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European scientists are turning an aircraft into a laboratory that simulates lunar gravity to prepare astronauts and technology for future moon landings as part of the NASA-led Artemis missions.

The moon is a strange little world. Only about 1.2% the mass of Earth, our planet's companion exerts a much weaker gravitational force on objects on its surface than the parent planet. As a result, an astronaut on the moon's surface feels as if he or she only weighs one sixth of their earthly weight. The same goes for all equipment the astronauts would use. It may sound like no big deal but this feeble gravitational pull creates all sorts of unforeseen problems that are difficult to prepare for in research labs on Earth. There is, however, one way to experience lunar gravity while still in the confines of Earth and explore these challenges before going to the moon: in a parabolic flight.

Credit: Space.com | footage courtesy: European Space Agency/Novespace/NASA
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Transcript
00:00European scientists are turning an aircraft into a laboratory that simulates lunar gravity,
00:05and Space.com has taken a ride aboard this plane with them.
00:09There is only one way to experience the feeling of being on the Moon while still on Earth,
00:14or rather a few thousand feet above its surface, in a parabolic flight.
00:20Only parabolic flight can reproduce the Moon and Mars' gravity. There are no other facilities.
00:26Other facilities only simulate, but not recreate the real one. On board our plane this is a real
00:34gravity field. There are a couple of like drop tower type solutions that can do lunar gravity
00:39on a very very small scale, but only for a couple of seconds and only for hardware. If you want to
00:45get yourself, to get people into lunar gravity, you have two options. You can either come on this
00:50aircraft or you can go to the Moon. That's it. Parabolic flights, best known for producing weight
00:56lessness, follow a wild trajectory of fast steep climbs and short carefully managed free falls.
01:02During those free falls, objects inside the plane experience either brief spells with no gravity at
01:08all, or if the pilot flies the parabola just a little differently, reduce gravity.
01:14We'll fly this aircraft like the aircraft is falling down, but not too much to keep just the gravity we need.
01:26I mean 0.16 g for Moon gravity or 0.38 g for March.
01:34The French company Novespas, based in the famous winemaking city of Bordeaux, is Europe's only operator
01:40of parabolic flights and prides itself on their ability to generate lunar or Martian gravity conditions
01:47with scientific precision. In the last week of April, scientists from all over Europe descended
01:54upon Bordeaux's airport and turned the Novespas plane into a lunar gravity research lab. Until recently,
02:01there's been more demand for flights that produce weightlessness. But with the renewed interest in
02:06Moon exploration spearheaded by the NASA-led Artemis program, the need for artificial Moon-like conditions
02:12is on the rise. This is the first time that the European Space Agency is doing a full parabolic
02:19flight campaign in partial gravity. So we do lunar and Martian because of the request of all the
02:27the experimentators and participants. Of course, we are most interested in the lunar environment and
02:32lunar partial gravity because this is what will help us to prepare for the Moon exploration.
02:38Scientists know quite well what no gravity does to human beings and technology thanks to years of
02:45research on the International Space Station. But they know very little about the effects of the Moon's
02:51gravity, which is one sixth that of Earth, or Martian gravity, which is a little stronger than one third
02:58of Earth's gravity. We know only very little about the effect of the Moon gravity or life on the Moon
03:06on the human being since we were on the Moon for only really limited period of time. And there's an
03:12additional factor about it because we cannot simulate Moon gravity on Earth so easily. For instance,
03:18better as studies, we know they can simulate microgravity, but no one really knows what is the right
03:24condition to simulate lunar gravity and neither Mars. So we are really in a kind of still black box
03:31where we don't know exactly what the human being will be faced to and how he will cope to these
03:36conditions on the Moon when he stays more than a few days, I would say. Each reduced gravity spell during
03:43the flight lasts just under half a minute and is preceded and followed by 20 seconds of hypergravity
03:50when the plane speeds up and steeply rises and then when it recovers from the freefall state.
03:57During one flight the plane performs 30 such maneuvers with only brief periods of steady flight in between.
04:04By carefully analyzing what happens with the experiments during these short periods of reduced
04:10gravity scientists can gain a better understanding of what might await future Moon explorers.
04:17In this experiment scientists are filming the behavior of human immune cells inside special containers.
04:25The researchers know that in weightlessness immune cells struggle to reach the infection site,
04:31which makes astronauts more prone to illness. Now they want to know whether the same effect
04:36occurs in lunar and Martian gravity. We have seen at least in this experimental setting that when
04:42there is really no gravity at all we have a centralization of the cell flow in the middle of
04:47this flow chamber so it was even so they were faster and centralized so to get in contact with a vessel
04:55wall might be already because of this much harder. Yes and now we are just investigating the same issue
05:03in lunar and Martian gravity. On board the flight is also a 3D printer that uses a type of plastic
05:10mixed with simulated lunar dust to print simple tools. This is the first time researchers are
05:17testing its performance in lunar gravity. But the most interesting piece of equipment on board is this
05:24vehicle developed by a team of researchers from the European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany.
05:29It's called LISA for Lunar Equipment Support Assembly and it's essentially a lunar wheelbarrow
05:36that may one day help astronauts on the Moon transport equipment or injured crew members.
05:42Is it difficult to operate something like this on the Moon? It's not really difficult to operate it
05:47because it's much lighter because of the lower gravity but it's more difficult when you have uneven terrain.
05:55Stefanin and his team created a little obstacle course inside the plane to test three versions of LISA
06:01during the parabolic flights. Here European astronaut Thomas Pesquet has a go operating LISA in Martian gravity.
06:09What we want to test is how an operator, an astronaut, let's say in lunar gravity, will
06:18work what is a locomotion that will be applied to pull and push this kind of equipment and how the
06:26equipment will react over an uneven terrain and how you have to control it. This will give us some
06:33feedback to improve the next prototype, next generation and to define is it better with four wheels,
06:39is it better with three wheels, is it better to have one handle, two handles, what would be the best configuration.
06:45Astronauts train in parabolic flights to prepare for weightlessness, which they experience on the
06:51International Space Station. But the Novespas plane, which is the largest in the world capable of flying
06:58parabolic flights, could in the future be turned into a sophisticated training ground to prepare astronauts
07:04heading to the Moon. In this experiment, Stefanin and his colleagues perform simple tasks in lunar gravity
07:12while wearing a virtual reality headset running a simulation of a region near the lunar south pole
07:17where future Artemis missions will land. In this case, the test subjects move a box of tools
07:23that they see in the virtual reality simulation, but which is also physically present in front of them.
07:30In the future, the setup may become more complex and include, for example, the LISA wheelbarrow
07:36and a physical mock-up of a lunar lander. When you wear this headset, the resolution is so high that it's
07:44wow, I'm on the Moon, it's really impressive. Now if in addition, what you try to grasp is you have the
07:51virtual, the partial gravity that is added to the virtual environment and when you want to move around,
07:56you move like on the Moon, you are really embedded into it. And we are convinced that there is a high
08:03potential for astronaut training in the future combining these two technologies.
08:10The Artemis program expects to land humans on the Moon in 2025. By the end of this decade, NASA plans
08:17to build a permanent base camp near the lunar south pole that will host crews of four astronauts for up to
08:24one month. For comparison, the longest of the Apollo-era landings 50 years ago lasted barely three days.
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