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European scientists are turning an aircraft into a laboratory that simulates lunar gravity to prepare astronauts and technology for future moon landings as part of the NASA-led Artemis missions.

The moon is a strange little world. Only about 1.2% the mass of Earth, our planet's companion exerts a much weaker gravitational force on objects on its surface than the parent planet. As a result, an astronaut on the moon's surface feels as if he or she only weighs one sixth of their earthly weight. The same goes for all equipment the astronauts would use. It may sound like no big deal but this feeble gravitational pull creates all sorts of unforeseen problems that are difficult to prepare for in research labs on Earth. There is, however, one way to experience lunar gravity while still in the confines of Earth and explore these challenges before going to the moon: in a parabolic flight.

Credit: Space.com | footage courtesy: European Space Agency/Novespace/NASA
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Transcript
00:00European scientists are turning an aircraft into a laboratory that simulates lunar gravity,
00:05and Space.com has taken a ride aboard this plane with them.
00:09There is only one way to experience the feeling of being on the Moon while still on Earth,
00:14or rather a few thousand feet above its surface, in a parabolic flight.
00:20Only parabolic flight can reproduce the Moon and Mars' gravity. There are no other facilities.
00:26Other facilities only simulate, but not recreate the real one. On board our plane this is a real
00:34gravity field. There are a couple of like drop tower type solutions that can do lunar gravity
00:39on a very very small scale, but only for a couple of seconds and only for hardware. If you want to
00:45get yourself, to get people into lunar gravity, you have two options. You can either come on this
00:50aircraft or you can go to the Moon. That's it. Parabolic flights best known for producing weight
00:56lessness follow a wild trajectory of fast steep climbs and short carefully managed free falls.
01:02During those free falls, objects inside the plane experience either brief spells with no gravity at
01:08all, or if the pilot flies the parabola just a little differently, reduce gravity.
01:14We'll fly this aircraft like the aircraft is falling down, but not too much to keep just the gravity we need.
01:26I mean 0.16 g for Moon gravity or 0.38 g for March.
01:34The French company Novespas, based in the famous winemaking city of Bordeaux, is Europe's only operator
01:40of parabolic flights and prides itself on their ability to generate lunar or Martian gravity conditions
01:47with scientific precision. In the last week of April, scientists from all over Europe descended upon
01:54Bordeaux's airport and turned the Novespas plane into a lunar gravity research lab. Until recently,
02:01there's been more demand for flights that produce weightlessness. But with the renewed interest in
02:06Moon exploration spearheaded by the NASALED Artemis program, the need for artificial moon-like conditions
02:12is on the rise. This is the first time that the European Space Agency is doing a full
02:19parabolic flight campaign in partial gravity. So we do lunar and Martian, because of the request
02:25of all the experimentators and participants. Of course, we are most interested in the lunar
02:32environment and lunar partial gravity, because this is what will help us to prepare for the Moon exploration.
02:38Scientists know quite well what no gravity does to human beings and technology, thanks to years of
02:44research on the International Space Station. But they know very little about the effects of the Moon's
02:51gravity, which is one-sixth that of Earth, or Martian gravity, which is a little stronger than one-third
02:58of Earth's gravity. We know only very little about the effect of the Moon gravity or life on the Moon on
03:06the human being, since we were on the Moon for only really limited period of time. And there's an additional
03:12factor about it, because we cannot simulate Moon gravity on Earth so easily. For instance,
03:18battery rest studies, we know they can simulate microgravity, but no one really knows what is the
03:23right condition to simulate lunar gravity, and neither Mars. So we are really in a kind of still black box,
03:31where we don't know exactly what the human being will be faced to, and how he will cope to these
03:36conditions on the Moon when he stays more than a few days, I would say. Each reduced gravity spell
03:43during the flight lasts just under half a minute, and is preceded and followed by 20 seconds of
03:49hypergravity when the plane speeds up and steeply rises, and then when it recovers from the freefall
03:56state. During one flight, the plane performs 30 such maneuvers, with only brief periods of steady flight in
04:03between. By carefully analyzing what happens with the experiments during these short periods of
04:10reduced gravity, scientists can gain a better understanding of what might await future Moon
04:16explorers. In this experiment, scientists are filming the behavior of human immune cells inside special
04:23containers. The researchers know that in weightlessness, immune cells struggle to reach the
04:29infection site, which makes astronauts more prone to illness. Now they want to know whether the same
04:36effect occurs in lunar and Martian gravity. We have seen, at least in this experimental setting, that
04:41when there is really no gravity at all, we have a centralization of the cell flow in the middle of
04:47this flow chamber, so they were faster and centralized. So to get in contact with a vessel wall might be
04:57already because of this much harder. Yes, and now we are just investigating the same issue
05:03in lunar and Martian gravity. On board the flight is also a 3D printer that uses a type of plastic mixed
05:10with simulated lunar dust to print simple tools. This is the first time researchers are testing its
05:18performance in lunar gravity. But the most interesting piece of equipment on board is this vehicle, developed
05:25by a team of researchers from the European Astronaut Center in Cologne, Germany. It's called LISA for
05:32Lunar Equipment Support Assembly, and it's essentially a lunar wheelbarrow that may one day help astronauts
05:38on the Moon transport equipment or injured crew members. Is it difficult to operate something like this
05:45on the Moon? It's not really difficult to operate it because it's much lighter, because of the
05:49the lower gravity. But it's more difficult when you have uneven terrain. Stefanin and his team created a
05:57little obstacle course inside the plane to test three versions of LISA during the parabolic flights.
06:03Here, European astronaut Thomas Pesquet has a go operating LISA in Martian gravity.
06:09What we want to test is how an operator, an astronaut, let's say in lunar gravity, will work what is a locomotion
06:20that will be applied to pull and push this kind of equipment and how the equipment will react over
06:28an uneven terrain and how you have to control it. This will give us some feedback to improve the next
06:35prototype next generation and to define is it better with four wheels, is it better with three wheels,
06:41is it better to have one handle, two handles, what would be the best configuration. Astronauts train in
06:47parabolic flights to prepare for weightlessness, which they experience on the International Space Station.
06:54But the Novespa's plane, which is the largest in the world capable of flying parabolic flights,
06:59could in the future be turned into a sophisticated training ground to prepare astronauts
07:04heading to the Moon. In this experiment, Stevanin and his colleagues perform simple tasks in lunar
07:11gravity while wearing a virtual reality headset running a simulation of a region near the lunar
07:16south pole where future Artemis missions will allend. In this case, the test subjects move a box of tools
07:23that they see in the virtual reality simulation, but which is also physically present in front of them.
07:29In the future, the setup may become more complex and include, for example, the Lisa wheelbarrow and
07:36a physical mock-up of a lunar lander. When you wear this headset, the resolution is so high that it's
07:44wow, I'm on the Moon, it's very impressive. Now if in addition, what you try to grasp is you have the
07:51virtual, the partial gravity that is added to the virtual environment and when you want to move around,
07:56you move like on the Moon, you are really embedded into it. And we are convinced that there is a high
08:03potential for astronaut training in the future combining these two technologies.
08:08The Artemis program expects to land humans on the Moon in 2025. By the end of this decade, NASA plans to
08:17build a permanent base camp near the lunar south pole that will host crews of four astronauts for up to one
08:24month. For comparison, the longest of the Apollo-era landings 50 years ago lasted barely three days.
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