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00:00Imagine our planet without its people.
00:07Imagine that every single human being has simply disappeared.
00:12This isn't the story of how that might happen.
00:16It's the story of what happens to the world we leave behind.
00:23This time on Life After People, the fate of man's great attempts at immortality.
00:31The bodies left behind.
00:34Some mummified.
00:36Some cryonically frozen.
00:40Will any of them achieve immortality?
00:43Or will they be survived by other memorials to mankind?
00:49Take a look at the future of once crowded cities.
00:54And ghost-like towns already devoid of man.
01:00Welcome to Earth.
01:04Population zero.
01:10It's one day after people.
01:25Without humans to maintain them, power plants across the world start shutting down.
01:36Lights go out.
01:39Clocks stop.
01:40A race has begun to see who, or what, can survive the longest in a hostile world of life after people.
01:49Around the world, the mummies of many of Egypt's pharaohs lie not in tombs deep inside pyramids,
02:03but beneath the plexiglass of modern museums.
02:08One day after people, the electronic temperature and humidity controls that mimic the cool, dry environment where the mummies once resided, shut down.
02:19The bodies that have been left in the tombs in Egypt have lasted 3,000 years or more.
02:26If the conditions are just perfect for the body, I can't see why it couldn't last another 3,000 years.
02:32But, if the conditions at the museum fail, the body would start to decay immediately.
02:39You have high humidity, you have mold spores in the air at all times, so they would first probably be attacked by mold and bacteria.
02:47How long can these mummies last?
02:51We shall see.
03:01One month after people.
03:06More than a hundred bodies kept in suspended animation at the world's cryonics facilities are still in a deep freeze.
03:13According to experts, even a month-long power cut won't cause the bodies to thaw.
03:20They are kept at a temperature of minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit by liquid nitrogen,
03:26which doesn't rely on electricity to maintain its temperature.
03:32But there's a problem. Liquid nitrogen boils off slowly.
03:36In the time of humans, the supply had to be replenished every few weeks.
03:47With no one left to restock the crucial refrigerant, the bodies begin to warm up.
03:54Once they reach minus 184 degrees Fahrenheit, chemical reactions resume,
03:59and the natural processes of decomposition take over.
04:05In the cells are enzymes and fluids.
04:09These break down quickly.
04:10The cell wall is broken down by enzymes.
04:12They leak out.
04:14As soon as the temperature started to go up,
04:17the body would just accelerate in the decaying process.
04:21For these human beings, the bid for immortality is coming to an end.
04:26And should some future intelligence wish to recreate humans,
04:34they will find no help in the laboratories left behind by man.
04:40There are approximately 400,000 human embryos
04:44currently frozen in clinics in the United States alone.
04:47They, along with all the egg and sperm samples in the world,
04:51quickly decay as their supplies of liquid nitrogen run out.
05:03But man's DNA still has a chance for survival.
05:08200 miles above the Earth,
05:11up in the International Space Station,
05:14rests a computer disk called the Immortality Drive.
05:17Delivered into orbit in October 2008,
05:23the Immortality Drive contains the digitized DNA information
05:26of a highly eclectic group,
05:29including physicist Stephen Hawking,
05:32comedian Stephen Colbert,
05:36and Playboy model Joe Garcia.
05:37It's the brainchild of Richard Garriott,
05:42a video game producer from Houston,
05:44who thinks alien beings one day
05:46might use the DNA data to reconstruct an extinct humanity.
05:51The Immortality Drive may be man's best shot
05:54at preserving the species in a life after people,
05:57but can it really last forever?
05:59Another medium through which man has achieved immortality is art,
06:16creating images that have lasted centuries.
06:18But many masterpieces require protection in controlled environments.
06:30In the time of humans,
06:32Michelangelo's magnificent frescoes on the ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel
06:36were protected by more than 20 miles of pipes, pumps, valves, and wiring.
06:40To prevent the fresco plaster from absorbing too much water from the air,
06:46the humidity was kept at between 50 and 60 percent.
06:50Air filters removed even microscopic particles of dust.
06:54It was all controlled by computer.
06:59But without electricity,
07:03the system has closed down forever.
07:06forever.
07:09But three months after people,
07:11the disappearance of humans is actually helping the frescoes.
07:17Without the annual hoards of two million tourists,
07:21there are no ascending currents of human body heat.
07:24The figures painted on the ceiling, including God and Adam,
07:29are safe, at least for now.
07:31Six months after people.
07:44While nature attacks some of the bodies and structures left behind,
07:50she preserves others.
07:55In the barren wastes of Ross Island, Antarctica,
07:59are the huts used in the early 20th century by explorers Robert Scott and Ernest Shackleton.
08:08Here, with an average temperature of three below zero,
08:14the ravages of decay have been slowed.
08:16Inside and out, the huts remain frozen in time.
08:30With the severe cold in Antarctica,
08:32a lot of the insects that would gnaw away at the wood structure
08:37don't exist there.
08:39And the fungus, the mould, doesn't exist there.
08:47Cans of beef from 1917 sit on the shelves.
08:53These cans, they'll last two, three more centuries, easily.
09:00Meat still hangs on metal hooks, appearing quite edible even after almost a century.
09:09In some cases, extreme cold has preserved flesh for thousands of years.
09:17In the 1928 explorers club meeting in Paris, they ate mastodon.
09:23Some mastodon came up through the ice,
09:26and they got it, they cooked it up and they served it at the dinner.
09:29And I had a friend there, and I asked him, I said, how did it taste?
09:33And he said, well, it tasted a lot like rotten meat.
09:36But it's been buried in the ice for 10,000 years, and it worked.
09:41But it's edible.
09:46While the Antarctic cold will preserve the explorers' huts for many years,
09:50It's the more temperate parts of the globe that most people once called home.
09:57Cities like Houston and Boston, where the artefacts of man face a much harsher fate.
10:04Sitting in Boston Harbor is one of the most famous ships in American history.
10:10The USS Constitution, first launched in 1797, is the world's oldest commissioned warship still afloat.
10:23During the War of 1812, cannonballs were seen bouncing off the ship's 25-inch thick wooden hull,
10:30earning her the nickname Old Ironsides.
10:32But even Old Ironsides is defenceless in this race to survive, along with most of what man has built.
10:41Nine months after people, the race to see what survives is becoming more intense.
11:03In Boston, a military relic is about to lose its final battle.
11:07The hull of Old Ironsides may be tough enough to repel a cannonball,
11:16but it can't withstand the constant infiltration of water.
11:24Wooden ships leak.
11:28The wood starts leaking almost immediately.
11:32The wood will shrink, the wood will expand, the wood will rot.
11:35In the time of humans, automatic bilge pumps drained 900 gallons of water a day from the ship.
11:48But those pumps stopped months ago.
11:51This flooding alone won't be enough to drag the ship underwater.
11:55It will take the Boston winter to do finally what enemy warships never could.
11:59Waves might wash over the deck and might force it further under.
12:08In a world without people, maybe the Constitution would remain afloat for a year.
12:14Maybe less.
12:15Three years after people, the International Space Station still orbits above the Earth.
12:33But without constant recalibration from terrestrial stations or boosts from space shuttles, it loses two miles of altitude each month.
12:44As it drops from its original height of 200 miles to below 160 miles, the orbital decline accelerates.
12:56Until it re-enters the atmosphere where air and friction meet gravity and the space station burns up.
13:04Incinerated in the descent, the final hope of reconstructing the human species.
13:16The digitized DNA of the immortality drive proves to be quite mortal after all.
13:22Five years into a life after people.
13:43Weeds have transformed the historic streets of Boston.
13:49If you just leave the gutters and rain spouts not maintained, plants will take root in little cracks in the brick and little cracks in the mortar.
14:04Boston's Old North Church is under attack.
14:11It's here that lanterns warned Paul Revere of the British invasion in April 1775.
14:19Now the natural world has invaded and conquered.
14:23If the windows blow out, you'll have rain coming in, you'll have pigeons coming in, you'll have animals coming in.
14:36You'll also have vines starting to grow or a maple tree sending its shoots in here, they'll sprout up in the rotting wood.
14:43It's twenty years since humans disappeared.
14:56Nature has conquered the sub-tropical city of Houston.
15:02The tallest building in Texas now looms over a city that is slowly reverting back to the swamp it once was.
15:18Once kept to the steady 72 degrees, Houston's great domed sports stadiums now swelter to 125 degrees in the summer.
15:37They've become enormous back caves.
15:40The artificial grass of the Astrodome is swallowed up by reeds and muck.
15:52Feasting on insects, the bats make their own contribution to the new ecosystem, their excrement, or guano.
16:02Guano has a lot of nutrients in it.
16:04And so what you have is you'll have insects that feed on the fungus, bringing in predators that eat on those insects that eat the fungus.
16:14Fungus.
16:15Fungus.
16:16The
16:38Twenty-five years without people have not been kind to the mummies housed in the world's great museums.
16:43museums. With no one around to regulate heat and humidity, mold struck first, then insects.
16:54Mites would probably be the first insect you would see destroying a mummified body. After
17:01the mites eat the decayed body, it would start to break down the fibers. It would start to
17:07turn to dust. Great kings like Ramses II and Tutankhamun have been reduced to skeletons.
17:24When Lenin died in 1924, his body was given into the hands of skilled embalmers and his
17:30corpse was preserved for decades in Moscow. The process was once a state secret, rumored
17:36to have involved repeated baths in formaldehyde, ethanol and methanol. Caretakers were always
17:42on duty to protect the body, scrubbing away bacteria, closing up openings in the flesh
17:48and lightening blemishes.
17:51His body is treated with makeup so that he appears like he did 30 years ago. But the process of
18:02decay underneath that makeup and underneath that wax is still taking place. It can be
18:09slowed down, but the process of decay never stops.
18:15But with no one to tend it, Lenin's body goes the way of the rotting pharaohs.
18:21The wooden steeple of Boston's 18th century Old North Church is on the verge of collapse.
18:36The steeple, being taller, is going to be more susceptible to a big storm than the rest of
18:46the building. It would fall sooner.
18:53The once guiding light of the American Revolution has been extinguished.
19:0135 years after people is long enough to turn coastal cities like Boston into ghostly wrecks.
19:10How do we know this? It's a future that has already happened almost 7,000 miles from Boston.
19:21This island is the most densely populated place on earth until man disappeared.
19:3535 years after the disappearance of people, homes, offices, and factories are cracking and
19:56subsiding as nature takes over.
20:07It's a future that has already come to pass in one remote corner of the world.
20:13Several miles off the southwest coast of Japan, a forsaken island stands lifeless and decaying.
20:19This island, as you can see, is a slab of concrete sitting in the middle of the ocean with high-rise
20:27buildings sprouting from it, completely empty. No one living here anymore. No electricity,
20:32no vegetation, nothing.
20:37Hashima Island was once a thriving coal mining town and home to thousands of people. Now its abandoned offices and residential buildings are literally exploding under nature's
20:48relentless hands.
20:52The island has been left literally to the elements. All these is exposed completely. The wind is
20:57carrying all the sea water up into the buildings. The degradation is just startling and remarkable.
21:07Because of the unsafe conditions, Hashima is strictly off-limits to visitors.
21:14In the 1890s, Japan's Mitsubishi Company began mining coal from the sea floor beneath Hashima.
21:23At its peak in 1959, the 15-acre island was home to more than 5,000 workers and their families, the highest recorded population density on Earth.
21:37In 1974, as Japan began favoring petroleum over coal, Mitsubishi closed the mine and relocated the entire population to the mainland.
21:5135 years later, nothing remains but decayed buildings and ghostly memories.
21:59What does the city look like after all the people are gone?
22:08This is a Hashima version of life after people.
22:11This isn't a war zone.
22:13It was one of the busiest thoroughfares on the island.
22:16There was once a row of stores along here with wooden shutters.
22:21All of the lumber has collapsed onto the ground.
22:24The concrete walling has fallen.
22:26The metal netting is strewn along the ground.
22:31It's the effects of 35 years of wind and rain.
22:36Once one of the busiest places on the island, now it's just completely silent.
22:40These rooms once echoed with the laughter of children playing.
22:58Now, all that remains are the corroded, rusty remnants of their toys.
23:03Overgrown and forgotten, the school playground is now rusting scrap metal.
23:26Hashima is a laboratory for showing what happens to reinforced concrete in a savage environment.
23:32Every year, the typhoon season delivers rain and winds of up to 100 miles an hour,
23:39while huge ocean waves smash directly into buildings.
23:50In the case of this building, we have an iron frame and steel reinforced parts.
23:55As you can see, the front part of this pillar is damaged.
24:01While the backside isn't.
24:03It tells you that the surface is damaged by salt water, wind and rain.
24:12Scientific studies of concrete core samples reveal that the buildings most exposed to
24:19the ocean had a salt content 15 times greater than the others.
24:23The concrete buildings themselves gave the island a warlike profile and even a new nickname, Battleship Island.
24:35Hashima was called Battleship Island because from a distance,
24:39it literally looks like the shape of a battleship.
24:42The similarity is so uncanny, in fact, that it was actually torpedoed during World War II by American submarines.
24:54Dutoku Sakamoto lived on the island as a young boy.
24:59His former home is on the ninth floor of a building that once housed 300 families in tiny apartments.
25:09This was our room that we used until 1974.
25:13There were five family members living in this house.
25:19And there was my private room and a balcony over there.
25:24The wooden facades and balconies were quickly destroyed.
25:35The many passageways and stairs that connected the buildings are now falling apart.
25:43This is the Jigokudan, the Steps of Hell, so named because they're so steep.
25:56The buildings of Hashima are high rises of up to nine stories in height.
26:01And so people living on the island had to negotiate stairs like this on a daily basis.
26:08There wasn't a single elevator or escalator anywhere on the island, so you can see where the name comes from.
26:17Originally, Hashima was just a bare rock without any vegetation sitting in the middle of the ocean.
26:26And by artificial means, it was turned into a human community.
26:32But in reality, it's just that, a bare rock, a city in the middle of the ocean, and lifeless.
26:42And it's gone back to lifelessness.
26:44It's been 50 years since the last human voices echoed through the streets, alleys, and hallways of planet Earth.
27:07And it's just that, a great way of the sea as I was physically unrighteousness.
27:14They're in the middle of the sea.
27:16And the sea is a beautifulpromise.
27:22And the sea is a beautiful place for example.
27:25And the sea is a beautiful day, and the sea is a beautiful place for you.
27:29But the words of man haven't been completely silenced.
27:35completely silenced. After humans disappeared, tens of thousands of
27:41domestic parrots escaped into the wild and still retain the words and phrases
27:45taught to them by their vanished owners.
27:52Parrots are considered one of the smartest creatures on earth now, up with
27:57great apes and dolphins.
28:00Some parrots have learned several hundred words and might keep that
28:06vocabulary, even without humans to interact with.
28:10A companion parrot that escaped into the wild might have a lifespan, say, of 60
28:16years. Then it'd be very plausible that 50 years later you could still hear human
28:20noises in the wild.
28:24So, for now, some of mankind's words will survive.
28:41Time and nature are wearing away Boston's monumental Bunker Hill Bridge.
28:47The steel and concrete span is held up by 116 steel cables strung from two towers and
28:57required constant maintenance in the time of humans.
29:00It's really painting the steel, making sure no corrosion exists, sweeping the debris off the
29:10bridge, cleaning out the drainage structures so plants don't grow and the water flows off
29:14of the bridge, and sealing the concrete with a moisture-presenting sealer.
29:18The cables are coated in a plastic piping to keep moisture off them. The plastic piping also protects
29:27them from another source of corrosion.
29:33Bird droppings are amazingly corrosive to a wide range of building materials.
29:39It wasn't even fully recognized 20 or 30 years ago.
29:45The waste product of pigeons and starlings contains high levels of ammonia and salt.
29:50Mixed with rainwater, the combination triggers a lethal electrochemical reaction.
29:58It was 20 years of bird droppings penetrating the steel of an eight-lane bridge in Minneapolis
30:03that contributed to its fatal collapse in 2007.
30:07The Whoa!
30:17After a century, weather and stress have cracked the protective plastic coating on the cables
30:23of the Bunker Hill bridge.
30:28Stormwater, some of it mixed with acidic pigeon droppings, has penetrated to corrode the steel.
30:34one by one the cables snap when half have gone those that remain can no longer support the weight
30:44of the roadway down the coast in New York more than 200 years after she was given as a gift of
30:58friendship from the people of France to the people of America the Statue of Liberty is
31:03still holding her torch high the second to be held aloft by Lady Liberty the original was
31:12replaced in the 1980s during a massive restoration project now beneath her copper skin only a few
31:21millimeters thick her skeleton is beginning to disintegrate the steel straps that hold the
31:29copper to the steel framework would pull away the rivets would pull away over a period of a hundred
31:36to two hundred years her end has not yet come but without humans it soon will in Houston the dome
31:51stadiums have spent the last hundred years as subtropical paradises in the time of humans it
32:02cost an estimated half a million dollars a year to maintain the Astrodome the first dome baseball
32:07stadium in the world after a century of neglect the entire structure is cracking and crumbling finally in
32:19great chunks the 9,000 tons steel and Lucite dome comes raining down
32:25a hundred and fifty years after people leaves Boston looking like an untamed neglected and overgrown garden
32:45in the time of humans the best observation point in the city was from the top of the 60-story John
32:53Hancock Tower the tallest building in New England but the notorious New England weather has destroyed the
33:03buildings outer skin corroding steel columns lead to a pancake collapse
33:15the urban jungle is now just jungle but former cities still echo with familiar words
33:37although these parrots have never interacted with humans their ancestors did and some remnants of
33:49human speech have been passed down to them but our languages will not be immortal while parrots can
33:58pass on human words to their chicks it has no value for the survival of the species
34:03I would think the drop-off would be more than 90 percent per generation 200 years after the last
34:15human who would be highly unlikely to expect to hear human vocalization and parrots in the wild
34:21over a period of 200 years the tallest building in Texas has had its windows blown out by hurricanes and its
34:35insides corroded by rain you have to expect the hurricane in Houston a good one a big one every four or
34:45five years that's going to create a significant amount of damage to almost any tall building now the
34:53accumulated force of nature will strip the building to its bones the steel frame might still be there
35:01200 years later the rest of the building is gone then the steel frame itself will corrode and collapse
35:15600 miles away in New York Harbor the Statue of Liberty's best chance for immortality might lie beneath the waves
35:32300 years after people the Statue of Liberty suffers a fatal relapse of an old complaint
35:45galvanic corrosion her torch-bearing right arm is the first to fall
35:58other parts quickly follow
36:06here on the ocean floor these shattered symbols of hope become the fossils of the future
36:15the hand with the torch would buy that initial ballistic trajectory embed itself maybe up to half a
36:24meter into the mud and that impression may well stay just in the way that footprints are preserved in mud and sand
36:32while one icon of humanity makes a bid for immortality on the ocean floor the most famous ceiling in the world is barely hanging on
36:46half a millennium after people michelangelo's frescoes still look down from the Sistine ceiling where they cover 12,000 square feet of surface
37:03even though all the frescoes have faded and cracked from changing temperature and humidity on the wall depicting the last judgment michelangelo's frescoes have faded and cracked from changing temperature and humidity
37:13on the wall depicting the last judgment michelangelo's heavenly sky has faded faster than other sections
37:20the ultramarine pigment comes from lapis lazuli mined in Tunisia
37:25it was the most precious color in renaissance art but also one of the most delicate
37:33its blue color comes from three sulfur atoms and an electron protected by aluminium and silicon atoms
37:40high humidity breaks apart the structure allowing oxygen to mix with the sulfur turning the blue to a yellowish gray
37:52throughout its history people have tried to clean the frescoes and shore up the chapel itself
37:57but after five centuries the last judgment has come
38:01the walls would weaken the vault of the roof would push the walls apart
38:07exterior bracing buttresses fail initiating a chain reaction
38:13walls would collapse they'd open like a book
38:22the Sistine ceiling would not be there a thousand years from now without people
38:25probably would not be there five hundred years from now
38:44ten thousand years after people almost all traces of mankind and its culture are buried beneath vegetation and sand
38:49ten thousand years from now there would certainly be some things that you would see pyramids of Egypt perhaps
38:56but very very little of human existence would actually be recognizable in the absence of humans
39:10the planet has become warmer even in the coldest places on earth
39:14even in these areas where Scott and Shackleton built their huts
39:21we may well start to see an increase in plant life
39:26possibly even insects
39:28organisms that would begin to increase the rate at which decay would take away those structures
39:34in ten thousand years it's improbable that those huts will still be there
39:48in ten thousand years the earth itself will have buried most of man's cities
39:52one hundred million years after people
40:07dreaming of immortality man tried to make his mark on the world
40:12but those marks have been erased
40:15in the end what survives is not what people made
40:23but the simple mineral compounds that made people
40:27we possess robust bones made out of calcium phosphate
40:31it's as durable as the bones of dinosaurs
40:34our teeth are even more durable
40:36the dentine and particularly enamel
40:38very hard to break down
40:39so those parts of us will likely survive here and there
40:45this then is the final fate of humans
40:50along with the bridges they stretched across rivers
40:55and the buildings they piled up to the sky
40:58art and architecture
41:01aspiration and achievement
41:03all just fragments on the ground
41:05in a life
41:07after people
41:08after people
41:10you
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