00:00Music
00:14In England, the 1690s were the years when the victors of 1688
00:19congratulated themselves on a glorious revolution.
00:24In Scotland, there were years of purgatory.
00:34After the massacre at Glencoe came famine and pestilence.
00:39For several summers in a row, the sun refused to appear.
00:43Torrential rains poured down.
00:45Cattle and sheep became diseased with foot rot.
00:49Fields of barley and oats turned into mildewed slurry.
00:53The Jacobite clergy said this was God's wrath
00:57for turfing out the rightful king.
01:04In all this darkness, there were some who saw the light.
01:07A light that was going to shine hot and strong on Scotland.
01:12A plan that would transform the country from impotence
01:16and destitution into riches and power
01:19beyond anyone's wildest dreams.
01:22It would make Scotland, or its colonial trading post,
01:26New Caledonia, the hub of the universe.
01:30And where was that to be?
01:32Well, of course, in Panama.
01:38A group of merchants and bankers, including William Paterson,
01:41the Scottish founder of the Bank of England,
01:44had the idea of creating a Scottish trading post
01:47on the Isthmus of Darien in Panama.
01:51At first sight, the idea sounds like the purest lunacy.
01:55But take a look at the map of world trade and it becomes visionary.
01:59A major obstacle to east-west trade was the long, dangerous,
02:03and ruinously expensive journey round Cape Horn.
02:07A trade route that cut through Panama was an obvious boon.
02:11At Darien, the distance between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
02:15was only 40 miles.
02:17Goods could be carried across the narrow strip of land
02:21to waiting merchant ships.
02:23The trading economy of the world would be revolutionised,
02:30and Scotland would run it.
02:40The Darien scheme instantly captured the imagination
02:43of the Scottish people, men and women from all walks of life
02:46and from all over Scotland queued up to invest in the venture.
03:00So when the First Fleet sailed from the Firth of Forth in July 1698,
03:05flying the Saltire and the extraordinary company flag
03:08of Indians, llamas, towered elephants and the beaming rising sun,
03:15it was carrying more than 1,200 people selected to be the lucky colonists.
03:20It was carrying the hopes of an entire nation.
03:26But the only information the Company of Scotland had about Darien
03:30was from a pirate surgeon called Lionel Wafer,
03:33who claimed he knew the Caribbean like the back of his hand
03:36and had convinced them the place was paradise.
03:40The climate was mild, he said, the soil fertile,
03:43and the natives friendly.
03:46They were also vain, spending much of the day combing their long hair.
03:50So naturally, the ship got the conditions they were expecting to encounter.
03:55Crate loads of catechisms and Bibles for converting the pagans.
04:001,400 hats, an even greater supply of wigs.
04:04The Darienites were expecting to live like Lairds of the lagoon.
04:09But before the ship got anywhere near Darien,
04:13the dream had turned into a nightmare.
04:1540 crew and passengers died on the long voyage.
04:21And when they found their golden island,
04:24it was, of course, a mosquito-infested swamp.
04:28The natives did not, it seemed, want their combs or anything else.
04:34In the sweltering, rainy jungle,
04:36all the colonists' efforts went into lugging cannon
04:39into a primitive stockade bravely christened Fort St Andrew.
04:45They were dying now of disease and hunger at a rate of ten a day,
04:50and their supplies ran with maggots.
04:56And there was no outside help.
04:58Tropical New Caledonia was a direct threat to the English trading empire,
05:03and a government in Westminster was determined it should fail.
05:09A law was passed making it illegal for any Englishman to invest in the scheme
05:14or give assistance to the desperate Darienites.
05:17When a second Scottish expedition arrived at New Edinburgh,
05:22all they found were hundreds of graves.
05:31Back home, when the full extent of the disaster sunk in,
05:35the fate of the Darien expeditions became a national trauma.
05:39They consumed a full third of Scotland's liquid capital,
05:43but the most serious casualty of the fiasco had been the last, best hope
05:48of a national rebirth, Scotland going it alone.
05:52That hope died in the malarial swamps of Darien.
05:58Many laid the failure of Darien squarely at England's door
06:02for its deliberate sabotage of the scheme.
06:04A wave of Anglophobia swept the country,
06:07startling the men who ran things in Westminster.
06:11They became even more worried when it looked likely that Queen Anne,
06:15who had succeeded William in 1702, would die childless.
06:21A crisis over the succession loomed.
06:23For the defenders of the revolution of 1688,
06:26whoever succeeded her simply had to be Protestant.
06:30In Scotland, however, after the humiliation of Darien,
06:34many Scots now favoured Anne's half-brother, the Catholic,
06:38James Edward Stuart, who was living in exile with England's old enemy, France.
06:44Westminster could not tolerate these kinds of threats from its own backyard.
06:51It knew it had to take away Scotland's independence
06:54and insist on full political union.
06:58The creation of a single British state under a single parliament
07:02was now a matter of immediate urgency.
07:06The Westminster politicians knew they needed a sweetener to make the union more palatable.
07:15And this is it.
07:16In this chest was deposited the equivalent,
07:19the exact amount that had been lost in the Darien adventure,
07:23all £398,000 of it.
07:27You can almost hear the advocates of union saying as they beamed broadly,
07:31now this is what union means.
07:35You seem to be a little hard-pressed for funds, my dear fellows.
07:38Well, now Scotland's debts will be Britain's.
07:42Sink or swim, we shall do it together.
07:47The equivalent money, along with favourable trade concessions,
07:51was the carrot dangled before members of the Scottish Parliament.
07:55And by now, there were many who were already looking south,
07:59saw reality, smelt the profits.
08:02But behind the carrot, of course, lay the stick.
08:05Westminster threatened to block Scottish exports to England
08:09unless Scotland entered union negotiations.
08:16The writing was on the wall.
08:19Distraught, Lord Belhaven delivered a lament
08:22over the funeral pyre of Scottish independence.
08:26I see our ancient mother Caledonia like Caesar sitting in the midst of the Senate,
08:34attending the final blow and breathing out her last.
08:38We are an obscure poor people, though formerly of better account,
08:45removed to a remote corner of the world without name and without alliances.
08:51In 1707, the deed was done.
08:57A Treaty of the Union had been drafted.
09:00It took just ten weeks to go through the Scottish Parliament,
09:03six through Westminster.
09:07Scotland and England were now joined at the hip.
09:12The
09:16The
09:20The
09:22The
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