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00:00Our British history is rich with tales of wealth and power and all that political nonsense.
00:10The glamour of our kings and queens, the jewels and furs and charisma.
00:16And all those heads being chopped off.
00:21But what about the real people who made everything happen?
00:25I'll discover what they ate.
00:31It's a bit stuchy.
00:33The challenges they faced. Stuff this for a game of soldiers.
00:37And how they built Britain.
00:39That's straight as a die.
00:41I'm going to uncover the extraordinary lives of some of history's ordinary people.
00:49Romans. It's quite a weight on my head I have to say.
00:52Edwardians.
00:55Breathe in, madam. Breathe in.
00:571950s.
00:58Put the needle on the record.
01:01Ooh, really soft brakes. Takes ages to stop it.
01:04And the middle ages.
01:06There's the executive model inside the house.
01:10Whatever.
01:11History from the bottom up.
01:14This time, I'm going back to the beginning of the last century.
01:25A time of glamour, class division, social progress, and the height of empire.
01:35The Edwardian era.
01:37At the beginning of the 1900s, the British had the most awesome fleet of ships the world had ever seen.
01:49It held the empire together and fed British industrial might.
01:54Which meant that thousands of Brits were constantly building or sailing in them.
01:59Take Arthur John Priest, for instance.
02:10Arthur was just a teenager growing up in Southampton when he went in search of a life on the ocean wave.
02:17There you are, man, the ocean wave.
02:19Ooh, look, there's life on it.
02:20If this is what he'd hoped for, he'd have been disappointed.
02:25Arthur ended up as a fireman.
02:28But it didn't involve hoses.
02:31I be the fire starter.
02:33As a fireman, Arthur's job would be to get a load of wood and coal and put it into a high pile and then light it with oil.
02:48And then the next four hours of his watch, he would literally watch it to make sure it burned evenly.
02:56So it would heat the water in the boiler above and the water would turn into steam and power the ship.
03:03Arthur and his mates were known as the Black Gang because they were always covered in soot and coal dust.
03:09It was back-breaking work in 50 degree heat just to keep the steam pressure kicking the red,
03:16so the chaps in nice clean uniforms on the bridge could really put their foot down.
03:22Lovely morning for it.
03:26After four hours of feeding the fires of hell, the boys were allowed just eight hours to sleep, eat,
03:32and take part in leisure activities.
03:38Before it all started again.
03:43In 1911, Arthur bagged a job on the massive ocean-going liner, the Olympic.
03:49It was an education.
03:50During one voyage, the captain decided to show off by cutting up an ongoing ship HMS Hawk.
03:59The resulting collision thoroughly ruined the paintwork.
04:04Oh, anyone got some filler?
04:06It wouldn't be the last time that Arthur's boat got totalled, but more of that later.
04:13In 1912, Arthur got a plum job that every Black Gang member wanted, on board the Olympic sister ship.
04:21She was a little bit larger than this one.
04:23In fact, at the time, she was the largest liner in the history of shipping.
04:29She was nicknamed the Unsinkable.
04:32Oops.
04:34Her real name was the Titanic.
04:39Like its sister ship, the Olympic, the Titanic was constructed in Belfast.
04:43Working inside it must have been awe-inspiring and terrifying.
04:4929 colossal boilers heated by 159 furnaces.
04:55Consuming 35 tonnes of coal an hour, 850 tonnes a day.
05:01All fed day and night by 205 firemen like Arthur to keep the Titanic going.
05:09Our story of Arthur is bound together with that of another person,
05:15who inhabited a very different world.
05:21I suppose to most people the word Edwardian conjures up pictures of big country houses,
05:27like that one full of gorgeous fancy dresses.
05:31But our story is about someone a bit more ordinary.
05:34Her name is Ellen Mary Barber, known as Nellie.
05:40In her mid-twenties, Nellie took a job as a ladies maid in Staffordshire.
05:46But she couldn't possibly have known at the time quite how fateful that decision would be.
05:51Nellie's employer was an American woman, Julia Cavendish, who was married to a country gentleman, Tyrell Cavendish.
06:05Like the other one and a half million Brits who were in service,
06:11Nellie worked her socks off just to pander to every whim of the upper class.
06:15Nellie didn't have set hours of work. She worked whenever she was required, which was virtually all of the time.
06:24Her day would start around about 6.30 in the morning when she would wash in cold water up in her cramped servants' quarters in the attic and get ready for the first task of the day.
06:35But Nellie wouldn't be clearing out the grates like the ordinary maids.
06:43As a ladies maid, she was at the top of the tree and followed Mrs Cavendish wherever she went.
06:50Even across the sea to Mrs Cavendish's home of America.
06:54But for now, life carried on as normal. Well, normal Fred Wardians.
07:03And it started at the crack of Sparrow every morning.
07:07Bringing a cup of tea and some toast for Mrs Cavendish to have in bed.
07:13And removing the chamber pot.
07:17Someone who knows about the sort of life Nellie lived is social historian and author Tessa Bowes.
07:26So Tessa, she's brought in the toast and the tea and she's used the potty. What happens next?
07:34She's taken the potty away. She'll then return and decide what clothes she needs to lay out first for her mistress.
07:41This is a clothe? Yes. Most importantly, the undergarments.
07:48Starting with one of these things. The corset.
07:52Wait a minute. I've got a great idea for women's undergarments.
07:57Whale bone. Barely brilliant.
08:01That extraordinary Edwardian shape didn't happen without the aid of whale bone and lacing.
08:08And the corset got really important in the Edwardian era.
08:15It was tied eye-wateringly tight and often caused deformity to the wearer.
08:20So if you can imagine that the chest is out, the tiny waist is tucked back and the hips are thrust backwards.
08:28And Nellie's job is to, you know, breathe in, madam, breathe in.
08:32The Edwardian waist was tiny. The corset is holding this poor woman in.
08:38She might only wear it for two hours and there'd be another outfit to put on.
08:43There'd be the walking in the gardens outfit, the walking in the park outfit, and the hunting outfit.
08:51Now, there's the blade. Bloody corset's killing me.
08:54Edwardian fashion was inspired by the extravagance of Edward VII himself. The dresses were supposed to be sexy and evoke a feeling of constant summer.
09:06Nellie was responsible for Mrs Cavendish's fabulous collection of dresses. And she became an expert at mending them.
09:16The front is so beautifully elegant, but it's so elaborate, isn't it?
09:21It is so elaborate. And if you can imagine mending this sort of, you know, antique Belgian lace and perhaps a pearl falls off at a ball.
09:31How would Nellie have known how to mend that? It's so complex.
09:34She would have learnt probably going into service quite young, watching what the other ladies' maids were doing. It was an absolute art.
09:43When does Nellie get a breather? Nellie does not get much of a breather. Between the hours of about 8 and 11pm, when Nellie's mistress is dining and socialising and staying up late,
09:57then Nellie might put her feet up, but she'll probably have a needle and thread in her hands. She's always on call.
10:05Oh, God!
10:07Nellie's reward for her ceaseless devotion was a salary of about £25 a year, roughly enough to pay for one dinner party at the house.
10:21The inequalities of Edwardian life were staggering, but Nellie lived in this extraordinary grey world where she was poor,
10:31but she experienced the life of the rich through travels with her lady.
10:34Mm-hm.
10:36And as Julia Cavendish was American, that meant trips to the USA to visit her daddy.
10:43And on the sunny afternoon of the 10th of April 1912, Nellie and the Cavendishes travelled to Southampton and boarded the Titanic.
10:52They stepped into a world of eye-popping luxury. First class on the Titanic included a smoking room, a library, luxury piano lounge and a choice of fancy eateries.
11:07This is the first class restaurant of the Titanic.
11:14This is John Siggins, who's bought me high tea. I love a high tea, don't you?
11:19It was this degree of luxury, unprecedented on an ocean voyage, that the Cavendishes would have experienced.
11:26For instance, if they came down to dinner amongst a thousand other things, they could have had golden plover on toast.
11:35Of course, Nellie wouldn't have experienced quite this degree of luxury, but she would have had some pretty good food in another restaurant just down the corridor.
11:43It is incredible, isn't it, how fascinated we still are with the Titanic and the snapshot it gives us of Edwardian life.
11:54Of course, this isn't really the Titanic. The Titanic, as you probably know, is down the bottom of the ocean.
12:01This is actually in Ripley, in a garden shed, which John has miraculously turned into the first class dining room of that iconic ship.
12:13Thanks, John. Great work.
12:18The Titanic was a microcosm of the Edwardian class system, which was entrenched in every part of society.
12:26Right at the top were the Cavendishes in their first class cabin, with their servant Nellie on hand in modest quarters nearby.
12:35Separated below was second, then below that, third class.
12:39And right at the bottom, one Arthur Priest, the fireman.
12:44Working his arse off to keep the show going.
12:48To help Arthur feel at home, his old boss joined the crew too.
12:53Yes, the same captain who'd been in charge of his previous ship, the Olympic, when it had a little mishap.
12:58Still, what's the worst that could happen?
13:06After brief stops in France and Ireland, the Titanic headed into the open waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, as the captain attempted to reach New York in good time.
13:17Back's into it, men!
13:21Which depended entirely on Arthur and his mate's grunt work, shoveling a tonne of coal every two minutes.
13:28And to keep him going, the White Star Line fed Arthur heartily.
13:32Sausages, sometimes meat, potatoes, beans, with a lot of salt to replenish all that lost sweat.
13:41Not to forget pudding.
13:43It was maritime law that twice a week on foreign journeys, on the menu there had to be a stodgy plum pudding known as Board of Trade Duff or Figgy Duff.
13:56This is it.
13:59It's a bit stodgy.
14:02A very sensible law.
14:04If you like this sort of thing.
14:06Even better, if he was on the four o'clock shift, Arthur got his food from the Titanic's first-class restaurant.
14:17What?
14:19Obviously, they wouldn't let a working-class man covered in soot anywhere near it, but he'd get a pile of leftovers sent below.
14:27Perhaps even from Mrs Cavendish's own plate.
14:30And if Arthur was really lucky, it might even be a bit warm.
14:36But the very best thing was, if the weather got rough and the passengers were put off their food, there might be a lot of it.
14:45Chicken, anyone?
14:48I'll stick with the plover, thank you.
14:51At just before midnight on the 14th of April, Arthur, who'd been resting between shifts, woke with a start.
14:58There was a horrible screeching thud, and everything went flying.
15:03Didn't take Arthur long to realise what was wrong. He had only one thought.
15:08Get out quick!
15:10The Titanic had hit this very iceberg below its waterline.
15:15Arthur groped for the emergency escape route.
15:19Pandemonium was kicking off throughout the ship.
15:22While right at the top, the Cavendishes were in pole position for survival.
15:28Mr Cavendish told his wife to take warm clothes and her jewellery, and he led her outside, followed by Nelly.
15:35When they got on deck, he put them in a lifeboat, which was very much like this one.
15:40And it was lowered into the freezing water.
15:43But Cavendish stayed where he was.
15:45He felt honour-bound to let women and children go first.
15:50Unfortunately, it wasn't quite as orderly as this lifeboat drill.
15:55For a start, there were more people on the Titanic than places on the lifeboats.
16:00And the boats they had were launched before they were even full.
16:03Nelly's lifeboat, this actual one, had a capacity of 65, but was launched with just 23 occupants, mainly women.
16:1420 from first class, one from third, plus two sailors to row.
16:20Meanwhile, back on the ship...
16:22Down below, Arthur scrambled up a ladder in a service tunnel all the way from the boiler room up to the deck.
16:31The ship was quickly filling with water and was listing badly.
16:36On and on, he pressed.
16:39By the time Arthur had got on deck, the Titanic was sinking and all the lifeboats had gone.
16:45There was only one thing for it.
16:47We'd have to jump in.
16:52The water was minus two degrees C.
16:56Arthur had just 30 minutes before he'd die from exposure.
17:01But then something amazing happened.
17:05A solitary lifeboat turned around to see if there were any more survivors.
17:10Someone spotted Arthur and pulled him out of the freezing water.
17:15He'd got frostbite and a damaged leg, but he'd survived.
17:19In fact, he and Nelly and Julia Cavendish were all alive and were taken to New York.
17:26Tyrrell Cavendish, along with more than 1,500 others, never made it.
17:37Nelly returned with Julia Cavendish to England, where they were reunited with Julia's two sons.
17:44Nelly continued to visit America with her lady.
17:47She eventually left service to become a dressmaker, but never married.
17:53As for Arthur, you might have thought he'd opt for a quieter life after all that excitement, and avoid anything to do with large ocean-going ships.
18:02But no, Arthur was just getting started.
18:08In all, Arthur went on to survive four ship sinkings, and three seriously damaged ones, before he was finally forced to retire.
18:16You see, no-one would take the risk of having Arthur on board anymore.
18:20Look at this beautifully restored old street.
18:36This is just like something that you would have seen near Birmingham in the early 1900s.
18:41Well, not quite like, because if you'd seen it then, all of this would be covered in soot.
18:48There was soot everywhere, pumping out from the big black chimney stacks which framed the landscape wherever you looked.
18:55Open cast coal mines, iron foundries and steel mills.
19:02The West Midlands was the dark heart of Britain's industrial powerhouse.
19:07And thanks to its sooty atmosphere, they called it the Black Country.
19:14But if you were passing through Black Country village Chadley Heath, there's something else that you might notice.
19:19The constant tap-tap-tapping sound. The sound of chain-making.
19:28With all that heavy industry and agriculture, to move anything you needed an iron chain.
19:35Weighing anything from a few ounces for an animal harness, to over 200 tonnes for an anchor chain.
19:42And the place to get your chain made, whether it was big or small, was here, in little old Chadley Heath.
19:51Almost everyone was at it, working in big workshops and in their back gardens.
19:58Everyone from small children, to young men, to old ladies.
20:03And if you don't believe me, this is the story of one of those old ladies.
20:10Her name was Patience Round, and she was still bashing away at her chains at the age of 79.
20:19Patience Round didn't only witness the Industrial Revolution, she pretty much was the Industrial Revolution.
20:25She started making chains back in 1841, aged just ten, and kept going for 69 years.
20:38The place where she made the chains was outside the back of her house, where she had a forge set up.
20:45And she had to get up at four o'clock every morning.
20:48The reason for the early starts was this.
20:55She had to start up the fire, keep it going, pumping away with the bellows,
21:01until eventually the light faded and she could no longer see to work.
21:05So what was Patience's life like?
21:09Carol, you're our Patience today, aren't you?
21:11I am, I'm afraid, yes.
21:12This is Carol Davis, a modern-day chainmaker, who demonstrates her skills at the Black Country Living Museum.
21:20It must have been pretty grim working conditions.
21:23Yes, you were in an awful atmosphere, hot, sweaty, dirty, 12 hours a day, six days a week.
21:31And your children would have been helping you, they'd have been here as well.
21:35The children would cut the metal rods to length and put them in a neat pile for Patience.
21:40So once you've got your length of metal, then it had to be heated up again.
21:46It had to be permanently heated up because otherwise you could not hammer it into the shape you wanted.
21:52So then put it in the hole and hammer it over to get your horseshoe shape.
21:57Then what after you've done that?
22:00I have to hammer this now to get it nice and flat at this end.
22:03Then put it on this part of the anvil, which is called the bicken.
22:13And ease it round, because these two pieces are going to join.
22:17At the beginning of her chain making career, aged 10, patients would have made fine, lightweight chains, such as those used in gas lamps, and progressed to heavier ones as she grew up.
22:31How many links would she have been making?
22:33Oh, up to 50 at least.
22:35Up to 50 in how long?
22:37About an hour.
22:38Just have the one a minute.
22:39Yes. It was a very quick process.
22:42Was she making the same size links as her husband was making?
22:46No, no. The women were only allowed to make chain up to a certain size, because any bigger than that would have been what the men would have made, and they would have been up in arms.
22:55Was there a reason for that other than pure sexism?
22:57Well, the men managed to finish their work in six hours, as opposed to the women working for 12 hours a day, six days a week.
23:05So when they'd done theirs, because it was heavier, big links of chain, they'd got their weight by the end of six hours.
23:12Oh, so it would only take them half as long?
23:14Yes.
23:15So they could go down the pub while a woman was still working?
23:17Absolutely.
23:18Patience was paid by weight, but with such lightweight chains, it was difficult to earn more than tuppence halfpenny an hour, or five shillings a week.
23:29Just enough to cover the rent, and a few loaves of bread.
23:34Patience said that from the age of 10, she'd worked relentlessly, and hardly ever had a day off.
23:41She used to keep a tally of how much change she'd made, but after 3,000 miles, she lost count.
23:483,000 miles. That's like from here to New York, isn't it?
23:53Come on, Mum, we've only done 1,826.
23:57That's 1,825 more than yon.
24:00What I find so humbling is that, despite the frankly miserable nature of her job,
24:06Patience remained so positive about her work.
24:09She said she grew to love the forge, because the glowing fire keeps me warm, and the bright sparks keep me cheerful.
24:19Patience's sunny outlook is especially impressive, because at 79, she was also supporting her disabled husband.
24:27But she'd soon have another reason to be cheerful.
24:32In 1909, a radical liberal government came to power, which included David Lloyd George and the young Winston Churchill.
24:39We're in. This will be the high point of your career, laddie.
24:44Oh, no, it won't.
24:46They promised to improve the conditions for so-called sweated labour, which included makers of clothing, lace and chains.
24:53Starting with a new minimum wage, which meant chain-making companies had to pay their workers a whole penny an hour more, an increase of over 50%.
25:04So how did the owners respond?
25:07Easy. They just refused to pay it.
25:10Do these women think we're made of money?
25:13Exactly. Aren't we?
25:15They don't seem to have noticed that your Edwardian women were learning to cut up rough.
25:20And they did.
25:25In 1910, the National Federation of Women Workers called a strike.
25:31In retaliation, the employers locked the chain-makers out.
25:35So the union's media-savvy leader, Mary MacArthur, brought the women's grievances direct to the British public.
25:44Patience, aged 79, joined the march. Here she is.
25:50Money poured in, providing strikers like Patience with two shillings and sixpence a week to support them.
25:57And after a ten-week stand-off, the employers finally caved in.
26:02The women had won and with money to spare, enough to build a new HQ for the union.
26:09And this is it.
26:10As for Patience, flushed with her victory, she kept chain-making for a few more years and lived to 103.
26:23Must have been that lovely black country air.
26:25By the Edwardian period, kids were no longer being sent out to work aged 10.
26:37They received free schooling to the age of 12, and millions got free school meals too.
26:42Even disadvantaged or orphaned children stood a better chance.
26:49If you walked down Bonner Road in London's East End in 1900, you'd have passed a small row of houses simply known as the Children's Home.
27:00It was founded in 1869 by the Reverend Thomas Bowman Stevenson to provide homeless and orphaned children with a Christian upbringing and vital skills.
27:12Life at the orphanage was captured in hundreds of photographs, and two children in particular stand out in this one, taken in 1900.
27:23Edward Tull, aged 14, and his little brother Walter, 12.
27:30Their father, a carpenter, had emigrated from Barbados and married an Englishwoman.
27:35They had five children.
27:36Tragically, within a few years of this picture being taken, both parents had died.
27:43Edward and Walter were sent to start new lives together at the orphanage.
27:51Every morning at 6.20, a bell would ring.
27:54Walter and Edward would get up and dress.
27:57Then they would rip all the clothes off the bed, turn the mattress over and make the bed again,
28:04making sure that the top sheet was turned down exactly six inches,
28:09and then they would fold up their bed clothes very neatly, much neater than I'm doing.
28:15Next, a bracing wash in cold water.
28:19And finally, they'd all stand in line for an inspection by Sister Ethel.
28:24Who kept the brothers and the rest of their house in order.
28:28I saw that, Ernie.
28:29Or did you do nothing.
28:30After that, there'd be a task.
28:35When they were new boys, it would probably be something like cleaning everyone else's shoes.
28:39And only when that was done to the sisters' satisfaction would they be allowed to go to breakfast.
28:46Bread and Marge, with Coco.
28:48Then it would be off to chapel for prayers.
28:53Before a morning of lessons.
28:56Reading, writing and arithmetic, geography, composition, drawing and grammar.
29:02The highlights of the day were pie and mash for lunch.
29:06And at the end of lessons, two hours of free time.
29:09Both Edward and Walter were keen on sport and singing.
29:19And they joined the choir.
29:22At 8pm, after yelling their lungs out, the boys settled into their dorms bidding goodnight to Sister Ethel.
29:29No talking allowed.
29:31Night, night.
29:33Shhhhhhh.
29:36But the brothers' orderly new lives were about to take another fateful turn.
29:43It all started when the choir went on tour.
29:46Apart from entertaining audiences across the country, the tour had got two other purposes.
29:53One was to raise money for the orphanage.
29:56And the other was to showcase the children for potential adopters.
30:03The brothers' gig in Glasgow was attended by a childless couple, the Warnocks,
30:08who showed an interest in older brother, Eddie.
30:11The couple made what the orphanage described as an excellent offer for Eddie.
30:17His host is a dentist.
30:20He's willing to take Eddie, treat him as a son, and teach him his profession.
30:25And, of course, there were no social services in those days,
30:29so there was no formal interview or anything.
30:32It seemed like a good idea.
30:34So, the decision was made.
30:36Eddie was packed off to the Warnocks,
30:37and his little brother Walter was left in the orphanage,
30:41400 miles away in Bethnal Green.
30:44Although Edward's new family paid for Walter to visit from time to time,
30:49Walter struggled alone.
30:52Edward did indeed begin training to be a dentist when he reached 20.
30:57Walter, too, began to train for a profession as a printer.
31:01He soon moved out of the orphanage to live in a hostel.
31:04As he grew, Walter developed into a powerfully built young man and a very good athlete.
31:11His great release was cricket and football.
31:16On Saturdays, he played on the boggy fields of his local Victoria Park and Hackney Marshes.
31:22Then, aged 20, Walter's life changed again.
31:27I'm just round the corner from where Walter's orphanage was in Bethnal Green,
31:32at the old Spotted Dog Ground, which is still home to the mighty Clapton Community FC.
31:39In the early 1900s, Clapton FC was one of the country's top amateur sides.
31:49And in 1908, they signed Walter.
31:52An Edwardian version of their kit is being modelled by one of Clapton's players, Dean Borho.
31:58And this is current manager, Geoff Ockran.
32:02What was Clapton like as a team before Walter came here?
32:05Um, they were, I mean, one of the top amateur sides.
32:08Clapton were well-renowned for beating professional teams, such as Tottenham, Arsenal, at that time.
32:12This was the time when there was this gradual professionalisation of the game, wasn't there?
32:19Yes, and there was a big split because everyone started as amateur first.
32:23And then some clubs decided to stick with their amateur roots,
32:27and some obviously went the professional route.
32:29Clapton stuck with their roots.
32:30I think they wanted to kind of keep that ethos of being such a working-class club.
32:34So Walter turns up.
32:35Yes.
32:36What kind of impression does he make?
32:37Straight away, I think he started in the reserves, made a great impression,
32:40made his way up straight to the first team.
32:42What position did he play?
32:43He was a forward.
32:44I think he scored 20-plus goals in his first season,
32:47again, which was kind of a big feat, coming straight up into that senior football
32:50which he'd never played before.
32:52The newspaper reports were quite, quite well and quite complimentary of him.
32:56Young Tull created such a favourable impression by his clever footwork
33:00that he gained his place in the first team right away.
33:04Did they do well with Walter in the team?
33:06Yes, they did.
33:07They won the treble in that season and obviously won some kind of games.
33:10They won the treble in that season.
33:11Would he have been well-known around here?
33:12Would people have turned their heads when he walked past?
33:14Yes.
33:15I mean, traditionally, when you're a striker,
33:17you're kind of like the focal point of any team.
33:19You're kind of like the superstar.
33:20You're the one who wins the game, scores the goals.
33:22And he was definitely that.
33:24Scoring the amount of goals he did in his first season,
33:26he was kind of like the main guy.
33:31Walter became a local hero.
33:33But it wasn't just the Clapton fans who were impressed.
33:36There were spies in the crowd.
33:38Scouts from a nearby, very famous professional club.
33:45Tottenham Hotspur had just won promotion to the first division
33:49and now they wanted Walter.
33:51Yes!
33:53Good boy!
33:54Walter hesitated.
33:58The professional game would mean high pressure.
34:01Each week, facing a boisterous crowd of 70,000.
34:05And he just liked playing for fun.
34:08But, eventually, he made the decision to join Spurs.
34:12It made him Britain's first professional black outfield player.
34:18He cost Spurs a transfer fee of £10 and a weekly wage of £4,
34:23which was standard for a pro.
34:25About twice what an Edwardian carpenter might have earned.
34:30Meanwhile, in Glasgow, in the world of Edwardian dentistry,
34:33Edward was learning the ropes of his new profession
34:36and working his way through dental college at Glasgow Infirmary.
34:41Until the Edwardian period,
34:43dentistry was mainly about removing teeth.
34:47Painkillers cost extra.
34:50Mike Gall is a dentist, amateur historian,
34:53and, coincidentally, Edward's first cousin
34:55three times removed by adoption.
34:57He knows a bit about what Edward had to cope with.
35:00And what would the anaesthetic have been in those days?
35:03The early anaesthetics for local anaesthetic
35:05would have been cocaine.
35:07But, of course, that was quite toxic
35:08and it could become quite addictive.
35:10And by 1904, we had the advent of Novocaine,
35:13which was the local anaesthetic that Edward would have been using.
35:16Why would people have chosen to have their teeth taken out
35:18when it was kind of much cruder than it is now?
35:20A lot of the time it was through necessity.
35:22So, if you had pain or any problems, the tooth would come out.
35:26Open wide!
35:28But there are a number of anecdotes of people
35:29who would electively have teeth removed.
35:31So, you know, if you had enough money...
35:33Oh, my word! Close again, please!
35:35..you would decide, look,
35:36these teeth are going to have to come out at some point anyway.
35:38They don't look very nice now.
35:39Let's just get them all out and get a nice set of dentures.
35:43There! That's lovely!
35:45So, there are anecdotes of ladies when they had their 21st birthday
35:49or they're about to get married,
35:50they would have their teeth removed and a nice set of dentures
35:53because then that's their dentistry sorted for life.
35:56I say, Mabel, what gorgeous forces!
36:00Or if you had the money, with advances in drilling and filling,
36:03it was becoming more fashionable to actually keep your teeth.
36:08They're good as new!
36:10And he gave you this stuff and it felt great!
36:12And I had this drill and he was very handsome.
36:14Of course it's killing me if you've got any cocaine left.
36:18Now, this is a drill but it's not electric, is it?
36:20No, that's right, this is called a treadle drill,
36:22so it's a foot-powered drill.
36:24So, you place your foot on the pedal here.
36:26Edward's success would depend on his skill in operating one of these things.
36:31I'm just trying to get it going as fast as you can.
36:33Right, let's have a go.
36:35I'll get it warmed up first.
36:37Yeah, it's hard, isn't it? I see what you mean, yeah.
36:39I wouldn't fancy you drilling my teeth.
36:41So, there's actually a little model here,
36:45if you want to have a little go and see if you can drill a hole on the teeth there.
36:48Oh, yeah, let's have a go.
36:49Oh, it is working, isn't it?
36:53Sometimes it might have even been a couple of appointments.
36:57The patient would have had to come back to get the job finished
36:59because it would have taken so long, you know.
37:01If I was doing it, it would have taken a week.
37:03Would Edward have done this, do you think?
37:05Absolutely, yes.
37:06This would have been a big part of his training
37:08and, in fact, he won second prize in the Dal Medal,
37:11which was a competition for his work in restorative porcelain dentistry.
37:16Meanwhile,
37:18Brother Walter's football career at Spurs started with a bang,
37:24playing Manchester United at Old Trafford,
37:27then scoring his first goal against Bradford City.
37:31Walter impressed at Tottenham,
37:36but later that season they played my team, Bristol City.
37:40Yes!
37:41Except not really yes.
37:43The Bristol fans didn't cover themselves with glory.
37:46Far from it.
37:48It hadn't taken long for racism to become an issue for Walter.
37:53One report said,
37:56Tull has much to contend with on account of his colour.
37:59His tactics were absolutely beyond reproach,
38:02but he became the butt of the ignorant partisan.
38:06Soon after the game, Tottenham dropped him.
38:10It's never been revealed why.
38:14For Walter, there was only one response.
38:19Cobblers.
38:20Or, to be more precise, the Cobblers.
38:22Northampton Town FC
38:24called the Cobblers
38:25because the place is associated with shoemaking.
38:29The Cobblers weren't exactly Tottenham Hotspur,
38:31but they were an up-and-coming side
38:33and it was a new beginning for Walter.
38:37Meanwhile, in the more genteel world of dentistry,
38:39there seemed no stopping Brother Edward.
38:43After several years studying dentistry in Glasgow
38:47at the Royal Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons,
38:51he passed all his exams with flying colours
38:54and he was top of the class.
38:56Look, here he is, Edward Tull Warnock.
39:00That's the address of his adopted dad
39:03and there's the date of his registration as a dentist.
39:06June the 28th, 1912.
39:12After graduating with such distinction,
39:14Edward should have had the world of dentistry at his feet.
39:17He went for his first job interview in Birmingham.
39:20But the moment he walked into the door of the practice,
39:24he threw the dentist into a state of shock.
39:27My God, said the bloke.
39:29He'll destroy the practice in 24 hours.
39:35He refused to consider Edward purely because of his colour.
39:38It must have been a tough experience for Edward.
39:43All those years in the orphanage, working hard at school,
39:47becoming an outstanding dental student,
39:49and now all his opportunities had disappeared
39:53just because he was black.
39:55He must have worried that he'd never get a job.
39:58But thankfully he had a fallback option,
40:03one that had been taken by so many sons of successful fathers before him.
40:08He went to work for his father, James Warnock.
40:11Warnock and son became a successful dental practice
40:14and Edward's reputation as a respected dentist began to grow.
40:19Edward became a fully paid-up member of the middle class.
40:25He even joined Turnberry Golf Club
40:28and got to hot-nob with the likes of the chairman
40:31of his local football team, Osgo Rangers.
40:35So naturally he put in a good word for his brother, Walter.
40:38And before they knew it, in 1914, Walter signed for Rangers.
40:44Playing for Rangers would bring the brothers back together again.
40:47At least it would have had it not been for one thing.
40:50The outbreak of the First World War.
40:59Walter joined the 17th Battalion Middlesex Regiment,
41:02commonly known as the Footballers Regiment.
41:06His leadership qualities were noticed
41:08and the British Army ignored its own rule book,
41:10which banned black soldiers from becoming officers
41:13and promoted him to second lieutenant.
41:17But tragically, Walter's luck didn't last.
41:22In 1918, he led an attack across no man's land
41:27and was killed by a German machine gun.
41:29They never found his body.
41:31On hearing the news, his brother Edward was devastated.
41:43He said, it was the worst moment of my life, I just couldn't believe it.
41:46Walter is dead.
41:58But for Edward, life had to go on.
41:59He married later that year and became the proud father of a little girl.
42:05For so many in Britain, it was a similar story.
42:11A period so full of optimism and promise had been consigned to history
42:17by the heartbreaking losses of the First World War.
42:20Coming up, journalist Jess Hill continues to investigate and confront
42:30Australia's domestic violence crisis
42:32in a new episode of See What You Made Me Do.
42:34Or over on SBS Food, Hemsley & Hemsley, healthy and delicious.
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42:54Any capabilities that are not on theory period of loss
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42:56in our work?
43:01No one wants to use all these days build suicide?
43:06I can make sure that I will do this in every single target body.
43:07No one wants effectively to do this very large leap.
43:09Every time no Carries is going on,
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43:12I'll plan through a couple of陽 starting times starting
43:15from where there are all the people being inside
43:15And the relationship between all these двoves of the international
43:18packed with good eating meatagraph escolts.
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