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00:00El universo es muy, muy, muy grande y hemos visto solo una pequeña parte de él.
00:17Espero que el futuro sea más allá de mis sueños y es algo que no puedo imaginar.
00:25Es perhaps the biggest, most ambitious project humanity has attempted since astronauts last walked on the moon in 1972.
00:36And a final word from the last man on the moon.
00:41I'd like to just let what I believe history will record that America's challenge of today has forged man's destiny of tomorrow.
00:55Plans are being made.
01:00Hardware is being designed, built and tested to return humans to the moon and beyond.
01:07And liftoff at dawn.
01:10The dawn of Orion and a new era of American space exploration.
01:15It's not a Disney movie.
01:16This is real.
01:17This is the Artemis program, an ambitious, high-technology project to allow humans to live on other worlds for the first time.
01:30We're ready to go and go back to stay.
01:32It's not just about getting there first.
01:34We're making sure that it's a sustainable presence.
01:37Artemis is about going back to the moon to do much more than we were capable of doing in the 1960s and the early 70s.
01:44We want to go and explore the moon because we understand now how much we don't know.
01:49But our experience of living in space on the International Space Station has shown that it is fraught with peril.
02:02Failure.
02:04And how do I get back if I cannot see where I'm going?
02:08How much time do I have?
02:11At that point, we weren't going to make it to orbit that day.
02:14Overcoming these challenges, ten times further from home and beyond, requires a technological revolution.
02:23A revolution that is already underway.
02:28The moon is going to be the place where humanity learns to live and work off-world.
02:44Luca Parmitano has been part of the European Space Agency's Astronaut Corps for 13 years.
02:51I have a total of six spacewalks, 30 hours or so, outside of the space station, and about a year spent in orbit.
02:58This is really great. I care how much money. This is awesome.
03:03For us humans on the space station, every day is a little bit like that dream that you might have had of flying without wings.
03:11In 2019, Luca lived and worked on the International Space Station with NASA astronaut Christina Koch.
03:20I first learned about Luca Parmitano before I was ever an astronaut because he was part of a famous spacewalk where he actually had an experience of water being in his helmet.
03:41It was a very dangerous thing that ended up happening, so he was a hero of mine for having done that spacewalk.
03:52But Christina soon became a hero of her own, breaking the record for the longest ever spaceflight by a woman.
04:09She returned to Earth in February 2020 after 328 days aboard the International Space Station.
04:18I'm glad that it was a milestone that made people aware of where we're at.
04:25State-of-the-art in human spaceflight really means being able to be in space for up to a year at a time.
04:31So it was great to be a part of that.
04:34One of the goals of the Artemis program is for astronauts like Christina and Luca to be able to live on the moon for far longer than Christina's record stay in space,
04:44and ten times further from Earth than the ISS.
04:49The Artemis missions will potentially span decades, using the moon as a test bed for eventual human habitation of Mars.
05:01It is 50 years since the last time humans had boots on the moon.
05:06But within that time, scientific consensus about the lunar surface has changed dramatically.
05:12The Apollo missions brought back about a half a ton of moon rocks.
05:22And what they showed was that the moon had been baked dry.
05:28The moon somehow formed.
05:30They got rid of all of its water.
05:32And there won't be any evidence of any type of volatiles left on the moon at all.
05:36And that's what we lived with since the 1970s.
05:39But then, as the decades passed, scientists started wondering if the moon could be hiding secrets.
05:49Secrets made of H2O.
05:52People started wondering, well, you know, things go boom in the night on the moon.
05:57The moon has been bombarded by comets, you know, dirty ice balls for billions of years.
06:04Maybe water could be hiding in the really deep, cold places at the poles of the moon where the sun doesn't shine.
06:11Maybe some of that cometary ice is preserved.
06:16It would immediately freeze and then stay there for billions of years.
06:21But how could these theories of ancient water on the moon ever be tested?
06:25And how much of this precious resource could be there?
06:30Well, the only way you can find out is to go there because the moon had been forgotten.
06:38In the early 2000s, NASA began work on its first mission to the moon in a decade.
06:43It would feature the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, a spacecraft designed to map the surface with unparalleled precision.
06:55And a second mission called LCROSS, a daring attempt to directly detect water in a crater on the South Pole.
07:03The LCROSS mission was outrageous.
07:07We came up with an idea of using an impactor to eject material out of one of the permanently shadowed craters on the moon and examine the content.
07:16LCROSS made clever use of the spent upper stage of the rocket called a centaur,
07:21intending to crash it into a crater of the moon that had never seen sunlight,
07:26throwing up a large cloud of whatever was lying inside.
07:28Following behind, LCROSS would analyze this plume before itself, crashing on the surface.
07:37I like to make things go boom, but this was better, because this was going to answer a fundamental question.
07:44Was there water on the surface? Was there water below the surface? And if so, how much?
07:48T-minus 15 seconds, standing by for terminal count.
07:52T-minus 10, 9, 8...
07:54The day of the launch was one of those days that you have this anticipation.
07:58Things can go wrong, so there's a lot of tension.
08:02Is it going to explode? Is it not going to get into orbit?
08:05Is it not going to get them to the altitude that was necessary?
08:08Is there going to be a flaw? Are the instruments not going to be working?
08:11There are a lot of moving parts and non-moving parts that could screw this up big time.
08:15Main engine ignition and liftoff of the Atlas V rocket with LRO LCROSS,
08:21America's first step of a lasting return to the moon.
08:28And when it happens, and when you see that rocket takes off, it's just, just tremendous relief.
08:41This is it.
08:42There were still hurdles to overcome, but that was a big one.
08:45The whole mission had to develop big, sweeping orbits around the Earth
08:51and then come around and get very close to the moon,
08:55then go around and get very close to the moon.
08:58LCROSS and the Centaur rocket would find this optimum time to detach
09:02and find that best place to hit.
09:04This was a doomed mission, but it was planned.
09:11That's how we designed it.
09:13The Centaur rocket hits, throws up the plume.
09:16We go through and analyze the data.
09:19So this was a one-two punch, but only one of those punches
09:22would give us enough material to be able to see.
09:24We were seeing the moon for the first time, close up with our instruments.
09:32That's when I realized this was real.
09:34So we're on a kamikaze mission.
09:36We can see the moon getting closer and closer and closer.
09:39We can see the place where we're supposed to hit.
09:42And it looked like we were going right in at the right spot.
09:45We're watching the remaining few seconds of the LCROSS mission.
09:49There's a tremendous dance over the last two or three years.
09:52It's all coming down to the half second.
09:55As we approach very rapidly the surface of the Cabeas Crater.
09:59We can see images of the moon, smaller and smaller, closer and closer.
10:05And then it hit.
10:08Once the Centaur rocket hit, the 7-linked spacecraft was coming down
10:13with only four minutes to go.
10:14This is the end of the life.
10:16The key was to be able to see the gas, the dust,
10:20everything getting into sunlight
10:21to be able to make the measurements that were necessary.
10:23So we only had those four minutes to gather all the data,
10:27send it back to the Earth before it was too late.
10:30Ten seconds to impact.
10:32Nine, eight, seven.
10:34Very last seconds of the shepherding spacecraft trajectory
10:37as it approaches the lunar surface.
10:39We are seeing very small craters.
10:41It's going in for the final plunge.
10:43Spacecraft impact.
10:44Stations report LOS.
10:45The shepherding spacecraft has hit the surface of the moon
10:49and this marks the end of the LCROSS flight mission.
10:52Shears go up.
10:53We've impacted.
10:54Yay.
10:55Meanwhile, all of us payload operators and scientists
10:58are staring at the monitors, at the data.
11:01We had to figure out, well, what really happened?
11:03LCROSS had a science payload comprising of five cameras,
11:08three spectrometers, and a photometer
11:11that collected data from the impact
11:13across visible and infrared wavelengths.
11:17We've done everything we can.
11:18I'm holding my breath.
11:19Then we began to see things.
11:21We saw a 10 to 20 kilometer wide plume.
11:25Look at these emission lines.
11:26We're seeing these incredible signatures
11:28of various compounds in the data.
11:31About a month after the impact,
11:33people wanted to know,
11:34did you find water or not?
11:36So then I asked the whole team,
11:39should we go public now and report this?
11:44And it was a unanimous yes.
11:46Well, now I can say today
11:47that in the 20 to 30 meter crater LCROSS made,
11:51we found maybe about a dozen
11:52of these two-gallon buckets worth of water.
11:54And there's a whole lot more.
11:57We saw water, not just water, but lots of water.
12:00Hundreds of millions to billions
12:01of kilograms of water, potentially.
12:04A result that fundamentally changed
12:07the direction of lunar exploration.
12:09This meant that the surface of the moon
12:12and the subsurface of the moon
12:14was holding secrets.
12:16It was a much more interesting story
12:18than I think that anybody really fully believed.
12:21It accelerated a global interest
12:24in the poles of the moon.
12:26You could indeed utilize this water as a resource
12:30and maintain a extended presence there.
12:38We look at water as the enabling compound
12:41for deep exploration.
12:43That means the ability to live off of our planet
12:45for long-term duration
12:47without having to bring it all with us.
12:49The discovery of water ice
12:52at the lunar south pole
12:53opened up vast possibilities.
12:58LCROSS impacts a lot our understanding
13:01of how we're going to proceed forward.
13:04We know that at the poles of the moon
13:06in deeply shadowed craters
13:08that never see sunlight,
13:09there is ice.
13:11And that ice can be excavated
13:13and used to make water.
13:15We can then break that apart
13:16and make oxygen to breathe.
13:20Lunar water could also be used
13:22for another crucial purpose.
13:25But by breaking it apart,
13:27we not only get oxygen,
13:28we get hydrogen as well.
13:29And by recombining the oxygen and hydrogen,
13:32we can make rocket fuel.
13:35To overcome the Earth's strong gravity,
13:38fuel makes up nearly all the weight
13:41of a rocket launching from our planet.
13:44Make that fuel on the moon
13:46and it can take a spacecraft far further.
13:51You need enormous rockets
13:52if you can't refuel.
13:54If you can refuel,
13:55then those enormous rockets
13:56become small rockets
13:57and the cost of transportation
13:59dramatically decreases,
14:02which suddenly makes everything
14:04that was impossible, possible.
14:07The moon is going to be the place
14:08where we learn how to use
14:10the resources of space
14:11for the first time
14:12and humanity learns
14:13to live and work off-world.
14:16So water is a really fundamental resource
14:19and that's why there's so much focus
14:21on going to the lunar South Pole
14:23where we know that ice is in those craters.
14:25Water is the oil of space.
14:35Locating and utilizing lunar water
14:37is motivating the generation of astronauts
14:40tasked with making this vision into a reality.
14:46Looking at the moon,
14:47recognizing that yes,
14:49we do have water there as a resource,
14:50it really means that there's
14:52not only this desire to explore,
14:54but there are actual, like,
14:55engineering goals to do
14:57while we're there
14:57that help us keep
14:58those programs sustainable.
15:01In 2020,
15:02Christina Koch was named
15:04as one of the female Artemis astronauts
15:06who have a chance
15:07to be the first woman
15:09to walk on the moon.
15:12Well, I have to say
15:14that just the,
15:15even the prospect of that
15:16is completely humbling.
15:18Christina Koch.
15:19And when I realized,
15:22oh my goodness,
15:23I am a part of the astronaut corps,
15:25something in and of itself
15:26I never thought
15:26I would be able to achieve.
15:28And at this amazing time
15:30when we're going back to the moon,
15:31we're going to stay,
15:32we're going with determination,
15:34was just really beyond belief.
15:36Just to be one small part of that
15:37is truly, truly awesome.
15:42Launched by a gigantic rocket
15:44still in development,
15:45will be a state-of-the-art spacecraft
15:48to transport astronauts
15:50like Christina and Luca
15:51back to the moon.
15:53It is called Orion.
15:56The Orion spacecraft
15:57is a next-generation spacecraft
16:00for taking people
16:00deeper into space,
16:01leaving low-Earth orbit
16:03in a capsule
16:04and exploring the moon.
16:05Our job is to carry
16:06the astronauts from Earth
16:07to the moon and then back.
16:09It's one key element
16:10of the whole Artemis program.
16:12The Orion multi-purpose crew vehicle
16:16has been in development
16:17for over 10 years
16:19with regular astronaut testing
16:21taking place
16:22to inform its design.
16:25Well, many years ago,
16:26for the first time,
16:27I saw this huge spacecraft
16:28and I'm like,
16:29what is that?
16:30Well, that was the Orion.
16:31And if you're lucky enough,
16:32like I was a couple of times,
16:34you can sit inside
16:35and perform some testing.
16:38Astronauts have a great opportunity
16:40to be involved
16:40in Orion development.
16:41The life support systems,
16:43the systems that will make
16:44a habitable environment
16:45inside Orion,
16:46how the hand controllers
16:47are going to work,
16:47how the displays
16:48are going to display
16:49to make sure
16:50that the human factors elements
16:51are all there
16:51to make the mission safe
16:52and efficient
16:53for getting astronauts
16:54to and from deep space.
16:55All these years
16:56of understanding problems,
16:58solving them,
16:59have all converted
17:00into creating a spacecraft
17:02that not only
17:03needs to be enduring,
17:05but also takes into consideration
17:06human interface.
17:08When we get to sit in that seat
17:09and look at the displays,
17:10it is definitely a moment
17:12where we sit back
17:13and realize how lucky we are
17:15and what we're doing
17:16is actually contributing to,
17:18to answer NASA's true mission
17:20of representing people's inherent dreams
17:22to explore,
17:23to learn more,
17:24to gain knowledge.
17:25And though I spend
17:26every single day of my work
17:27as an astronaut
17:28being as prepared
17:29as I can possibly be
17:30for a real mission assignment,
17:32it's just hard to imagine
17:33that it will truly be me.
17:34For Orion's first flights,
17:38it will launch from Earth
17:39directly towards the moon,
17:41taking three days to get there.
17:44On board is an avionic system
17:474,000 times more powerful
17:49than the Apollo spacecraft,
17:51able to operate the vehicle
17:53completely autonomously
17:55and alert the crew
17:56to any dangers,
17:57such as increased levels
17:59of cosmic radiation.
18:00There's some areas
18:04that we've decided
18:05to be extra protected.
18:07If we did detect
18:07high energy particles
18:09coming in,
18:09we'll send the crew
18:10to that safe haven
18:11to be able to
18:12ride out the storm.
18:14But one of the biggest challenges
18:15for Orion
18:16is not getting to the moon,
18:18but surviving the last part
18:20of the journey home.
18:22When you get back
18:23from the moon,
18:23you'll be going
18:2424,000 miles per hour,
18:26so the heat that gets generated
18:28in the spacecraft
18:29is insane.
18:30In order to protect Orion,
18:34NASA designed
18:34a state-of-the-art heat shield
18:3616.5 feet in diameter.
18:40So there's the heat of re-entry
18:42and the size of the heat shield,
18:44so you need to make sure
18:45that that material
18:46is not going to crack
18:47or you're going to have
18:48any deficiencies
18:49because of the different
18:50environments that it's
18:52going to see in space.
18:54Status check.
18:55Go Delta.
18:56Go Orion.
18:57The only way
18:58to fully test such a vehicle
19:00is to launch it
19:01into space unmanned
19:02and check that it performs
19:04as expected.
19:07The purpose of the first test flight
19:09is to test the crew module,
19:12especially during the return phase,
19:14including the heat shield
19:16and the parachute systems
19:17coming back very fast
19:19from outer space
19:20and then landing on the water.
19:23Carlos Garcia-Golan
19:24is coordinating
19:25the Legion of Orion's engineers
19:27for this test flight.
19:31We have been working
19:33on this design and project
19:35for many years,
19:36and out of all the problems
19:38and all the challenges
19:39that we've worked through,
19:40now we know that today
19:41everything needs to work perfectly
19:43for the mission
19:43to be successful.
19:455, 4, 3, 2, 1,
19:49and liftoff at dawn,
19:54the dawn of Orion
19:55and a new era
19:56of American space exploration.
20:00We placed Orion
20:01on top of the Delta 4 Heavy
20:02and launched it
20:04to basically have
20:05an elliptical orbit
20:06that was coming very far
20:07from the Earth orbit
20:08so we could achieve
20:09that additional velocity
20:11coming back to Earth
20:12so we can actually
20:13test the heat shield
20:14in something close
20:16to the environment
20:16that we'll see
20:17what we are returning
20:18from the moon.
20:22And, you know,
20:22right now we can't
20:23hardly believe
20:24that we're actually
20:25hitting space.
20:26This is the first time
20:27in many years
20:28we're seeing
20:29our spacecraft in space,
20:31so that's kind of
20:32exhilarating.
20:331 minute, 22 seconds in.
20:35Max Q, maximum dynamic
20:36pressure from the vehicle.
20:37Passing 124.
20:38The boosters are jettisoned.
20:40We're now transcending
20:41the speed of sound.
20:43And this is our first view
20:44from cameras
20:46on the Orion spacecraft
20:48streaming video,
20:49all of its systems
20:49operating in excellent
20:51condition on this
20:52first test flight
20:53of America's
20:54newest spacecraft.
20:55You've done so many
20:56simulations
20:57with similar pictures,
20:58but this time
20:58you know it's for real.
21:00Once the spacecraft
21:01completes an orbit
21:02of the Earth,
21:03the upper stage
21:04of the rocket
21:05lifts Orion higher still.
21:10Now Orion must pass
21:12through a dangerous
21:13region of space
21:14called the Van Allen
21:15radiation belts.
21:18From a few hundred
21:19miles above Earth,
21:21the belts trap electrons
21:22and protons
21:23from the solar wind
21:24and cosmic rays,
21:26creating a radiation
21:27environment that could
21:28damage sensitive equipment
21:29on spacecraft
21:30traveling to
21:32and from the Moon.
21:33We went through
21:37the Van Allen
21:38radiation belts
21:39to test the systems.
21:41There's no high-density
21:42protons that could
21:44impact the electronics,
21:45so we wanted to make
21:46sure that our systems
21:47were not susceptible
21:48to that.
21:52And basically,
21:54we didn't feel
21:55a bit from going
21:56through that.
21:56Orion climbs
22:03to an altitude
22:0415 times higher
22:06than the
22:06International Space
22:08Station.
22:09Getting a
22:10more distant view
22:11of Earth
22:12than we've seen
22:12in a while.
22:14We got as far
22:15as around
22:163,600 miles
22:18from Earth.
22:23It's the
22:24farthest
22:24a human-rated
22:26spacecraft
22:26has been
22:27since the Apollo
22:28program.
22:31The higher
22:32the capsule
22:32can be lifted,
22:34the further
22:34it will fall
22:35on its return
22:36to Earth,
22:37and therefore,
22:38the faster
22:38it will strike
22:39the atmosphere.
22:41The primary
22:42objective
22:42of going that far
22:44was so we could
22:45achieve the right
22:46speed during
22:47re-entry so we
22:48could test
22:48the heat shield.
22:49This is the
22:50hardest part.
22:51This is where
22:52the most challenging
22:53environments we're
22:54going to see
22:54and really why
22:56we're doing
22:56this test.
22:58Guidance officer
22:59confirms that Orion
23:00has reached
23:00entry interface,
23:02the moment of
23:02truth for Orion,
23:04for the next
23:049 minutes,
23:0545 seconds.
23:07Orion is now
23:08hurtling back
23:09at 20,000 miles
23:10an hour.
23:12The air in front
23:13of the capsule
23:14becomes compressed
23:15and heated
23:16until it turns
23:17into plasma,
23:18the fourth
23:19state of matter.
23:21You're going to
23:22have to hold
23:22your breath
23:23because that is
23:23also the hardest
23:24part and harshest
23:25part of re-entry.
23:27In this actual
23:28footage, it is
23:29possible to see
23:30the plasma left
23:31behind in the
23:32wake of Orion.
23:36Christina Koch
23:36experienced re-entry
23:38back to Earth
23:39when returning
23:40from the
23:40International Space
23:41Station.
23:43The experience
23:44of return to Earth
23:45coming back
23:46to an actual
23:47planet from
23:48outer space
23:48is otherworldly
23:49in every sense
23:50of the expression.
23:54You look out
23:55your window
23:56and there is
23:56literally a fireball
23:58that you see
24:00through.
24:00It's an orange
24:01hue over your
24:02window that's
24:03only about a foot
24:04away from your face
24:05until your window
24:14actually blackens
24:15from burning up
24:17and you can't
24:18see out of it
24:18any longer.
24:19Coming in
24:20from the moon,
24:21the velocities
24:22are going to be
24:23even greater
24:24and so the
24:25requirements on
24:26that heat shield
24:26are going to be
24:27even more critical.
24:33The sensors
24:34on board Orion
24:35indicate the
24:36temperature inside
24:37the crew capsule
24:37has remained stable
24:39despite the
24:404,000 degree heat
24:42the spacecraft
24:42experienced
24:43during re-entry.
24:46The heat shield
24:47test is an
24:48unparalleled
24:48success.
24:5125,000 feet
24:53time to splash
24:53down less than
24:544 minutes.
24:55And you start
24:56seeing all the
24:56power shoots
24:57come out
24:57as planned
24:58like clockwork.
25:00Drobes away
25:01main shoot
25:02deployed
25:03everything
25:04looking good.
25:05And it's just
25:06an amazing
25:07feeling that
25:08all this work
25:09you've done
25:10is paid off
25:11and you kind
25:12of seeing
25:12your fingerprints
25:13in what's
25:14just happening
25:14in front of you.
25:18We have
25:18splashdown.
25:19Splashdown
25:20confirmed
25:20at 10.29
25:22a.m.
25:23Central Time.
25:24Orion is back
25:25on Earth.
25:26America has
25:27driven a golden
25:28spike as it
25:29crosses a bridge
25:30into the future.
25:32Today was
25:33a great day
25:34for America.
25:36We challenged
25:37our best
25:38and brightest
25:38to continue
25:40to lead in space.
25:41the men
25:43and women
25:43of America
25:44poured their
25:45hearts and
25:45souls into
25:46this mission
25:46and along
25:47the way
25:47they inspired
25:48others.
25:50We became
25:51part of
25:51something greater
25:52than ourselves
25:52and while
25:55this was an
25:55unmanned
25:55mission
25:56we were all
25:58on board
25:58Orion.
26:00This is news
26:01across the world
26:02and you're in
26:03the middle of it.
26:05You just
26:05finished the
26:06mission,
26:06splashdown
26:07and all
26:08of a sudden
26:08Barack Obama.
26:09I'm sure
26:10you were all
26:10as proud
26:11as I was
26:11to see
26:11Orion's
26:12first successful
26:13flight test.
26:13It's just
26:14the mission
26:14we were just
26:15doing so
26:16it's an
26:17incredible
26:17feeling that
26:18hey you're
26:18doing something
26:19that's beyond
26:20yourself.
26:21So.
26:22Orion.
26:23The new
26:24spacecraft that
26:24could carry
26:25humans farther
26:25into space
26:26than we've
26:26ever seen
26:27before.
26:28This is
26:29why I am
26:30in spaceflight.
26:31You're doing
26:32something for
26:33not just
26:33yourself
26:34or NASA
26:34but humanity
26:36I feel like.
26:38But before
26:39there can be
26:40any serious
26:41thought of
26:41humans traveling
26:42on board
26:42another crucial
26:44element of
26:45Orion must
26:46be put
26:46through its
26:46paces.
26:48The launch
26:49abort system.
26:51If when we're
26:52launching and
26:53something does
26:53go wrong
26:54the launch
26:54abort system
26:55needs to be
26:56prepared to
26:57eject and
26:58take the
26:58crew away
26:59from that
27:00dangerous
27:00environment
27:01and save
27:01their lives.
27:03The need
27:03for such
27:04an emergency
27:04system was
27:05thrown into
27:06focus on
27:07the flight
27:08of Soyuz
27:08MS-10
27:09crewed by
27:10astronaut
27:11colleagues
27:11of Luca
27:12and Cristina
27:13Nick Haig
27:14and Alexei
27:15Ovchinin.
27:17They were
27:17launching
27:18on the same
27:18spacecraft
27:19that I've
27:20flown.
27:20Same rocket.
27:22Same launch
27:22as hundreds
27:23of others.
27:24And there
27:25is liftoff
27:26of the
27:27Soyuz
27:27MS-10
27:28to the
27:29International
27:29Space Station.
27:31It went
27:32from normal
27:32to something
27:33was wrong
27:33pretty quick.
27:38Seven,
27:38six,
27:39five,
27:39four,
27:40three,
27:41two,
27:43one.
27:50So the
27:51first thing
27:51I really
27:52noticed
27:52was being
27:53shaken
27:54fairly violently
27:54side to side.
27:57One of the
27:58booster rockets
27:59malfunctions
28:00colliding
28:01with the
28:01main vehicle
28:02and sending
28:03it into
28:04freefall.
28:05The failure
28:05of the booster.
28:08And then
28:08there was
28:09an alarm
28:09inside the
28:09capsule
28:10and a
28:11light
28:11that was
28:11up there
28:12and,
28:12you know,
28:13I knew
28:14once I saw
28:14that light
28:15that we had
28:16an emergency
28:16with the
28:16booster.
28:18The Soviet-era
28:19launch escape
28:20system activates,
28:21separating the
28:22crew capsule
28:23from the
28:23burning rocket.
28:24Separation.
28:33Enable power.
28:34At that point,
28:35we weren't going
28:35to make it to
28:36orbit that day.
28:45The launch
28:46escape system
28:47saved Nick
28:48and Alexei's
28:49lives,
28:50pulling their
28:51capsule to
28:51safety and
28:52enabling them
28:53to activate
28:54the parachutes.
28:57Space is hard.
28:58Human exploration
28:58of space is hard.
29:00There's risk
29:01and we do
29:01everything we can
29:02to mitigate
29:02that risk,
29:03but there's
29:04always some
29:05risk there.
29:05This was just
29:06a great example
29:07of those
29:08fail-safe systems
29:09stepping in
29:10and doing
29:10their job.
29:13On top
29:14of the Orion
29:14capsule
29:15is a similar
29:16fail-safe system,
29:17a small rocket
29:18designed to pull
29:19the space capsule
29:20away from danger.
29:23In the event
29:24of an emergency,
29:25the rocket should
29:26fire within
29:27milliseconds,
29:28producing about
29:29400,000 pounds
29:30of thrust.
29:32We can see
29:33what can go wrong.
29:34That's a pivotal
29:34role that we play
29:35to test all the
29:37components and
29:37making sure that
29:38it all works
29:39before we bring
29:40in the astronauts.
29:41Testing the launch
29:43abort system
29:44is another key
29:45milestone,
29:46and to do so
29:47requires launching
29:48it using a solid
29:49rocket booster.
29:52This test is critical
29:53because it's going
29:54to come before
29:54the mission that
29:55puts the first
29:56woman and the
29:57next man on
29:58the surface of
29:58the moon.
29:59I was very
30:00excited.
30:01I was actually
30:01out at the
30:02Cape Canaveral
30:02getting ready to
30:03experience this.
30:04Five, four,
30:06three, two,
30:07one, ignition.
30:11And it's the
30:12BLT, and it's
30:14our launch vehicle
30:16carrying the
30:17AA-2 launch
30:18abort system
30:19for a full
30:20stress test.
30:22The first few
30:23seconds of launch
30:24is always very
30:25nerve-wracking
30:26because you're
30:27never really sure
30:28if something's
30:29going to go
30:29wrong.
30:32About 55 seconds
30:33in, we were
30:35expecting the abort
30:35sequence to start.
30:37It's a lot of
30:37anticipation.
30:38Is the abort
30:39motor going to
30:40work?
30:40Is it actually
30:40going to disconnect
30:42from the booster?
30:55Whenever you see
30:56that burst of flame,
30:57you're like,
30:57did something go
30:58wrong?
30:58And then you
30:59have that relief
31:00that it really did
31:01as it was supposed
31:02to.
31:03The abort
31:04motor successfully
31:05separates from the
31:06booster.
31:06Now, the burning
31:08last must free
31:09itself from the
31:10Orion crew capsule.
31:13If the last
31:14doesn't jettison
31:14quickly enough
31:15in an emergency
31:16during a crewed
31:17launch, the
31:18astronauts inside
31:19Orion could blow
31:20up with the
31:21rocket.
31:24So at this point,
31:26this is where
31:27it's working to
31:28orient the crew
31:29module at the
31:30right spot.
31:30And now you're
31:33focused on it.
31:33The crew module is
31:34jettisoned safely away
31:36from the last.
31:37And it's just a
31:38countdown at that
31:39point.
31:40It's getting real
31:41close.
31:46And there it is.
31:48Pirate,
31:48three and four,
31:49discharge both sides.
31:50And then you see
31:51that moment of the
31:52separation of the
31:53crew module from the
31:54last.
31:55So there goes the
31:56LAS.
31:57That's when you
31:57realize that the
31:58last really did what
31:59it was supposed to.
32:00And it's just a
32:01moment of relief from
32:02that point on.
32:04Recall there are no
32:04parachutes on this
32:05test today.
32:06So once the data
32:06recorders have been
32:07deployed and the
32:08vehicle is no longer
32:09transmitting data,
32:10TC will call test
32:11complete.
32:12There was a lot of
32:14work behind it and
32:15so there was a lot of
32:16pride in that when it
32:18was completed.
32:19When the rain's on the
32:21launch pad, I think
32:22there'll be tears in my
32:23eyes seeing that.
32:24Astronauts are not
32:25adrenaline junkies.
32:26We wouldn't be
32:27astronauts if we were.
32:29When you're strapped on
32:30the rocket, the
32:31accomplishment is all
32:32the training that you
32:33have received in order
32:34to feel safe.
32:36The launch abort
32:36system is a critical
32:38path to the design of
32:39any space mission.
32:40People see that system
32:42as every bit as
32:43important as the
32:45primary systems that
32:46are going to get you
32:46to the moon, even
32:47though their true hope
32:48is we never actually
32:49have to use these
32:50systems.
32:52Underneath Orion's
32:53crew capsule fits the
32:55European service
32:56module, which provides
32:57power, propulsion,
32:59water and air.
33:01Delivered by the
33:02European Space Agency,
33:04the ESM has 33
33:06engines, including a
33:08main engine refurbished
33:09from the space
33:10shuttle that will power
33:11Orion to the moon and
33:13back.
33:15Electricity will be
33:16generated by four 23-foot
33:18long solar arrays that
33:20can produce enough
33:21electricity to power two
33:24three-bedroom homes.
33:26Life support, the
33:26propulsion, the
33:28electrical systems and so
33:30on are all in the back
33:31end of that vehicle.
33:33And so for the first
33:33time, NASA's crew vehicle
33:36depends fundamentally on
33:38ESA technology.
33:42Orion will be integrated
33:44into the most powerful
33:45rocket that has ever been
33:47constructed, NASA's space
33:49launch system, R-S-L-S.
33:52The next step of the journey
33:58to the moon will be
33:59Artemis 1, the very first
34:02flight of the SLS
34:03containing all three of
34:04Orion's modules on an
34:06uncrewed flight around the
34:08moon scheduled for 2022.
34:10The integrated aspect of all the
34:14systems working together for
34:15the first time, that's
34:16actually the main objective.
34:22We're going to get into the
34:23orbit of the moon.
34:26It will go as close as 100
34:29kilometers from the surface of
34:30the moon.
34:32Well, we've tested everything
34:34and we're happy.
34:35We'll leave the lunar orbit
34:36and get back to Earth and it
34:38will be in the test of all the
34:40Orion entry systems but at the
34:41action speed coming back from
34:43the moon.
34:54Approximately two years after
34:56the first flight, Artemis 2
34:58will see the first humans board
35:00the Orion capsule for another
35:02flyby of the moon.
35:04The first crewed flight to the
35:07lunar surface will be Artemis 3,
35:10scheduled for 2025.
35:16Orion will rendezvous in lunar
35:18orbit with the lunar starship,
35:21a human landing system built by
35:23one of NASA's commercial
35:24partners, SpaceX.
35:28This ship will transport
35:30astronauts to the moon's
35:31surface and return them to
35:33Orion for the journey home.
35:36With HLS, which is the human
35:38landing system, it is going to
35:40require all of the modern day
35:42innovation that we can muster out
35:44of a space industry that NASA has
35:46really helped to foster.
35:48Now, when you work for NASA, as I
35:51did for 20 years, you are
35:53constantly aware you're dealing
35:55with the taxpayers' money.
35:57Space entrepreneurs are putting
35:59their own money into developing the
36:01rockets and the capsules.
36:02They can take risks that NASA couldn't take.
36:12Testing the starship prototypes shows the
36:14challenges of this technology.
36:16I like the fact that failure is an option
36:20when we're developing these far-out vehicles
36:22and new concepts, because that's how we get to
36:25achieving something new.
36:27When I see something like that, I see innovation.
36:29I see people that aren't afraid to ask the tough
36:32questions, to dream the big dreams.
36:34This dream is to establish a long-term,
36:37sustainable presence on the lunar surface.
36:39In order to enable this, within the next 10 years,
36:44NASA and its partners will build the Lunar Gateway,
36:48a space station where astronauts will be able
36:51to live and work in lunar orbit.
36:54Gateway will also be a docking point for spacecraft
36:57travelling to and from Earth and down to the lunar surface,
37:02eventually becoming a launch pad to the rest of the solar system.
37:06The Gateway becomes a staging post for humans to go from Earth
37:11to the moon and back again, as well as building an infrastructure
37:14to enable sustained human surface presence.
37:17There are a great number of places we want to explore.
37:20So having Gateway facilitates exploration of the entire moon.
37:24So you'll dock with the Gateway and then go from the Gateway
37:28down to the surface.
37:29It's very exciting to think that in a few years' time,
37:32there will be some of our astronauts alongside our international partners
37:35living in orbit around the moon, doing science,
37:39but also going down to the surface.
37:43Lunar Gateway is a series of components
37:45that will give us the ability to be there
37:48in the lunar vicinity permanent,
37:50like we have for decades now on the space station.
37:53It's a much smaller, more compact version of the ISS.
37:57We're really, really good at low-Earth orbit missions,
38:01and it's exciting to turn that expertise into the next phase.
38:07The shuttle brought up modules of the space station,
38:10and people did spacewalks to physically put together
38:12what we now see as rooms, trusses, solar arrays.
38:16Massive components of the space station
38:19were put together by people's hands.
38:21It was the ultimate construction project,
38:24and actually, to me, assembling Gateway
38:27is one of the things I would be looking forward to the most.
38:31But assembling Gateway will be an enormous project
38:34that will require years of effort.
38:37It will take countless spacewalks of the kind
38:40that were used to assemble the ISS.
38:43As Luca Parmitano discovered,
38:46this kind of activity can be extremely hazardous
38:49and will be even more so
38:51when working 250,000 miles away from the Earth.
38:56Spacewalking is one of the riskiest things
38:58that we do in our business.
39:03Luca Parmitano and Chris Cassidy
39:06are out on a spacewalk
39:07to lay down new cabling around the exterior
39:10of the International Space Station.
39:12All right, P-1 is connected.
39:16We're moving on to P-2.
39:18I'm working fast.
39:19Chris is working fast.
39:20I feel great.
39:22But this routine spacewalk
39:24takes an unexpected turn.
39:27I feel something that should not be there,
39:29and it's water right on the back of my head.
39:33That's my eye.
39:34I feel a lot of water on the back of my head,
39:37but I don't think it slips from my back.
39:39Something is not right.
39:41I don't know where it's coming from.
39:43And then I feel it crawling across the back.
39:46So now the ground is getting a little more concerned.
39:49I don't see the water, but maybe Chris can.
39:51I do need the sweat.
39:53No, it's not sweat.
39:55No, it's not sweat.
39:57Hey, Luca, can you clarify,
39:58is it increasing or not increasing?
40:02It's hard to tell,
40:03but it feels like a lot of water.
40:04On the ground,
40:05they tell me that they are checking for leaks
40:07and there are no leaks.
40:09That's where the leak is coming from.
40:11It's too much.
40:12I don't know.
40:12It's a lot.
40:14That's in my eyes.
40:16And then finally, on the ground,
40:18they tell me,
40:19all right, Luca,
40:20and this is the moment I dread.
40:22Based on what we heard with Luca saying
40:23that water is in his eyes now
40:26and it seems to be increasing,
40:27we think we're going to terminate EV8 case for EV2.
40:31So, Luca,
40:32we'll have you head back to the airlock.
40:34In that moment,
40:35the sun goes down.
40:36One moment, you have light,
40:38and the next,
40:39you are in complete darkness.
40:40I lose sight of Chris
40:41because I turn a corner.
40:43So I just start crawling back.
40:45In order to navigate my spacesuit
40:57and myself around a certain area,
40:59I need to go upside down
41:01relative to the Earth.
41:06As I flip my body,
41:09the water sloshes over to my eyes,
41:11to my ears,
41:12and to my nose
41:12and completely isolates me.
41:15I can't see anything
41:18because the water is over my eyes
41:20and I cannot get it out of my eyes.
41:26I call Chris
41:27and I tell him,
41:28hey, Chris,
41:29I think I'm lost.
41:35And I get no answer.
41:38But also,
41:39I don't know
41:39how much time do I have.
41:41So the water is in my nose already.
41:43How much time do I have
41:44before the water keeps flowing
41:47and covers my mouth?
41:51Can I stay here
41:52waiting for Chris
41:53to come and rescue me?
41:55Chris, Chris, Chris.
42:00I decided I don't have enough time.
42:02I need to go back
42:03to the airlock on my own.
42:05But how do I get back
42:09if I cannot see where I'm going?
42:12All I see
42:13is a little bit of light
42:14in front of me.
42:16I make a plan in my head.
42:18I've been underwater
42:20in a space suit
42:22in the mock-up
42:22of the space station
42:23so many hours
42:25that I can see it in my head.
42:26I can imagine
42:30how I need to move
42:31and where I need to go.
42:33So I slowly start
42:34to move the direction
42:35that I think
42:36is where I came from.
42:38I put my safety tether
42:40outside the airlock
42:41so there is a little bit
42:42of tension
42:43that is pulling me
42:44in that direction.
42:47And it's telling me
42:48that I'm going
42:49in the right direction.
42:50I'm not getting further away.
42:51So I follow
42:53that tiny pull
42:54trying to feel
42:56my way towards the air.
42:59This lasts about six minutes.
43:02They felt like
43:02a very long time to me.
43:03I can barely speak to you.
43:05I'm opening the
43:06don't lock cover.
43:10I go inside first.
43:13On the ground
43:14they don't know
43:15what's going on.
43:16They have no understanding
43:17of how much in trouble I am.
43:20Okay, I'm in.
43:21Roger that.
43:23Once Chris
43:24closes the hatch
43:26I know I'm safe.
43:28And I'm here to help, Luca.
43:30And that's when I feel
43:31somebody squeezing my hand.
43:33It was Chris.
43:35Hey, Luca from Houston.
43:36How you doing?
43:36Give us the status.
43:39Luca, did you hear that?
43:41I can hear
43:42no sound whatsoever.
43:44Chris can
43:44and so what he does
43:45he just kind of
43:46twists in the spacesuit
43:48to look at me
43:48and he can see
43:49that I'm there
43:50I'm breathing
43:50with my eyes closed.
43:52It looks miserable
43:53but okay.
43:56And then he squeezes
43:56my hand
43:57and I squeeze him back.
43:58Hatch coming open.
43:59Airlock Houston
44:00if you could have
44:01some towels ready
44:02that would be great.
44:03And then when
44:03they open the airlock
44:04I see my crewmates
44:06inside the space station.
44:07I was crying.
44:11I've never seen anybody
44:12so worried about
44:13another person in my life
44:14about me.
44:17So they take me out
44:18and as soon as they can
44:19they depressurize my suit
44:20and they take my helmet off.
44:24And they're handing me towels
44:26because I'm completely,
44:28completely wet.
44:30We estimate about
44:32a liter and a half
44:33of water
44:33inside the helmet
44:34which is a lot of water
44:38because the helmet
44:39is pretty small.
44:40Chris Cassidy
44:40there in the background
44:42he'll be floated
44:43through next
44:43as they continue
44:45to get Luca Parmitano
44:46out of his spacesuit.
44:49They ask the crew
44:50from the ground
44:51hey how is Luca doing?
44:53How is he doing?
44:55And I'm like
44:55hey guys.
44:56Just so you know
44:57I'm alive
44:57and I can answer
44:58those questions too.
45:00Luca we are delighted
45:01to hear your voice
45:02delighted to see you
45:03and we'll come to you
45:05with any questions
45:05as we get them.
45:06Thank you very much.
45:08An investigation found
45:10that a blockage
45:11caused water
45:12from the suit's
45:13cooling system
45:14to leak
45:15into the ventilation loop
45:16in Luca's helmet.
45:18We didn't think
45:19it was possible
45:20for water
45:22to get into my helmet
45:23and almost drown me.
45:24There are risks
45:25and dangers out there
45:26that we just haven't
45:27thought about
45:27but we will solve them.
45:30The fact that
45:31NASA puts so much
45:32importance on
45:33something not going
45:34according to plan
45:34is important.
45:35We get to review
45:36plans and equipment
45:38to make sure
45:39that that situation
45:40doesn't happen again.
45:45Reviewing everything
45:46that has been learned
45:47from over five and a half
45:49decades of spacewalking
45:50NASA have crafted
45:52a new spacesuit
45:53that will enable
45:54astronauts to live
45:56and work on the moon
45:57for long durations.
45:58I am so excited
46:01about the new spacesuits.
46:02They're going to really
46:03put the spacewalking
46:04in spacewalking
46:05because they've got
46:06awesome boots
46:07for planetary exploration.
46:09A new spacesuit
46:10is fundamental
46:10because it's a tool
46:12and a tool needs
46:14to be designed
46:15for a specific purpose.
46:16They're a small spaceship
46:17that our astronauts
46:19are in
46:19and they have to be protected.
46:21You need to be able
46:21to walk,
46:22you need to be able
46:23to have dexterity,
46:25you need to be able
46:25to have a suit
46:26that is sturdy enough
46:28that it doesn't get damaged
46:30by the rocky environment
46:32of the surface.
46:33They are made
46:34to be able to reach down,
46:36pick things up,
46:37move around.
46:37The dexterity
46:38is incredible.
46:40An integral part
46:42of the new spacesuit
46:43is the portable
46:44life support system
46:45with water, cooling,
46:48and ventilation loops
46:49that have been
46:49specifically redesigned
46:51to ensure an incident
46:52like Luca's leaking helmet
46:54will never be repeated
46:56on the moon.
47:04The ultimate goal
47:05of the Artemis program
47:06is a crewed mission
47:08to Mars.
47:09But before this three-year
47:11return journey
47:12can be considered,
47:13astronauts must first prove
47:15that they can live
47:17autonomously on the moon.
47:20So if we want
47:20to live and work
47:21away from Earth
47:23in the long term,
47:24whether that's
47:25on the moon
47:25or Mars
47:26or even further beyond,
47:28sooner or later
47:29we have to learn
47:30how to use
47:31the things that we find
47:32at the places
47:33that we go.
47:34And so we talk
47:35about in-situ
47:36resource utilization,
47:37the use of things
47:38that we find locally.
47:40We want to be able
47:40to explore,
47:41to understand
47:42the nature
47:42of the South Pole
47:43and to use
47:44the resources
47:44that are there.
47:46Because it's really
47:46important for us
47:47to understand
47:48where the water is
47:49on the lunar surface
47:50so we can design systems
47:52that can extract it
47:53and use it
47:53as that resource.
47:55Prospecting
47:55and finding
47:56that lunar water
47:57is really the first step
47:58of enabling
47:59that exploration.
48:01The Prime 1
48:02and Viper missions
48:03are being ready
48:04to fly in 2022
48:06to drill into
48:07the lunar South Pole.
48:10They will sample
48:11lunar water
48:12in different regions,
48:13creating resource maps
48:15that will outline
48:16the locations
48:17and quantities
48:18of this precious commodity.
48:21Rain we'll be driving on,
48:23we'll have not seen
48:24the light of day
48:25for maybe 2 billion years.
48:26We're going to go in there
48:27with our rover
48:28and illuminate it
48:30for the very first time.
48:31It's truly exploration.
48:33You know,
48:34it's looking into the darkness.
48:35It is a lot of pressure
48:36when you realize
48:37how big of an impact
48:38this data can have
48:40on the future
48:41of exploration.
48:43The mission
48:43is a pathfinder
48:44in many ways
48:45for all the future missions
48:47that come after it.
48:51These resource maps
48:53will be used
48:53to determine the location
48:55for Artemis Base Camp
48:56on the lunar surface.
48:59Construction of Base Camp
49:00can take place
49:02from the orbiting gateway
49:03by a combination
49:04of robotic
49:05and human expertise.
49:07We have been investigating
49:09ways that you could
49:10teleoperate robots
49:12at the lunar surface
49:13from other locations,
49:14like the gateway.
49:16We have already extracted
49:18out of the moon regolith
49:19aluminum,
49:20titanium,
49:22iron,
49:22and silicon
49:23to build structures,
49:25elements,
49:26tools.
49:26We'll simply 3D print
49:28moon-based structures
49:29around itself.
49:31And if you could
49:32put inside
49:33a pneumatic tent
49:34that you could then
49:35inflate,
49:36pressurize,
49:38warm up
49:38using electricity,
49:39now you have created
49:41the basis
49:42for a village.
49:44As a byproduct
49:44of the extraction
49:45of those materials,
49:46we produced oxygen.
49:48It's a fundamental product
49:49to make astronauts breathe.
49:52So this concept
49:53of in-situ resource utilization,
49:55we want to expand
49:56it to the maximum
49:57so to make those missions
49:59possible and sustainable.
50:01Once humanity
50:05has proven
50:05that they can extract
50:07and utilize lunar water
50:08to live on the moon,
50:10future missions to Mars
50:11can be fueled
50:12with these very same
50:14lunar resources.
50:17The skills,
50:18the knowledge,
50:19the technology
50:20that we build
50:21as we do this on the moon
50:22will take us on to Mars
50:24and then that will set up
50:25the way that we do this
50:26elsewhere in the solar system.
50:27Just the use
50:28of lunar propellant
50:29will save
50:30on the order
50:31of $12 billion
50:32per Mars mission.
50:35The lunar surface
50:36offers not only resources,
50:39but it offers us
50:40a test bed
50:40to make sure
50:41that we understand
50:42how to architect
50:44and how to work
50:45on another planetary body.
50:46It's going to be
50:46really important
50:47when we go on to Mars
50:48because the farther
50:49we go out,
50:50obviously,
50:50the more resources
50:51and costs
50:52are required
50:53to get the mass
50:54to those locations.
50:55It inspires me
50:55and I hope we inspire
50:57the next generation
50:58of explorers.
50:59I think the people
51:00that may land on Mars
51:01for the first time
51:02are probably already born.
51:04I think it's closer now
51:06than it ever has been.
51:08Hurry up.
51:09Come here now.
51:10It's not a Disney movie.
51:11This is real.
51:12Traveling to the moon,
51:14staying there
51:14and eventually
51:15using that
51:16as a stepping stone
51:17for interplanetary travel
51:19and being
51:19an interplanetary species
51:21means that there
51:22is a whole new set
51:24of things
51:24we're going to learn
51:25about ourselves.
51:26We're going to learn
51:26what's important to us.
51:28We're going to learn
51:28what we love.
51:30We're going to learn
51:30what we need
51:31and I think most of all
51:32about what brings us
51:34together
51:34about our shared humanity.
51:36I hope that the future
51:38is beyond my wildest dreams
51:41and it's something
51:42that I just cannot
51:43even imagine.
51:43we're positive.
51:51We're going to learn
51:51what I love
51:52and then we'll see
51:55what I want
51:56and then we'll see
51:57me
51:58and then we'll see
52:00Gracias por ver el video.
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