- hace 1 día
Categoría
📺
TVTranscripción
00:00¡Suscríbete al canal!
00:30¡Suscríbete al canal!
01:00We also think we don't understand, frankly.
01:02And could it have been part of the technological revolution that built the great ships of exploration that carried Columbus and others across the Atlantic and around the world?
01:13Designed for the same types of mission, built in the same way.
01:17This is our look at what Columbus and his crew actually experienced on their voyages of exploration.
01:24That's what makes these shipwrecks so important.
01:27Because it's a treasure, in fact.
01:30There's only one way to find out...
01:33Excavation time.
01:34...if it's the ship that changed the world.
01:38Right now, on NOVA.
01:40Stora Eken.
02:06A small island off the coast of Sweden.
02:15Marine archaeologists Brendan Foley.
02:18Excavation time.
02:19And Johan Rambi.
02:26Along with a team of divers, have come here to investigate...
02:31...the crumbling timbers of a ship.
02:36It may not look like much, but they suspect it may be a rare type of warship.
02:54Large portions of the wreck appear to still be intact.
02:57I can see a ship.
03:01I can see the bow, the stern, the ribs.
03:04I can see a ship.
03:07Visible in the sediment, several tell-tale items.
03:12There are artifacts emerging.
03:14Saw a nice lead cannonball.
03:16And an oddly carved piece of wood.
03:22Possibly the remnant of a gun carriage.
03:25Built to hold an early type of cannon.
03:29Its distinctive design suggests that this object...
03:33...dates back to the late medieval era.
03:36500 years ago.
03:37A time of castles and armored knights.
03:41And the first stirrings of the European renaissance.
03:46It's the period of Michelangelo or Leonardo da Vinci.
03:50And it's this period in European history...
03:52...where a lot of things are changing.
03:55And yet, ironically...
03:57...this ship may have been hiding in plain sight...
04:00...since the 1970s.
04:03When amateur divers first stumbled across it...
04:06...without realizing what they'd found.
04:10Fishermen had told that every time they was fishing...
04:14...at this place...
04:15...they got stuck with their equipment.
04:19And they said, we go down here and look.
04:23And Nisse got down.
04:24And when it came up, she said to me...
04:27...I don't know, it must be some wreck.
04:31That in and of itself wasn't unusual.
04:34Shipwrecks are common in these waters.
04:37And then archaeologist Nicholas Eriksson...
04:40...found a strange artifact...
04:43...and the wreck started to make headlines.
04:47So I was swimming back and forth...
04:49...and having a look at the loose timbers...
04:51...that are lying scattered around there.
04:53...and found a thick beam.
04:57After removing some sediments...
04:58...we came back to the surface...
05:00...and we were jumping up and down.
05:02We all found a figurehead!
05:03It was quite amazing.
05:04Centuries ago...
05:05...this bizarre, intricately carved figurehead...
05:07...would have been one of the ship's...
05:08...key identifying features.
05:09It's clearly some kind of monster...
05:10...similar to the fantastical creatures...
05:11...that often adorned old Viking ships.
05:13In its jaws...
05:14...a screaming man.
05:45...to make a beautiful stuff.
05:46But the figurehead alone...
05:48...was not enough...
05:49...to make a positive ID.
05:52Military historian...
05:54...Yngvar Scherblum...
05:56...soon put the clues together.
05:58It was probably a very rich man...
06:01...that could have the money...
06:03...to build a large ship...
06:05...of this size.
06:07Along with other clues...
06:09...gleaned from the wreckage...
06:10...the figurehead and gun carriages...
06:12...suggest that this could be...
06:14...the flagship of a Danish king...
06:16...named Hans.
06:19Over 500 years ago...
06:21...the monarch was famous...
06:22...for building a large naval fleet...
06:24...led by a massive warship...
06:26...known as the Gribshunden...
06:29...the Gryffindog.
06:31It's the capital ship...
06:33...of King Hans.
06:34It's the aircraft carrier.
06:35It's the ballistic missile submarine.
06:37It's a statement of power.
06:38It's floating propaganda.
06:47Now I really understand...
06:48...what's down there.
06:49Four Chronicles...
06:51...mention Gribshunden by name...
06:53...as does a single eyewitness account.
06:55Written by a young nobleman...
06:57...who survived the ship's sinking.
07:00They report that in 1495...
07:02...the Gryffindog came to this island...
07:05...seeking shelter...
07:06...before sinking...
07:07...under strange circumstances.
07:11The finds yesterday...
07:22...were really exciting...
07:23...quite spectacular...
07:24...and I think we're gonna have...
07:25...the same today.
07:26So enjoy yourselves.
07:27Now...
07:28...Foley and Ranby...
07:29...are preparing to uncover...
07:30...this ship's secrets.
07:31The work...
07:33...won't be easy.
07:34Though the wreck is not in deep water...
07:37...it's mostly covered in heavy sediment.
07:40Excavating requires...
07:42...a highly skilled support team...
07:44...and extreme caution.
07:46You'll be told who is the dive leader...
07:49...for that rotation...
07:50...and their word is God.
07:51To keep them safe as they work...
07:53...dive safety officer Phil Short...
07:56...and his crew...
07:57...will monitor the divers...
07:59...at all times.
08:00It is a shallow site...
08:02...but you can't breathe water...
08:03...at 9 meters or 90.
08:05So safety is absolutely paramount.
08:11Their base of operations...
08:12...is a 30-foot dive boat...
08:14...hauling up to 10 divers...
08:15...and their gear.
08:16We can jump in the water...
08:17...and get to work.
08:18And you can take samples.
08:19A temporary lab...
08:21...back on shore...
08:22...is set up...
08:23...to process any artifacts...
08:24...they recover.
08:25Their time is limited.
08:27They only have the dive boat...
08:28...and this team together...
08:29...for 16 days.
08:30Their first objective...
08:31...is to understand...
08:32...how much of the ship...
08:33...is still intact...
08:34...beneath the sediment.
08:35We have the x-way further down...
08:36...so we have to remove...
08:37...the silt around it...
08:38...so you can get the whole...
08:39...structure of it.
08:40The first step...
08:41...is to expose the cargo hold...
08:42...all the way down...
08:43...to the hull...
08:44...to the hull...
08:45...to the hull...
08:46...to the hull...
08:47...to the hull...
08:48...to the hull...
08:49...itself a critical clue...
09:08...only once the sediment is stripped away...
09:10...will they get a sense...
09:11...of what kind of ship this was...
09:14...and what it was carrying.
09:17Pero antes de retirar una sola cantidad de sedimentos,
09:21los arqueólogos necesitan crear una copia virtual de un disturbedo.
09:30Cada día, un par de fotografías filmes y fotografías el sitio.
09:37High-definition video ofrece un recorrido visual de la arqueología.
09:43La segunda cámara grabó miles de stilles.
09:49So, básicamente, what I'm doing is I physically have a camera,
09:53an underwater camera, and I'm just swimming back and forth
09:56in a rather systematic way back and forth on the site.
09:59The roughly 4,000 images are then run through a program
10:04that stitches them together,
10:06producing a 3D model in a process called photogrammetry.
10:10And then the last step is we basically take
10:15and we lay the photographs on top
10:17to give it a photorealistic view.
10:20Each day, fresh images of the site will be captured,
10:23allowing archaeologists to digitally retrace their steps
10:27even after excavation is complete.
10:30So, we'll see where things came from in the 3D space.
10:33And I think that's the really, really interesting thing
10:35about this technique is that we can see this every day.
10:37Yeah.
10:38She's fantastic. You can see the progress.
10:40Mapping expert Paola de Rudis
10:43can use this first model to create an even more detailed version.
10:48Yet, even now, they can clearly see the first major obstacle.
10:54Piles of loose decking blocking their access
10:56to the lower levels of the ship.
11:00A complete ship would be easy to understand for what it is,
11:04but if you imagine the top half to two-thirds of that ship
11:07essentially sort of taken apart and collapsed in on itself,
11:11what you've got then is the seabed scattered
11:13with timbers lying in all directions and it looks very confusing.
11:16Like a game of pick-up sticks,
11:19each timber must be moved out of the way
11:22without shifting or damaging the rest of the wreck.
11:25It has to be very carefully controlled
11:28because sooner or later we're going to come across an area
11:31where there are particularly valuable things.
11:35A marine deposit like this is very insubstantial.
11:39It's not compact, it's soft.
11:41The challenge is to actually excavate that with enough precision
11:45to not damage anything, not lose anything
11:47and derive as much of the archaeological information as possible.
11:52So the team installs scaffolding.
11:55We'll move it into the wreck so it ends up here.
11:58Not only to minimize damage to the site
12:01but to map the location of artifacts and other features.
12:06We're all set up, we're ready to roll, we're going to excavate.
12:10It's what we're here to do.
12:14But as soon as they set out, they run into a problem.
12:20The conditions are terrible.
12:23It's really easy to stir up the sediment.
12:28Destroyed the visibility to virtually zero.
12:31Their only option, to use a hand-held dredge.
12:42Essentially an underwater vacuum
12:44to try to direct the powdery sediment away from the site.
12:50The dredge is working beautifully.
12:52The visibility is fantastic.
12:54And then, finally, they spot something significant in the clearing mud.
13:09Chainmail.
13:10Wow.
13:11It's really, really fragile and it's within leather as well.
13:13Oh, that's beautiful.
13:15Oh, wow.
13:16See these all clumped together.
13:18They're all rings.
13:19It could be the end of a sleeve
13:22and then it could have been connected to mail of iron.
13:28Incredibly, it's a fragment of medieval chainmail
13:31possibly worn by a soldier or even a medieval knight.
13:35That bit is uncorroded.
13:39It's an astonishingly lucky find.
13:42Seawater is brutally corrosive to metals.
13:46Usually aboard ships, you have heavy infantry.
13:49And at this time, it was typical for the heavy infantry
13:53to wear a plate armor and also some mail,
13:56which is great protection against swords
13:59and other sorts of weaponry.
14:01Not far away, additional evidence of warfare.
14:08And you saw the lead shot.
14:10Oh, yeah.
14:11From the gun, the cannonball.
14:12Yeah, that was fantastic.
14:14Cannonballs and more gun carriages.
14:19We have found nine gun carriages that is salvaged.
14:23We know that it's other down in the wreck.
14:26The weapons themselves are gone, salvaged or rusted away.
14:32But the carriages offer some insight.
14:36The wrought iron guns are really the predecessors to cannons.
14:40So they've only got a bore of maybe three inches.
14:43But that's a big gun for the time.
14:47They are some of the earliest cannon-like weapons
14:50to be adapted for naval warfare.
14:52Yet the records are unclear if they were ever used in combat.
15:02Only five historical sources describe Gribshunden with few details.
15:08Instead, most of the focus is on King Hans himself.
15:14When we look at the written sources,
15:16they describe King Hans as witty, as wealthy,
15:20as kind of a happy-go-lucky man.
15:22And they even describe his good looks.
15:25Hans, like other European rulers at the time,
15:29was fighting to establish his supremacy.
15:32These guys really needed to show that we're powerful kings.
15:35And having a big ship with a lot of flags and paint and so on,
15:38it's a way to show that you are something special.
15:41I think this is one of the reasons why King Hans is so keen
15:45to have this kind of ship to really demonstrate his power.
15:49Records show that Hans took his massive new warship
15:52on diplomatic voyages to Norway,
15:55down to England,
15:57perhaps even farther,
15:59to Nordic colonies in the West.
16:01We have to imagine this ship as a novelty,
16:05something perhaps either unseen
16:09in the Nordic countries,
16:10and the fact that King Hans uses this ship,
16:12this is something he'd do
16:13in order to make a political statement.
16:17In 1495,
16:19records show Hans outfitted his warship
16:21for yet another expedition,
16:23this time to Sweden,
16:25when an unexpected storm
16:27forced him to take shelter
16:28near the island of Stora Eken.
16:34It must have been a very good place to anchor
16:36because it's quite open sea outside of the island,
16:39but if you go around it on the inside,
16:41it's quite sheltered.
16:42It's a good anchor place.
16:45The records disagree on what happened next,
16:48but based on the artifacts the team is now finding,
16:51it appears Hans was prepared for a fight.
16:55Weaponry continues to emerge,
17:03this time a crossbow.
17:09Crossbow has a crossbow bolt with it.
17:13It's a really interesting time period
17:20where you still have
17:22the bow and string weapons
17:24when you're getting the projectile weapons of gunpowder.
17:27Though the Gribshunden
17:29did have larger guns,
17:31records are unclear
17:32whether handheld firearms were used.
17:34Instead, King Hans likely relied on crossbows.
17:38We know from 1507
17:40that King Hans stipulates
17:42that half of the crew members
17:44were half of the soldiers
17:45they would be equipped with crossbows
17:47and the other half with lances.
17:51Though not as advanced as gunpowder weapons,
17:53they were no less dangerous in the right hands.
17:58More than strong enough
17:59to penetrate an enemy soldier's armor.
18:13It's absolutely deadly.
18:15Chainmail, this can go through.
18:17I've tested it.
18:26Hello, Lina.
18:26Ben.
18:27Hi.
18:27Hey, I'm Brendan.
18:28Nice meeting you.
18:29Lina Eklund is a world champion crossbow shooter
18:33beating both her female and male competitors.
18:37In the rules it says
18:38that you have to name the best woman
18:40because they think women won't win.
18:45But last year I did win
18:47so they had to name the best man.
18:52Foley has brought her a 3D print
18:54of the crossbow stock
18:55recently found on board the Gribshunden.
18:58So I'm really curious to compare it
19:00against your working bow.
19:01Yeah, of course.
19:02This is my stock.
19:03You had to have a stronger bow
19:05on that I think
19:06than I have on mine.
19:07But how effective would that be?
19:09You could absolutely shoot
19:11through chainmail
19:12and maybe through armor too.
19:14crossbows couldn't be reloaded quickly
19:20on land that meant taking cover
19:21behind fortifications
19:23like castle walls
19:24while at sea
19:26medieval drawings show
19:27they relied on floating castles.
19:33It's possible the planks
19:34the team found scattered
19:35on the surface of the wreck
19:37are remnants of such a defense.
19:39I think this crossbow helps establish the idea of this ship
19:44As basically a floating castle
19:46That term forecastle
19:49Goes back to ships like Gribsunden
19:51That quite literally were floating castles
19:54They had ramparts sort of built up at the forward end
19:57And at the aft end
19:59Stern castle, forecastle
20:01These castles were a critical element
20:06Not only for protecting crossbowmen and soldiers
20:09But for attacking as well
20:11One tactic was to try and get your forecastle
20:15Which was a big powerful structure on the bow of the ship
20:17If you could get that over the waist of the other ship
20:19That would give you an advantage
20:21You could shoot down on the decks
20:22They were literally, I mean, you know
20:24We use the term floating castles, they were
20:25And then
20:31They find something truly unexpected
20:34Well, looks like a handgun
20:41The metal doesn't survive
20:44Because iron degrades in this sort of chemical environment underwater
20:47But the wood survives very well
20:49That's fantastic
20:50Because it's in such complete condition
20:53It's an ARC bus
20:55One of the very earliest handheld firearms
20:58Oh, let me tell you how excited I am about that
21:02I'm very excited
21:03This is possibly the oldest handgun found on a shipwreck
21:08So it's absolutely unique
21:10It appears King Hans was surrounded by the most advanced weaponry of the medieval era
21:16What Gribshunden has proven to be
21:20Is a combined arms platform
21:22We've got medieval weapons like a crossbow
21:25Even older weapons like pikes and stabbing weapons
21:28But we've also got this new thing
21:30These gunpowder weapons
21:31And that's really something
21:33And yet
21:39The team is starting to suspect
21:41That the most powerful weapon in King Hans' arsenal
21:44May have actually been
21:47Gribshunden herself
21:49As they dig deeper into the wreck
21:53Ranby and Foley suspect
21:55That this ship may have been
21:56In one of the most advanced vessels of her time
21:59The final proof will be in the hull
22:03How is it constructed?
22:06If this is the Gryphon
22:08Can it reveal anything about the transition from earlier ships
22:12Like the smaller Viking-style craft
22:14To the supersized long-distance vessels
22:17That would come to dominate European fleets
22:20Previously, European ships were built largely
22:26Using traditional designs
22:27Handed down for generations
22:29In Northern Europe
22:33Where Gribshunden sank
22:34That meant building ships
22:36Much the same way
22:37That the Vikings had built their fearsome longboats
22:40One of the most distinctive features of these ships
22:43Were their hulls
22:45You can't mistake it
22:47You'll see the streaks
22:48So a line of planks running from bow to stern
22:51And you can see the ribbed appearance
22:53The sort of
22:54The lap appearance
22:55A boat's hull is essentially a shell
22:59Built around an interior that is lighter than water
23:02Which keeps it afloat
23:04For thousands of years
23:06Northern shipwrights built their shells
23:09In a very distinctive way
23:10This is a long, long tradition for almost 2,000 years
23:15To build boats like this
23:17And typical for that is that you have the boarding planking
23:20Overlapping like this way
23:22And then you put a nail through the planks
23:25To keep them together
23:26Known as clinker hulls
23:29They rely on long planks of wood
23:31That are slightly overlapped
23:33And then squeezed together with rivets
23:36To produce a sturdy, seaworthy wooden shell
23:39Once the outer planks were in place
23:42Internal supports were added
23:44To give it additional strength
23:46These ships were typically equipped with a single mast and square sail
23:51The use of the single square sail in the north of Europe
23:57Again goes back many centuries
24:00It's a technology that was very well controlled
24:03Very well known
24:03And very simple to operate
24:05A big square sail of the period
24:08Would have been better at driving the ship
24:11With the following winds
24:12The resulting ship is light
24:15Due to its thin planks and fasteners
24:17Sitting high in the water
24:19And reducing drag
24:21They were excellent sea craft
24:23They ride with the waves
24:25They don't smash through them
24:26But their design also makes them flexible
24:29Years ago when they were still building
24:32The replica of the long Viking ship
24:35From Roskilde
24:36The master shipwright
24:37He grabbed one of the posts
24:39And shook it
24:41And you could see the entire vessel waving
24:43All the way to the other end
24:45It is that flexible
24:47But this flexibility
24:50Is also one of the major limitations
24:52Of the clinker design
24:54As ship size increases
24:56Flexibility becomes the enemy
24:59Boats should not be flexible
25:01The history of shipbuilding
25:03Is the history of making sturdier
25:05And less flexible hulls
25:07With the introduction of heavy cannons
25:10Clinker ships faced serious stability
25:13And stress issues
25:14As the stresses increase
25:18With the size of the vessel
25:19The fasteners that you need to use
25:21To put these planks together
25:23Are going to become less sturdy
25:26They start making water
25:28Much larger than the typical Viking ship
25:34The Gribshunden seems to have also been sturdy
25:37In fact, as the chronicles show
25:40King Hans used it to make multiple ocean voyages
25:43And that is what intrigues
25:46The archeological team
25:47This ship must have been built
25:50Using a different kind of construction
25:52The archeologists need to uncover
25:55The ship's hull and interior structures
25:57To learn more
25:59After shifting the timbers blocking access
26:13To the lower levels of the ship
26:15The team can now begin excavating in earnest
26:18And I'm actually going to excavate
26:20On the outside of the ship
26:21I thought about taking that down
26:23As deep as possible
26:24The excavation's going very, very quickly now
26:27We have four highly competent teams of excavators
26:30Now it's starting to become clear
26:33Now we can see exactly where we are in the ship
26:37If they want to figure out
26:40Exactly how unique the Gribshunden was
26:43They need to uncover a key piece
26:45Of the ship's structure
26:46Its hull
26:48But given their constraints
26:51They'll only be able to excavate
26:53Within a narrow area
26:54Marked by the frame they've placed amid ship
26:57The middle of the ship in terms of the hull design
27:01It's the most diagnostic place
27:03So we wanted to get a look at the structure
27:05At that point
27:06It's always hard to know where to dig
27:08We wanted to have quite a lot of the interior of the ship
27:11So it's a combination of getting so much ship construction
27:14As possible
27:14But also getting the inside of it
27:16The cargo
27:17And then
27:21A new problem
27:22Some of it's missing
27:24Some of it's missing
27:24We are missing a part over here
27:26They're looking for the hull of the ship
27:31And where it connects to the internal structure
27:33Its skeleton
27:35If they succeed
27:36It could be the earliest hull segment of a ship of this period
27:40Ever discovered
27:41But something isn't right
27:44We've been wondering
27:50Since we started
27:51The inside of the ship
27:52Meets the frames here
27:54So the frame
27:54This is the hull of the ship
27:55Curving up here
27:56And we always wondered
27:58There's collapsed timbers all around
27:59And we don't understand
28:00Frankly
28:00What happened
28:01To the hull above this point
28:02Looking at the wreck
28:06They suspect
28:07That the missing section of hull
28:08Was not built
28:09Using the local clinker style
28:11Like the Vikings used
28:12That wouldn't have been sturdy enough
28:15But there is a possible alternative
28:18For this ship's construction
28:19A style found hundreds of miles away
28:23In the Mediterranean
28:24For thousands of years
28:28Egyptians, Romans and others
28:31All used a similar template
28:33For their ships
28:34The ways of building ships
28:37Go back to at least
28:38The early third millennium BC
28:41So that's nearly 3,000 BC
28:42But the Romans and their neighbours
28:46Used an entirely different approach
28:48To hull construction
28:49Could the griffin have been built
28:52Like a Roman ship
28:53The clue is in the planks
28:55Unlike clinker hulls
28:59Where the planks are overlapped
29:01The ships used by the Romans
29:04And others had planks laid flush
29:06Then locked together
29:07Using dowels and joints
29:09Similar to those sometimes
29:11Used in furniture
29:12The planks are carved
29:14They are edge fastened
29:15To each other
29:16With mortise and tenon joinery
29:17And it's been called
29:18By some people
29:19Cabinetry rather than carpentry
29:21But it works
29:22Like clinker hulls
29:24This outer shell
29:26Was strengthened afterwards
29:27With internal supports
29:28The result was a smooth-sided hull
29:33That was incredibly sturdy
29:34But labour-intensive
29:36They would last forever
29:39But they were very difficult to build
29:41Very expensive to build
29:42Many men hours
29:43So whoever were the guys
29:45That were carving
29:46They had to be experienced
29:47As a result
29:50By the medieval period
29:51Shipbuilders began changing their methods
29:54This technique that's lasted
29:56For three and a half
29:57To four thousand years
29:58Gradually starts changing
29:59Which they've started
30:00To morph into something else
30:01Instead of building
30:04The sturdy outer hull
30:05And then adding
30:06Internal frames afterwards
30:08Shipbuilders began experimenting
30:10With the reverse
30:11Starting with the internal frames first
30:14It doesn't sound
30:16A particularly radical move
30:18But if you think about it
30:18You've got to know
30:19The shape of your ship
30:20To cut the frames
30:21To put the planks on
30:22This skeleton-first style
30:26Was more technically challenging
30:27To design
30:28But allowed shipwrights
30:30To control a vessel's shape
30:31More precisely
30:32And thus its desired features
30:35Such as speed
30:37Size
30:37And cargo capacity
30:39You're controlling the shape
30:41Of the vessel
30:42By building the frame structure
30:43First
30:44There is geometry
30:45There are understandings
30:48Of physics
30:49That go into it
30:50Allowing them
30:52And to build larger vessels
30:54This is the craft
30:56Of shipwritory
30:57Becoming the science
30:59Of naval architecture
31:00One type of ship
31:04To use this more robust engineering
31:06Was called a caravel
31:08Possibly imported
31:09From the Arab world
31:10The Arabs were amazing sailors
31:14It's very possible
31:16That caravels
31:17Could have been invented
31:19In the northern shore
31:20Of Africa
31:21Their design
31:24Made them incredibly capable
31:26Starting first
31:28As small fishing vessels
31:29The caravels
31:30Were soon adapted
31:31By Europeans
31:32To explore the coast
31:33Of Africa
31:34While Columbus
31:36Took two of them
31:37The Nina and the Pinta
31:38On his first voyage
31:40To the Americas
31:41Caravels became famous
31:44For being swift
31:45And fast
31:46And there's an English text
31:48That says
31:48They swirl around
31:49Our warships
31:50Like butterflies
31:51Could the Gribshunden
31:56Be one of these
31:57Advanced new caravels
31:59If so
32:01It's unlike
32:02Any other known example
32:03To begin with
32:06The wreck of the Gribshunden
32:07Is nearly 115 feet long
32:10The largest known caravels
32:13Which might have included
32:14The Nina and Pinta
32:15Topped out at around 75
32:17Caravels were very good
32:20At what they did
32:21But they're quite small ships
32:22Nor is it likely
32:24The Gribshunden
32:25Is simply a longer version
32:27Of a caravel
32:28Building a ship
32:29Is a trade-off
32:30Between size
32:31Speed
32:32And capacity
32:33Caravels were optimized
32:35For speed
32:36Combining a sleek hull
32:39Usually with triangular sails
32:41Called latin sails
32:42Latin sail
32:45Gives you slightly more flexibility
32:47In the sense
32:48That it will act
32:49More efficiently
32:50Like an aerofoil
32:51And allow the ship
32:51To sail across the wind
32:53Or even a little into wind
32:54Latin sails are agile
32:56But they have a drawback
32:58There's a big problem
33:00With latin sails
33:01Is when they get big
33:02You need big crews
33:03Increasing a caravel's size
33:06Thus required much larger crews
33:08Yet the caravels
33:10With their quick narrow hulls
33:12Didn't have room
33:13For the extra supplies required
33:15The limit with caravels
33:18Is size
33:18If you do not have space
33:21To put food and water
33:22You cannot go far away
33:23So you need large vessels
33:26Based on everything
33:29The team is seeing
33:30This wreck is clearly
33:31Not a caravel
33:32It's a new design
33:34Something longer
33:35Wider
33:36And as the team is now finding
33:39Carrying a huge amount
33:41Of supplies
33:43Barrels, barrels, barrels
33:45Barrel staves
33:47Barrel heads
33:48Barrel hooping
33:48Even after 500 years
33:51Underwater
33:52The wood looks
33:53Perfectly preserved
33:54A symbol has been carved
33:57Into each lid
33:58Though its meaning
33:59Is unclear
34:00To learn more
34:02The team takes
34:04The barrel staves
34:05Back to shore
34:06To scientist
34:07Hans Linderson
34:09Linderson is a dendrochronologist
34:15An expert
34:16In tree rings
34:18It can be very accurate
34:20But it's very hard
34:21To do on
34:22This waterlogged oak
34:24In addition to the barrels
34:27Linderson's lab
34:28Also analyzes
34:29The origin
34:30Of the timbers
34:30Used in the ship itself
34:32He begins by shaving
34:35The waterlogged
34:36Outer wood away
34:37Revealing the preserved
34:39Tree rings below
34:40We cut it
34:42Like this
34:43And make the surface
34:45Perfectly clear
34:46Chalk helps the rings
34:48Stand out more starkly
34:50So we try to make it white
34:52By chalk
34:53Then
34:54Using a microscope
34:55He measures the width
34:57Of the rings
34:58The tree rings
34:59Started here
35:00Maybe in the end of May
35:02And grow like this
35:04Until the end of July
35:06Or maybe the beginning of August
35:08Each year
35:10A tree adds another ring
35:12Of new wood
35:13As it grows
35:14But some years
35:16Are better than others
35:17A drought year
35:18Might produce a thinner ring
35:20A long wet summer
35:22Might produce a thicker one
35:24Thus
35:25The tree rings
35:26Become a sort of fingerprint
35:28A unique reflection
35:30Of the weather
35:30In the specific time
35:32And place
35:32Where this tree
35:33Was growing
35:34I measure every ring
35:37And try to get as many rings
35:39As possible
35:39And then throw it out
35:41In our database
35:42Linderson's records
35:45Include an estimated
35:4650,000 reference samples
35:48Allowing him to zero in
35:50On exactly when
35:51This wood was cut
35:52A precise
35:5310-month window
35:55Starting in late
35:561482
35:571482
35:591482
35:591482
35:59That is the youngest
36:02Tree ring
36:03We have
36:031482
36:04In this ship
36:06Maybe after August
36:08They have cut
36:09The wood
36:10But Linderson's database
36:12Also reveals
36:13Something odd
36:14The wood doesn't seem
36:16To come
36:16From a nordic country
36:18In this case
36:19We saw
36:20The sample
36:20Didn't fit
36:21To sweden
36:22Instead
36:23It seems to have
36:25Originated from
36:26Hundreds of miles away
36:27It was close
36:29To northwest
36:29France
36:30It's possible
36:32This Danish warship
36:33Didn't come
36:34From a scandinavian
36:35Country at all
36:36Its timbers
36:38Are french
36:39Even more interesting
36:42Linderson's analysis
36:44Indicates the barrels
36:45Holding the ship's
36:46Cargo
36:46Come from yet
36:48Another part of europe
36:49They also
36:50Determined the place
36:52Where they have been
36:52Growing
36:53They come from
36:55Skania
36:56Southern sweden
36:57And also from poland
36:59Okay
37:00That's interesting
37:01My colleagues
37:02Tell me that
37:03Poland had
37:04A huge export market
37:06In making barrels
37:07And shipping these out
37:08All over europe
37:09But dendrochronology
37:12Cannot reveal
37:13Exactly what
37:14These barrels carried
37:15Fortunately
37:18More clues
37:19Are emerging
37:20From the wreck
37:21I think we are
37:25In the kitchen store
37:27Or something like that
37:27Because there's so many
37:28Barrels down there
37:29So yeah
37:29In one of those barrels
37:32Bones
37:33And i just couldn't see
37:35If that was wood
37:36Or bone
37:36Or what that was
37:37What is that
37:38Mysterious skeletal fragments
37:42But they don't appear
37:45But they don't appear to be
37:45Beef bones
37:46Or other common food animals
37:48Okay
37:55So brendan
37:55The bones that we recovered
37:57Are called scutes
37:58Based on a few of the
38:00Scute fragments
38:01That you excavated
38:02And they are
38:03The remains of something
38:04That's at least one meter
38:06And probably
38:07Around two meters long
38:08So it's quite impressive
38:10They are bones
38:14From an atlantic sturgeon
38:15A massive fish
38:18All but extinct
38:19In these waters
38:19It's kind of like
38:23Bony plates
38:24That works as a shield
38:25Construction
38:26On the fish
38:27I think that this fish
38:29Would have been used
38:30To be presented
38:31As a gift
38:32To the royalties
38:33Because the sturgeon
38:34Was considered
38:34One of the king's fishes
38:35A fish considered
38:37So valuable
38:38That if caught
38:39It must legally
38:41Be given to royalty
38:42And you would be
38:44Punishable by law
38:45And you know
38:46You don't want to be
38:47Punished by law
38:48If showing them
38:48It's evil right
38:49There's a lot of
38:51Evidence for this
38:52Actually being
38:53One of the things
38:54That they would have
38:54Had with them
38:55As a manifestation
38:56Of power
38:57Or the just royal status
38:58As they dig deeper
39:02Into the cargo hold
39:04Of a king
39:04It's like a window
39:06Into long forgotten lives
39:08We were excavating
39:10Down in the hold
39:11Amidst all those barrels
39:12And I thought
39:13At first it was a gun
39:14But it's not a gun
39:15It's some sort of vessel
39:17What we have here
39:18Is a completely intact
39:20Wooden tankard
39:21From 1495
39:23Handle, cover
39:25Completely intact
39:27And possibly the king's
39:29Mark on it
39:29The experience
39:32Of excavating
39:33On a site like this
39:34Is really quite visceral
39:35Every once in a while
39:37That we'll find
39:38An object
39:39That just
39:40Makes us realize
39:42That we're looking back
39:43Half a millennium
39:44In history
39:45And you think
39:47Some nobleman
39:48Was the last one
39:49To hold these objects
39:51500 years ago
39:53And it's the sense
39:56Of almost time travel
39:57That's the real benefit
40:01Of archaeology
40:01Traveling back in history
40:03In a quite unique way
40:04And I would say
40:05The written sources
40:06Can never get you
40:07That close to history
40:08As archaeology
40:09Sometimes can
40:10And then
40:14Something puzzling
40:16Get your hand
40:18On the bottom
40:19That's good stuff
40:19You got it
40:20Excellent
40:21It's like a leather pouch
40:23They have found
40:25What appear to be
40:26Corroded lumps of metal
40:28Wrapped in leather
40:29It's difficult to tell
40:32What they once were
40:33But there may be
40:36A way to find out
40:37In the rack
40:41Up close to the
40:43To the top
40:43Of the surface
40:44Of the sediment
40:45We found
40:45What we think
40:46Is a leather purse
40:46That was full of
40:47This material
40:48So if the machine
40:50Can show us
40:51What's in there
40:52I think we can do that
40:53Excellent
40:54The solution
40:56Is a CT scanner
40:58Similar to that
40:59Used by doctors
41:00To peer inside
41:01The human body
41:02So this just goes
41:06From the bottom
41:07Up
41:08That's cool already
41:10You can already see
41:11That there's
41:11Coins there
41:13It's a stack of coins
41:18So that's a lot
41:21That's a lot of coins
41:22Yes
41:24The question is
41:25What are they worth?
41:28It's a small fortune
41:30Perhaps belonging
41:31To a nobleman
41:32It seems strange
41:38Based on the military artifacts
41:41It appears
41:42Gribshunden
41:43Was outfitted for battle
41:44Yet she was also
41:46Hauling what appears
41:47To be large amounts
41:48Of food and wealth
41:50What were King Hans
41:52And his men
41:53Doing here
41:54To understand
41:57The odd mix
41:58Of wealth
41:58And warfare
41:59The archaeologists
42:01Need to understand
42:02More about this ship
42:03And now
42:05They're close
42:06Oh what wouldn't I give
42:09To be able to get there
42:11I mean this is so promising
42:13Because if we have
42:14These things here
42:15We have
42:16We will have
42:17The rest here
42:18I'm quite sure about that
42:19So
42:19So
42:20Why would it disappear?
42:31Down on the seafloor
42:33Johan Ramby
42:34Is the first to see it
42:36It's beautiful
42:44Yeah
42:45They have found
42:48A remarkable piece
42:49Of the ship
42:50That reveals
42:50The secret
42:51Of its construction
42:52And perhaps
42:53The construction
42:54Of other European
42:55Great ships
42:56We've got this
42:58Piece of the hull
42:59That's collapsed
42:59Outwards
43:00But it's done so
43:01In one lump
43:02One coherent unit
43:03In a way
43:04It's better than
43:05If it had stayed
43:05Above the seabed
43:06Because it would all
43:07Be eroded
43:07And grotty
43:08But now
43:09It's gone flat
43:10And it's covered up
43:11By about a meter
43:11Of sediment
43:12It's in pristine condition
43:13This key piece
43:15Of the hull
43:16Was preserved intact
43:17Simply because
43:18As if had been buried
43:19It's a tremendous
43:21Stroke of luck
43:22At some point
43:23Either when the ship
43:25Sank
43:25Or afterwards
43:26This entire section
43:28Of hull
43:28Collapsed outward
43:30What we're seeing
43:31Is this piece
43:32That's hinged down
43:33Is still going
43:34Under the sediment
43:35That's just fabulous
43:37Now we are quite happy
43:39Now because
43:40The whole ship
43:40Is actually there
43:41And that's
43:42Our excavation
43:43Now really proves that
43:44They have finally found
43:47The evidence
43:48That shows how
43:49This ship was built
43:50From the hull
43:52The skin of the ship
43:53To the meticulously
43:54Crafted timbers
43:56That make up
43:57The interior skeleton
43:58And in these timbers
44:00The archaeological team
44:02Sees the evidence
44:03Of a new kind of ship
44:05Its hull built
44:06Not in the overlapping
44:07Clinker style
44:08But not purely
44:10In the style
44:11Used by Mediterranean
44:12Ships
44:13Like caravels either
44:14So you've got
44:16Fastenings
44:17You've got bolts
44:18Tree nails
44:19The wooden pegs
44:20That hold living together
44:21And we've even got
44:22Some things
44:23We don't understand
44:24Frankly
44:24But deciphering
44:26This incredible discovery
44:28Is slow work
44:29Underwater
44:30So instead
44:37Back on shore
44:38The team's
44:39Digital specialist
44:40Paola De Rudis
44:41Processes the
44:43Photogrammetry images
44:44Into a digital model
44:46Yeah that's
44:47That's quite amazing
44:48It's a high fidelity
44:50Copy of the wreck site
44:52Offering an up close look
44:54At their long hoped for
44:55Discovery
44:56Now we get to see
44:57The shipwreck
44:58In its entirety
44:59For the first time
45:00When you're down there
45:01You can only see
45:02A small part of the ship
45:04To have an overview
45:06Like this
45:06Is quite amazing
45:07It's the earliest
45:09Surviving example
45:10Of the first generation
45:12Of ships built
45:13In an incredible
45:14New style
45:15As they had suspected
45:17The construction
45:19Is different
45:19From clinker built
45:20Hulls of the vikings
45:21And other northern ships
45:23Part of the hull
45:24You can actually see
45:25That it's not the way
45:27That ships were built
45:28In earlier medieval
45:29Periods
45:30It doesn't look like this
45:31Nor could it be classified
45:34As a caravel
45:35So well known
45:37In the mediterranean
45:37This one right here pal
45:40If you can get
45:40This one?
45:41Yeah
45:41The cuts in it right there
45:43It's fantastic to see one
45:45For the first time
45:46We can see
45:47How they were built
45:48And how much space
45:49You had inside them
45:50Instead
45:52It appears to be both
45:54Incorporating elements
45:56From each region
45:57Into a single
45:58Unified design
45:59A new generation
46:02Of ship
46:03So this is mediterranean style
46:06This is clinker
46:07The dimensions
46:08Are clearly different
46:09The width
46:09And the depth
46:10They can see
46:11In the timbers
46:12That the blueprint
46:13Starts with a caravel
46:14Like hull
46:15Borrowed from the mediterranean
46:17But it's wider
46:19And heavier
46:19Than the sleek caravels
46:21Giving it additional capabilities
46:23Because its framing system
46:25Is so much more robust
46:26You can build your ship
46:28Bigger and tougher
46:29And therefore
46:30It's much more predisposed
46:32To carrying lots of cargo
46:34People
46:34And weapons
46:35Above it
46:38Lighter boards
46:39Are used for the fore
46:40And aft castles
46:41Similar to the northern
46:43Clinker style hulls
46:44The rigging
46:45Appears to be
46:46Also northern
46:47Featuring large square sails
46:49On two of the masts
46:51But it adds
46:52Triangular latine sails
46:54Used by mediterranean ships
46:56Like the caravel
46:57Added for versatility
46:58They arrive at this
47:01Sort of technological
47:02Fusion
47:02Of features
47:04That makes a more
47:05Versatile
47:06And seaworthy
47:07And controllable ship
47:08And its seakeeping qualities
47:10Are good
47:10And it needs less crew
47:11It would have been
47:13As high tech
47:14As there would have been
47:14Around at the time
47:15It was a new kind of design
47:18That would soon
47:19Change the world
47:21You can think about
47:22The late 15th century
47:23As a sort of space race
47:26In the exact same way
47:27That the americans
47:28And the soviets
47:28And other nations
47:29Were competing
47:30On a national scale
47:31To achieve a technological feat
47:33That's exactly
47:35What was going on
47:35In the late 15th century
47:37All the european powers
47:39Now began to develop
47:40This ship type
47:41With Gribshunden
47:43King Hans was one of the first
47:46To deploy one of these
47:47Technologically advanced
47:48New ships
47:49Heavily armed
47:52He used it
47:53To intimidate
47:54Hans was the powerful ruler
47:57Of three nations
47:58Denmark
47:59Norway
48:00But also Sweden
48:02It was known
48:03As the Kalmar Union
48:04But the union
48:06Was troubled
48:07It was quite a problematic relationship
48:10Because there was a lot of noblemen
48:12And powerful people
48:14So it was power struggle
48:15All the time
48:16And that's really why Hans
48:17Is here
48:18Records show
48:20That Hans was on his way
48:21To scare a rebellious
48:23Swedish nobleman
48:24Back into line
48:25This was a vessel
48:27That was floating propaganda
48:28It was really
48:30A floating castle
48:31When Hans turns up
48:33With his whole fleet
48:33And Gribshunden is there
48:35As one of the principal warships
48:37Of his fleet
48:37He is making a statement
48:39This was raw power on display
48:42And then
48:46Misfortune strikes
48:48As a storm rages out at sea
48:52Hans anchors Gribshunden
48:54In the sheltered waters
48:55Of Stora Ecken
48:57Yet danger still lurks
49:00The written sources suggest
49:04That the king's sort of sorcerer
49:06Says that the omens are bad
49:08And the king should get off the ship
49:09And he does
49:10And then the ship catches fire
49:12Which is partly borne out
49:16By what we're seeing on the sea
49:17And we do see some of the timbers
49:18That are blackened
49:19Which are consistent with that
49:20And the fire reaches the powder magazine
49:24And there's some sort of explosion on board
49:27It's possible that in this way
49:31Gribshunden was a victim
49:33Of her own nature
49:34As a cutting edge weapon of war
49:37Fire today
49:39Is still probably the first
49:41Or second killer of ships
49:43Did they not yet develop
49:44The protocols to handle fire
49:46In a ship carrying gunpowder
49:48Is that why Gribshunden was lost?
49:51It very well could be
49:51They hadn't yet developed
49:53The methods
49:54To keep the ship safe
49:55It had to have been
50:00An incredible loss
50:01For King Hans
50:02Yet now the ship
50:04Has become an invaluable gain
50:06For nautical history
50:07No other vessel
50:09From this first generation
50:11Of massive ships
50:12Still survives
50:13Gribshunden I think
50:15Takes us back
50:16As far as we've got so far
50:17To this period of change
50:18Europe is changing
50:20And ships are the tools
50:22Of that change
50:22You start having more contact
50:25And there is economic growth
50:26Cities grow
50:27Literacy grows
50:29Because of population growth
50:30And economic momentum
50:32Ships of both areas
50:33Start to trade
50:34In each other's waters
50:36And so you get this
50:37Sort of technological diffusion
50:38We begin to get a picture
50:40Of the late medieval world
50:42And all of its interconnections
50:44And once these different regions
50:46Start learning from each other
50:48Everything begins to change
50:50Whereas King Hans
50:55Sees the potential of these ships
50:56As an intimidating weapon
50:58Others see a vessel capable
51:01Of pushing farther
51:02Than ever before
51:03What you're building
51:06Is not only a ship
51:07That is tougher and bigger
51:08You're building it in a design
51:10Which not only has
51:11Capacity for cargo
51:13But it's got accommodation
51:15Built into that architecture
51:16This is when we start
51:17To see ships
51:18Going across the Atlantic
51:19For not just days
51:21But weeks or months
51:22At a time
51:23Or even a year or more
51:24These are the ships
51:26Of the age of global exploration
51:28The shipbuilding advances
51:31Of this period
51:32Would be used by Columbus
51:33Magellan
51:34And those that followed
51:36To expand Europe's influence
51:38Laying the groundwork
51:41For empires
51:42That would transform the world
51:43Even as they enslaved peoples
51:46Around the globe
51:47History might have played out
51:52Very differently
51:53Without this novel ship design
51:55Its secrets
51:57Hidden in the wreck
51:58That was lost
51:59For 500 years
52:02But now
52:04This missing chapter of history
52:05Is restored to us
52:23To order this program on DVD
52:49Visit Shop PBS
52:51Or call 1-800-PLAY-PBS
52:55Episodes of Nova
52:56Are available with Passport
52:58Nova is also available
52:59On Amazon Prime Video
Sé la primera persona en añadir un comentario