.
08:50And I just graduated from Cambridge University in mechanical engineering.
08:54So I was born in Cairo, in Egypt, in 1984.
08:58Then I moved to the UK when I was one.
09:07I realized that I wanted to do something that had an element of science in it,
09:11but also some mathematics and some kind of practical side to it.
09:15I didn't want to be kind of just theoretical science.
09:18My name is Klaou El Jawam.
09:20So I come from Haiti.
09:23And this small village, his name is Fond de Blanc.
09:27So...
09:29That's where I'm from.
09:32My name is Esmat.
09:33I'm from Pakistan.
09:35I've been working with a public health non-profit for a year in Pakistan.
09:43So I'm a carpenter.
09:46So I was working about nine or ten years in carpenter.
09:52I'm 24.
09:53I'm not married.
09:54I don't have any kids.
09:56I'm not married.
09:57I have children.
09:59How many?
10:00I have four children.
10:01I guess growing up in a third world country and being in touch with extreme poverty.
10:09And you know, knowing that if you can do something about it, then you should.
10:14So I'm trying.
10:15My language is Creole.
10:18I speak Creole.
10:19So I speak English a little bit.
10:21Not very well.
10:23I live in this small village.
10:26It's very poor people.
10:28So to learn more about water and energy and earth and transportation.
10:35That's the reason I'm here.
10:37That's where most of the work is in development.
10:39There's no point in working in development if you're going to live in North America, I think.
10:43So it's a little difficult for me to understand when they speak.
10:48So I ask them to speak more slowly for me.
10:53Who is the consumer?
10:56In my country?
10:58No, no, no.
10:59For the bags?
11:00Produits.
11:04I was just wondering if you guys have chosen your final direction.
11:07Yeah, I think we have.
11:08We've chosen which of the three?
11:11Water, purification.
11:12Water, purification.
11:13Water, purification?
11:14Yeah.
11:15Clean drinking water.
11:16Okay.
11:17And have you chosen what level?
11:19Village level?
11:20Home level?
11:21City level?
11:22Or you're still just...
11:23That's what we are doing now.
11:24Okay.
11:25Village level.
11:26Some of us may be from the university so they know more than me.
11:36Yeah.
11:37So I heard someone told me that you have expertise in...
11:44You do bikes, you fix bikes.
11:46Yeah.
11:47So you have like workshop expertise so you have experience in that.
11:51So that's definitely something we can use.
11:53So what can I put like...
11:56How can I put like...
11:58Maybe...
11:59Yeah, because I know about the bike or how to rent the machines.
12:04No, I'm not from there.
12:05I don't know things about the medicine or the combination of things.
12:13I all know how to make things.
12:15Yeah.
12:16So they try to help me about...
12:20Maybe about...
12:24The quality of water.
12:25It's supposed to be how much maybe the...
12:28Bacteria.
12:29I don't know about the bacteria.
12:30I know how to make buckets.
12:33And things like that.
12:43I want you to do it because I always do it.
12:46You do.
12:48It's easy for me to do it.
12:49I want you to practice doing it.
12:50Come, stand up, stand up.
12:51I'll help you.
12:52Don't worry about it.
12:55So the risk...
13:00Village won't accept it.
13:03The potential way of...
13:06Mitigation.
13:09Mitigation risk is...
13:12Consultation with the villagers work together.
13:17So the...
13:18Another risk is no electricity.
13:21Design...
13:24Way that doesn't need electricity.
13:27So the...
13:28Another risk one will be energy for pumping.
13:31The...
13:33The risk...
13:35The potential way of...
13:37Energy sources.
13:39Lack of education.
13:41To educate them and make them easier to understand the solutions.
13:46Village won't expect it.
13:48Find a way of education them in benefit of product.
13:53Village can't afford.
13:55Thinking of how to borrow...
13:58To borrow them...
14:00Money.
14:01From the government or NGOs.
14:04How do...
14:09Cost of...
14:11I don't know...
14:13Existing.
14:15Lots of existing technology.
14:17Yeah.
14:18So the solution will be...
14:20Research current method to evaluate...
14:23I don't know what this is.
14:25Merits.
14:26Merits.
14:27And the last one is maintenance.
14:30Design for...
14:32Long life and simple...
14:34Things.
14:36Maybe you can...
14:38Maybe you can add something...
14:40I think.
14:42A lot of the students...
14:44Who come from universities...
14:45Or come from the United States...
14:47Um...
14:48They...
14:49The way that design is taught...
14:50Is you sort of invent a need...
14:51And then create a solution to it.
14:53But a lot of people...
14:54Who are coming from...
14:56Developing regions...
14:57They don't have to invent the need.
14:58They know the needs.
14:59They know exactly what they are.
15:01Belt and loose.
15:03So we normally use...
15:04The normal tools like...
15:06Hammer...
15:07Punchy...
15:08And so...
15:09Those type of...
15:10Grinders...
15:11We call it...
15:12Hand grinders...
15:13Those are small...
15:14So you can buy one...
15:15Or you can...
15:16Borrow from friends...
15:18But to afford to buy...
15:19To use a big machine like this...
15:22Never.
15:23When you're actually motivated...
15:24For something...
15:25I think that's when you learn the best.
15:27I mean...
15:28I guess my childhood was...
15:29Well...
15:30A lot of people think their childhoods...
15:31Were fairly normal...
15:32And I think mine was too...
15:33Except for...
15:34When I was six years old...
15:35My family moved to India for a year...
15:36My dad was working with the Ford Foundation...
15:37On a project...
15:38To help start a...
15:39Institute of Technology...
15:40In the Rajasthani Desert...
15:41And so...
15:42We went there...
15:43As a...
15:44You know...
15:45Family of five...
15:46My poor parents...
15:47Dragging three little kids...
15:48Around the world...
15:49And we spent a year...
15:50In the desert there...
15:51And I think in many ways...
15:52That influenced...
15:53What I'm doing now...
15:54So I think seeing that...
15:55Was something that affected me...
15:56Quite a bit...
15:57And I guess...
15:58I always just...
15:59Grew up knowing...
16:00That I would do something...
16:01Like Peace Corps...
16:02And get involved in this type of work...
16:03So it wasn't really a question of...
16:04You know...
16:05Something that flashed...
16:06As to...
16:07Making it happen...
16:08But just...
16:09I think that...
16:10That early...
16:11Experience probably...
16:12Affected me a lot...
16:13But the problem is...
16:14I'm not actually faculty...
16:15Right?
16:16So I'm just sort of...
16:17You know...
16:18Up until November...
16:19I had the same status...
16:20As the person who was...
16:21And I guess...
16:22And I guess...
16:23I always just...
16:24Grew up knowing...
16:25That I would do something...
16:26Like Peace Corps...
16:27And get involved in this type of work...
16:28So it wasn't really a question...
16:29Of...
16:30You know...
16:31Something that flashed...
16:32As to...
16:33Making it happen...
16:34But just...
16:35I think that...
16:36That early...
16:37Experience...
16:38Probably affected me a lot...
16:39But the problem is...
16:40I'm not actually faculty...
16:41The person who teaches you...
16:42How to use a drill press...
16:43I'm not...
16:44The head of the...
16:45Mechanical Engineering...
16:46I'm nothing...
16:47I'm a senior lecturer...
16:48In Mechanical Engineering...
16:49But that's a...
16:50That's a very recent...
16:51Turn on events...
16:52Well...
16:53Congratulations...
16:54Well...
16:55Thank you very much...
16:56But...
16:57Yeah...
16:58So I was...
16:59You know...
17:00Just an instructor...
17:01But an instructor...
17:02With...
17:03Huge...
17:04Delusions of grandeur...
17:05And so...
17:06I was just...
17:07Oh...
17:08We need to do a lab...
17:09Oh...
17:10There are many places...
17:11Where some punky grad student...
17:12Couldn't actually change...
17:13The way that education...
17:14Is happening...
17:15At their institution...
17:16I really believe...
17:17MIT...
17:18Is doing a lot more...
17:19You know...
17:20The amount of hands-on...
17:21Global stuff...
17:22Is amazing...
17:23Of course...
17:24Coming from someone...
17:25Who won...
17:26Half a million dollars...
17:27In the MacArthur Genius Award...
17:29She's very generous...
17:30With that money...
17:31That she got...
17:32So...
17:33To good use...
17:34She also won...
17:35The Lemelson Award...
17:36The only woman at MIT...
17:38To win that...
17:39And I think she also won...
17:40The inventor of the year award...
17:42But...
17:43In any event...
17:44She's won like...
17:45Every award that you can...
17:46You can win...
17:47Yeah...
17:48That all the water...
17:49Wouldn't touch the chocolate...
17:50Right...
17:51So the water goes...
17:52In...
17:53That's where...
17:54Carlos said...
17:55That there's no holes up there...
17:56Because the sand...
17:57Wouldn't...
17:58Allow it...
17:59The sand would come out...
18:00Right...
18:01But that's what the rope is for...
18:03Yeah...
18:04The rope is around the holes...
18:05The rope covers the holes...
18:06Yeah...
18:07So that the water seeps in...
18:08At the top...
18:09Through the holes...
18:10Into the sand...
18:12But the sand is prevented...
18:13From falling out...
18:14Because the gravel is there...
18:15And then what passes through...
18:17Is clean water...
18:18That's been through rope...
18:19It's been through sand...
18:20It's been through gravel...
18:21And then it goes here...
18:22But at the bottom...
18:23Right here...
18:24There's some sand as well...
18:25And some rope at the end...
18:26Okay...
18:27To catch other things...
18:28Okay...
18:29Alright...
18:30But there are some times...
18:31Where they get stuck...
18:32You know...
18:33Going down a path...
18:34And they just need something there...
18:35And sometimes I feel like...
18:36I can give them guidance...
18:37On how...
18:38Either...
18:39That they really need to...
18:40Back down that path...
18:41Or...
18:42Something to help them...
18:43Jump over that hurdle...
18:44And keep going...
18:45We can test Charles River water...
18:46You know...
18:47The simpler the technology...
18:49The more likely it is...
18:50To sort of...
18:51Survive the harshness...
18:52Of the environment...
18:53Where it's going to be used...
18:54Because it's not very expensive...
18:56This one...
18:57Yeah...
18:58Ah...
18:59Depends...
19:00Right...
19:01If people are earning...
19:02Less than...
19:03A dollar a day...
19:04Then...
19:05It's simple...
19:06But...
19:07Some people can afford it...
19:08Some people can't afford it...
19:09Still...
19:10To do this weekend Bernard...
19:11Well...
19:12I was sleeping...
19:13Are you sleeping at the right time...
19:14Or you...
19:15On...
19:16Tanzania time...
19:17Tanzania time...
19:18Huh...
19:19But for the weekend...
19:20Because I don't know where to go...
19:21I was sleeping...
19:22To work in this country...
19:24I'm...
19:25I'm going to go everywhere...
19:26I don't know where to go...
19:27I don't have a man...
19:28So it's better to stay...
19:29Yeah...
19:30True...
19:31That's what I did as well...
19:32You did as well?
19:33I stayed home...
19:35I...
19:36Last night...
19:37I went to...
19:38A bar...
19:39With somebody...
19:40How much did you spend for...
19:42One bottle of beer?
19:44What?
19:45Beer?
19:46Four...
19:47It's five...
19:48Five dollars...
19:49Yeah...
19:50It's very expensive here...
19:51Yeah...
19:52Very expensive...
19:53In Tanzania...
19:54One thousand...
19:55One dollar...
19:56For one bottle...
19:57Beer...
19:58It's...
19:59If you buy...
20:00If you buy a pitcher...
20:01If you buy a whole jug...
20:02Of beer...
20:03And you share it...
20:04It's cheaper that way...
20:05But then you need people to...
20:06You know...
20:07And if you have a good beer...
20:08That will be a problem for me...
20:09Because...
20:10We don't have those jugs in Tanzania...
20:11So we don't share...
20:12No...
20:13I mean here...
20:14If you want to go out here...
20:15Yeah...
20:16Then you can do that...
20:17So...
20:18You don't have to stay home...
20:19Ah...
20:20Maybe next time...
20:21If Mohammed ever comes back...
20:24Yeah...
20:28So Mohammed...
20:29What did you just say?
20:30Nothing...
20:31I didn't say anything...
20:32I thought I heard you say...
20:33Is he ever gonna come back?
20:34No...
20:35I didn't say that...
20:36A lot of villages now understand...
20:38That there is a link...
20:39Between...
20:40Dirty water and...
20:41Disease...
20:42But...
20:43They don't always have the means...
20:45To mitigate against that...
20:47And...
20:48Sometimes...
20:49Because...
20:50They don't have...
20:51The means to purify the water...
20:53They just take the risk...
20:54And just carry on...
20:55Because...
20:56You gotta drink water...
20:57Otherwise...
20:58You die...
20:59Yeah...
21:01Our previous plan was that...
21:02We were going to go to the workshop...
21:03This afternoon...
21:04To make it...
21:05So...
21:06It seems like...
21:07Now that we've seen...
21:08Dr. Murkot...
21:09And you've seen...
21:10The stuff that she's got...
21:11Even though we haven't...
21:12Actually managed to play around...
21:13With it at all...
21:14That seems to have been enough...
21:16For you guys to think...
21:18Okay...
21:19That's it...
21:20Forget...
21:21We're not gonna go to the workshop now...
21:22We'll leave that till later...
21:23Now we're gonna go back...
21:24And do some...
21:25Research...
21:26On sedimentation...
21:27Just...
21:28On a different approach...
21:29Uh...
21:30Because...
21:31I'm beginning to think that...
21:33There's enough...
21:34Work being done on filtration...
21:36And...
21:37Like...
21:38I...
21:39I understand...
21:40There was always enough work done...
21:42Yeah...
21:43But...
21:44We didn't realize how...
21:45At least I didn't realize how much it was...
21:46And how...
21:47Difficult it would be...
21:48To come up with something new...
21:49In like...
21:50A week...
21:51Um...
21:52It's the same for everyone...
21:53Always gonna be difficult...
21:54To come up with something new...
21:55In any of these fields...
21:56Because people have been working on this...
21:57For 20 years...
21:58I have things that...
21:59Haven't been done before...
22:00You know...
22:01There's still been people...
22:02Working on it...
22:03Not the wildlife...
22:04That idea has not been done before...
22:05You think...
22:06Dr. Peter Gerges...
22:07Hasn't been working on that...
22:08For a long time...
22:09He hasn't...
22:10Specifically made a land car...
22:11You know what I mean...
22:12Like...
22:13Okay...
22:14What's different is that...
22:15We don't have a new use...
22:16They have a new use...
22:17At least...
22:18That they've developed...
22:19From which you can...
22:20Make a different product...
22:21Using the same technology...
22:22We're making a different product...
22:23But we...
22:24It's the same use...
22:25That we're looking at...
22:26Um...
22:27And it's not a different product...
22:28It's the same product...
22:29It's a different way of implementation...
22:30Although people feel...
22:31That time is very short...
22:32And it is...
22:33Um...
22:34We...
22:35Really...
22:36According to sort of...
22:37The...
22:38The schedule...
22:39Which was in...
22:40The back of our minds...
22:41They're really...
22:42Right where they should be...
22:43They're now...
22:44About to begin a week...
22:45Where they do some...
22:46Really intensive building...
22:47And stuff...
22:48But we...
22:49We weren't expecting them...
22:50To have prototypes done...
22:51By this stage...
22:52Right?
22:53We were expecting them...
22:54To be just about where they are...
22:55Where they've got an approach...
22:56Nailed down...
22:57Where they've done some experiments...
22:58That show that it's a reasonable idea...
22:59They've...
23:00Um...
23:01Pretty sure...
23:02The direction they're going...
23:03And now they're gonna...
23:04Um...
23:05Start putting things together...
23:06So...
23:07Um...
23:08So although they feel...
23:09A time crunch...
23:10And they should...
23:11Because there is one...
23:12Uh...
23:13It's about where we expected them to be...
23:14So we are...
23:15Want to try something new...
23:17Yeah...
23:18So we'll not keep on with those filters...
23:20Because we realize that...
23:22It's a...
23:23It's the idea from someone else...
23:25And we need to...
23:26Create our own...
23:28Ideas to make something...
23:31SODIS...
23:32Which stands for...
23:33Solar Water Disinfection...
23:34This effective...
23:35Solar Water Disinfection...
23:36That's been pioneered by...
23:38Sondec...
23:39In Switzerland...
23:40They proved all the science...
23:41Behind this idea...
23:42Um...
23:43Which works...
23:44That...
23:45You don't need to get water...
23:46Up to boiling temperature...
23:47Or either...
23:48Or even up to...
23:49Pasteurization temperature...
23:50Um...
23:51To disinfect the water...
23:52Um...
23:53What's traditionally done...
23:54Is you take a...
23:55One or two liter bottle...
23:56Fill it up with...
23:58The contaminated water...
23:59It has to be pretty clear...
24:00Fill it up...
24:01And then set it on your roof...
24:02For...
24:03Um...
24:04Six to eight hours...
24:05Um...
24:06What happens is...
24:07The water...
24:08Gets up to...
24:09Between 30 and 50 degrees Celsius...
24:11During that time...
24:12Uh...
24:13Which wouldn't be enough...
24:14Alone...
24:15To do anything...
24:16But...
24:17The UV light...
24:18Coming down in the sun...
24:19Works with the temperature...
24:20That you reach...
24:21To...
24:22Have a synergy...
24:23Um...
24:24And...
24:25What that leads to...
24:26Is...
24:27Virtually...
24:28Complete...
24:29Uh...
24:30Disinfection...
24:3199.9%...
24:32Disinfection...
24:33Of that water...
24:34And when you're going over...
24:35You know...
24:36A day or two's worth trip...
24:37Over the worst roads...
24:38In the world...
24:39Um...
24:40That becomes a logistical...
24:41And economic problem...
24:43So that's one of the reasons...
24:44It hasn't expanded...
24:45There's marketing reasons...
24:46And there's...
24:47Convincing people...
24:48That this is actually...
24:49That this actually works...
24:50Worth doing...
24:51Because really...
24:52You're putting something...
24:53In a container...
24:54Almost any container...
24:55And it gets disinfected...
24:56It's mind-blowing...
24:57That it...
24:58Actually works...
24:59But it does...
25:00Yeah...
25:01We are thinking of...
25:02Maybe...
25:03To clean water...
25:04During...
25:05By the time...
25:06They transport it...
25:07Before they get...
25:08To their home...
25:09Because...
25:10The place they...
25:11They get the water...
25:12Is far from...
25:13The home...
25:14Maybe...
25:154km...
25:16Or 5...
25:17So we are trying...
25:18Maybe...
25:19If...
25:20Possible...
25:21To...
25:22Maybe...
25:23For someone...
25:24To clean the water...
25:25While he is working...
25:26Maybe...
25:27Can...
25:28Can do something...
25:29Uh...
25:30The target customer...
25:32Was...
25:33The...
25:34The people charged...
25:35With...
25:36Bringing water...
25:37We first thought...
25:39We could...
25:40Replace...
25:41The jerry can...
25:42The 20 litre jerry can...
25:43On their heads...
25:44With...
25:45A bag...
25:46Just a very large bag...
25:47Unless...
25:48Maybe...
25:49We put something...
25:50Like...
25:51Maybe...
25:52This side...
25:53Should be flat...
25:54Yeah...
25:55So it's like...
25:56A table...
25:57Then...
25:58This side...
25:59Maybe...
26:00Not there...
26:05I wish we had...
26:06A bigger bag...
26:07That's what...
26:08Mohamed wants...
26:09Maybe...
26:10You can try...
26:11What?
26:12To do what?
26:13Put it on his head?
26:14Oh yeah...
26:15Maybe you can put it...
26:16I'm not putting it on my head...
26:17Okay...
26:18It's still leaking...
26:20Yeah...
26:21It's leaking from elsewhere...
26:22Actually...
26:23Seeing as they use that water...
26:25For washing...
26:26And...
26:27Cleaning...
26:28So it's not actually that...
26:30Um...
26:31Vital...
26:32That...
26:33That water...
26:34Is...
26:35Purified...
26:36So we thought...
26:37Okay...
26:38We'll leave that as it is...
26:39Um...
26:40The jerrycan...
26:41Is a very good designer...
26:42It's still wet...
26:43Yeah...
26:51Bernard...
26:52It was really valuable...
26:53That they had Bernard on the team...
26:54He's from Tanzania...
26:55Um...
26:56He has lots of...
26:57I think...
26:58Family in the villages and such...
26:59And so he can really...
27:00He...
27:01He had a lot of cultural context to it...
27:02So the bucket...
27:03The small bucket...
27:04Between 5 and 10 liters...
27:05That's what they use...
27:06To actually scoop water from the river...
27:08And then fill up the jerrycan...
27:09And then they fill that up...
27:11Once the jerrycan is full...
27:12They fill that small bucket up...
27:13With water...
27:14And then carry that back...
27:15And it's often that water...
27:16Which they drink...
27:17Well there's two...
27:18Two big advantages...
27:19Of a bag...
27:20Over a bottle...
27:21It stores flat...
27:22So you can chip a hundred of them...
27:23In the space...
27:24You can chip one bottle...
27:25Or two bottles...
27:26Um...
27:27But you also...
27:28Uh...
27:29The water gets disinfected in...
27:30A quarter of the time...
27:32Because you have so much...
27:33It's so much shallower...
27:34But we're just concentrating on the...
27:36The handheld bucket...
27:37And if we can replace that...
27:39With some kind of...
27:40Uh...
27:41Comfortable...
27:42Bag...
27:43Either a backpack...
27:44Or a satchel...
27:45Or pouches...
27:46To go in pockets...
27:47On their clothing...
27:48That...
27:49We think...
27:50Could...
27:51Could really make a difference...
27:52What?
27:53No...
27:54But right...
27:55It's still in...
27:56The...
27:57Oh...
27:58Bernard...
27:59Highlighted a...
28:00A specific problem...
28:01That he knows about...
28:02In Tanzania...
28:03Whereby...
28:04The villages are...
28:05High up...
28:06On hills...
28:07And the rivers...
28:08Which are...
28:09The conventional source of water...
28:10Is in low-lying land...
28:11So it's...
28:12Difficult to get...
28:13Firstly...
28:14The water is carried...
28:15Where's our diagram...
28:16It's carried...
28:17Like this...
28:18Or people's heads are in wagons...
28:19Uphill...
28:20And then it's...
28:21Contaminated...
28:22So there's no purification...
28:23And there's no...
28:24Uh...
28:25Quick...
28:26And...
28:27Sustainable method...
28:28Of...
28:29Of transporting the waters...
28:30They didn't spend...
28:31All this money...
28:32And bring all these people out here...
28:33Because these were easy problems...
28:34To solve...
28:35Right?
28:36These are really hard problems...
28:49What do you think?
28:51This one...
28:52This one...
28:53But this is also...
28:54This could be built in other areas...
28:55That have...
28:56This is made in cotton...
28:57Yeah...
28:58It's places like...
28:59Groove cotton...
29:00This one is here...
29:01I think...
29:02So...
29:03Is that in low enough?
29:04It's got cotton...
29:05What?
29:06It's 50 feet...
29:07Yeah...
29:08Oh...
29:09And there's this...
29:10100 feet...
29:12This piece is...
29:13Yeah...
29:14Okay...
29:15What else is on the list?
29:17It's...
29:18B-bomb...
29:19No, we have...
29:20Tapers...
29:21Tapers...
29:22Tapers...
29:23Yes...
29:24The tap...
29:25Ah...
29:26Let's divide...
29:27Up and see...
29:28So everyone take a different row...
29:29And see what we can find...
29:31Do you have an idea?
29:32Something like this?
29:33You don't want to use...
29:35To be typical to get it...
29:37We'll have to find that in Tanzania...
29:38Okay...
29:39Or not in Tanzania...
29:40Somewhere else...
29:41In the village...
29:42Someone should go to the show...
29:43Yeah...
29:44So...
29:45Bernard, I know what you need...
29:46And I think we need to just go to the shop...
29:49To let it...
29:50Because...
29:51Um...
29:52These will...
29:53They're just not quite the right thing...
29:55And so...
29:56Uh...
29:57The other place is a little farther away...
29:59But we can...
30:00We can go tomorrow...
30:01Maybe to collect it...
30:02Uh-huh...
30:03Does that sound okay?
30:04Yeah...
30:05Okay...
30:06Are we ready?
30:08So...
30:09We could play around with that...
30:11Mm-hmm...
30:12I can cut it...
30:13Yeah...
30:14By the time you cut it...
30:15Yes...
30:16Yes...
30:17Yes...
30:18Much water will be somewhere...
30:19I think...
30:20So the weight will...
30:21Go this side...
30:22No...
30:23So this will not...
30:24If you balance it...
30:25So that the weight that's here...
30:26Is equal to the weight that's here...
30:27I can cut here...
30:28Yeah...
30:29It can stay...
30:30You know...
30:31Next...
30:32Do you want the juice...
30:33Or do you want it...
30:34Here...
30:35You think the...
30:36Quantity of water...
30:37Find here...
30:38No...
30:39We don't have a lot of water here...
30:40Because it's...
30:41We're going to cut it...
30:42Yeah...
30:43Then you put it here...
30:44Yeah...
30:45The water will go...
30:46The water will come here...
30:48No...
30:49Hang here...
30:50Some here and some...
30:51Yeah...
30:52But a lot...
30:53No...
30:54More will hang here...
30:55Because this will be longer...
30:56Yeah...
30:57I think in the future...
31:01Prototypes...
31:02This...
31:03This will be quite useful...
31:04You're going to...
31:05Cement?
31:06This will be quite nice...
31:07Yeah...
31:08But what will happen is...
31:09And the thing is...
31:10What will happen...
31:11Stress is always concentrated...
31:12At the corners...
31:13But is it better to have a corner...
31:14Than a circle...
31:15Circle...
31:16Right?
31:17It's always better to have a curve...
31:18That's where the...
31:19That makes sense...
31:20That makes sense...
31:21So...
31:24This is...
31:25I really need to go upstairs...
31:26Before they close...
31:32It's coming too much...
31:33It's...
31:34It's not going to...
31:39How is it...
31:43So...
31:44This one doesn't leak though...
31:45How come this side doesn't leak?
31:46What did you do differently here?
31:48Well...
31:49It's happening...
31:50It's random...
31:51You think?
31:52Or it's just...
31:53Sometimes it's happening...
31:54Here...
31:55It goes...
31:56Nice...
31:57Go for now...
31:58I'm going to try to get it...
32:06Here you have...
32:07So...
32:08Basically I said that this was...
32:10A good idea in concept...
32:11But there were some issues...
32:12Um...
32:13We were hoping that...
32:14While you're walking back...
32:15The sun would be...
32:17Shining on you...
32:18And killing some of the bacteria...
32:19But...
32:20Um...
32:21With the...
32:22The jerry can on your head...
32:23That would cast a shadow...
32:24So you could never be sure...
32:25That the sun would be...
32:26Acting...
32:27During your journey back home...
32:29Um...
32:30Um...
32:31So we thought...
32:32Well actually...
32:33Why don't we just concentrate...
32:34On just the transport aspect of it...
32:35And then once you reach home...
32:36Whatever it is you're wearing...
32:37You can just...
32:38Take it off...
32:39And lay it flat...
32:40On the ground...
32:41Or...
32:42On your roof...
32:43And then...
32:44Leave it for five or six hours...
32:45For the sun to do its work...
32:46Actually...
32:47MIT was the only place I got in...
32:48There's sort of a history of that...
32:50But...
32:51I only applied to two other schools...
32:52Small liberal arts colleges...
32:54And...
32:55And I didn't really...
32:56Do that well in English and social studies...
32:58So...
32:59I got into MIT and I went there...
33:00And...
33:01Um...
33:02I spent four years...
33:03Uh...
33:04I did mechanical engineering...
33:05Because I really liked building things...
33:06And fixing things...
33:07And knowing how things worked...
33:09But I wasn't especially motivated as a student...
33:12But I really wanted to be a sheep farmer...
33:14For much of my MIT career...
33:16And...
33:17And sometimes I wonder whether things happen for...
33:19You know...
33:20A good reason...
33:21Because...
33:22MIT is very much the right place for me...
33:24I really enjoyed creating solutions to problems...
33:27And...
33:28The types of solutions I created...
33:30Tend to be very simple...
33:31You know...
33:32I always felt sort of like...
33:33A...
33:34A goofball...
33:35Because...
33:36Everyone would have these complex...
33:37Micro-poster-controlled things...
33:38And I would have something with a handle...
33:39And it did the same thing...
33:40But it was just...
33:41Like...
33:42I always felt like...
33:43Oh...
33:44I don't know...
33:45And so...
33:46I was...
33:47At one point...
33:48Just sort of sitting in my house...
33:49Looking out over the Kalahari desert...
33:50Thinking...
33:51Wow...
33:52I really like doing this...
33:53And I realized...
33:54I could do both...
33:55I could, you know...
33:56Continue working in Africa...
33:57And do engineering stuff...
33:58And...
33:59But then I realized...
34:00That all my...
34:01Sheep farming fantasies...
34:02Had meant that I hadn't studied...
34:03As much engineering...
34:04As I needed to know...
34:05So I came back to grad school...
34:07I was again...
34:08Applying to more than one place...
34:09But I was applying to MIT...
34:11As well...
34:12And then my cat...
34:13This is when I was in...
34:14In Botswana...
34:15In the Peace Corps...
34:16And my cat had kittens...
34:17On the other applications...
34:18With blood stains...
34:19And I couldn't...
34:20Mail them in...
34:21So once again...
34:22You know...
34:23Fate intervened...
34:24And I ended up...
34:25At MIT again...
34:26So do you want to take...
34:27One of these with you?
34:28No...
34:29No...
34:30I didn't think so...
34:32So...
34:33Oh...
34:34Yes...
34:35That's good...
34:36Yes...
34:39It's good?
34:40Yes...
34:43How would you take it off?
34:44Is it easy to take off?
34:46Yes...
34:49And also it wasn't actually sealed...
34:51From here it was open...
34:52And that's how I filled it up with water...
34:54And...
34:55If you stood up...
34:56And wore it...
34:57It would...
34:58It would make...
34:59It would shut...
35:00Because it's flush against the back of your neck...
35:02But...
35:03As soon as you started moving around...
35:04The water would...
35:05Kind of...
35:06Start shuffling around...
35:07And that's when the problem started...
35:09Today...
35:12Clarell...
35:13Came up with this...
35:14Um...
35:15Kind of...
35:16Belt...
35:17Apron...
35:18Kind of...
35:19Seals...
35:20Back there...
35:21You can carry a water...
35:22You can carry...
35:23A fair bit of water...
35:24Maybe 5 litres...
35:25And then once...
35:26You arrive home...
35:27You can just lay it...
35:28Out flat...
35:30When you give something away...
35:32It's not equitable...
35:33So when we're introducing a product...
35:35We insist that people pay for it...
35:37Because...
35:38If...
35:39If somebody bellies up to the bar...
35:40To...
35:41Buy something...
35:42They're gonna use it...
35:43And you have to design it...
35:45In such a way...
35:46That...
35:47They...
35:48Are willing...
35:49And motivated to buy it...
35:50Or nobody will buy it...
35:51That's a much more real...
35:53Interaction...
35:54And it's much more effective...
35:55In the end...
35:56In the end...
35:57You like it?
35:58I do...
35:59It's like...
36:00On the catwalks of London...
36:01you like it take on the catwalks of London so this dress
36:31what do the dresses look like he draws a typical dress
36:47so like a big dress doesn't have pockets in it sometimes two pockets so they already have pockets
37:09the one thing that I like to do is do a lot of prototypes so I like to build a lot of something
37:33you know you build one and you don't have to build the whole thing you build the part that you think
37:36this was a problem part and you look at it and then you even do a design review and have people
37:40talk about it and critique it so that we can get some insight into what will people use and what
37:45will they not use what are things that you can count on people to do and what are things that
37:50they just want cultural issues with trying to come up with design that's acceptable to the local people
37:56and then there's the issue of cleaning it how's it going to be cleaned like is it going to get wet is
38:03going to be comfortable so it's it's quite complicated and I don't think any of us are
38:07kind of fashion designers or experts with clothes every technology has some technology transfer issues
38:13with it and you know basically if people don't want it then it's not an appropriate technology right
38:21and so one hopes that you've developed something that meets a need and that it does it in a way that
38:26people will embrace and and so if that's the case then it's usually a question of some education to
38:34train people in the use of it if you've designed a technology that solves a problem in a way that
38:39people won't use that's a problem because it's really hard to get significant behavioral changes
38:44is it and there's even a debate as to whether or not you one should be doing that
38:48if I had another one at the back
38:56yes see we need to find a way so that when we see all these seams that we don't weaken
39:26the plastic because that's where it's most likely to leave you know if they say the devil's in the
39:32details so if you're going to come up with some new ideas I think the details are the really the
39:36important part while some technologies can be easily transferred from one country to another
39:41often some solutions are very very particular to a particular market and a particular country I
39:49mean as I said this this particular target community has no electricity and no fuel and
39:55very bad roads and only it's only for that reason only because of those constraints are we looking
40:01at this bag there's sort of this different aspect of appropriate technology which means that the
40:07technology itself can be understood by the people using it so that they can invent and innovate and
40:13evolve the technology themselves because nothing you design is perfect and so if you make it so
40:20that people who are using it can really see how they could improve upon it then that helps a lot
40:26I'm tired because every time I make something this is a problem maybe I'm trying this for the last time
40:35because yeah I think this will maybe can work was I want to put this like this and then I'll put the
40:46bag in we'll put also in the bag but you can put it in the Sun and the Sun can go through this so this
40:54will got the plastic bag because the first the one I made they say is not comfortable so people
41:01they can't carry them that is why maybe this will be narrow so because four liters is about somewhere
41:07here so maybe six liters but I want to put to make it like this yeah of course I've tried many times and
41:16it's not working sometimes you are you become tired because you are thinking of something and
41:23it's not working it's difficult maybe this will be the last one did you see that backpack design that
41:30had sort of like this chicken wire and then there was a bag you slid into it and somebody was out of
41:34it yelling at us one person liked it because it's like industrial this is from an industrial design
41:39point it was really cool and it was like but it rips the bag every time you put it in there you
41:43know what I mean as I thought it was kind of funny and that's an that's actually an interesting
41:49technology because that's one that would have to be capitalized well capitalized I don't think that
41:57people are going to make those bags and villages with a little press because the quality has to be
42:02pretty high with those things I mean they have to be well sealed you know I'm really curious to see
42:07what Bernard in the plastic bags what people are going to say you know that's one where we just
42:11can't even guess will people think they're wonderful or will they think these guys are nuts but that's
42:16also a product that I think it has to go in the field to be tested to you know very much so we can
42:22help no you have to learn how to put it you must be able to do this what you're saying accurately putting
42:36it here because that's the one that you can grab with eating like this is science you just pray get
42:46after I came out of a lecture hall I'm just massive people and there was such a buzz in the room it was
42:59great there was such excitement about everything that was happening and and it was you know it's
43:03just wonderful to see just together initial push is very very difficult and challenging but once you've
43:10got that done then and only then are the local people given kind of a breath of fresh air and a new
43:18hope that they can actually get themselves out of the problems that they are in with their own hands
43:24I hope it's a big privilege for me to work on this program with this group because my country need it I
43:38think it's nice and I'll take the technology back home I think people will like it I feel okay to be
43:50here and what I did everything and people I made them here they are okay so I like here in America and
43:57also I like IDDS you know as we are now I've got friends here and maybe the day after today we are going
44:06to finish and I lost them maybe I'll find them in the internet but it's not as we are here now we can
44:14talk and we can go on different places and that is the problem
44:19hey
44:21hey
44:22hey
44:23hey
44:24hey
44:25hey
44:26hey
44:27hey
44:28hey
44:29hey
44:30hey
44:31hey
44:32hey
44:33hey
44:34hey
44:35hey
44:37hey
44:38hey
44:39hey
44:40hey
44:41hey
44:42bye
44:44hey
44:45hey
44:46hey
44:47hey
44:48hey
44:49I would say
44:50um
44:51you say
44:52Hey
44:53hey
44:54I did this
44:55goodbye
44:56we are on the sea
44:57you know what is when you want I went into this
44:59ove
45:00we that wave is taking us away
45:01so that is the name of this
45:06wow
45:07We are sad. We are living.
45:37And so it's not accomplished because it's just beginning, but to me that's one of the things that is remarkable about the month is I wasn't really expecting that as much, but by the end of it there really was this commitment of the group to be a group working on this, to be a group sort of moving it forward.
46:05I think Amy understands and has shown me that the path of better products and better inventions isn't towards more complexity, it's actually you're striving for simplicity.
46:19And a lot of people recognize that, but very few put it into practice.
46:25I think really maybe it was the beginning of a little bit of the revolution.
46:35So I'm going to teach you some simple Swahili words that will be very important when you come to Tanzania.
46:51So you will say after me.
46:53Okay.
46:54So,
46:55So I want you to say like,
47:15Who want to try?
47:27Kata, kata, kata, kata...
47:31Gata bukata, a katika, kata, bukata, kata, kata bukata, tikatika, kata....
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