Scientists Receive Nobel for Revealing How Immune System Avoids Attacking Itself

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00:00Scientists received Nobel for revealing how immune system avoids attacking itself.

00:06The 2025 Nobel Prize in Medicine honors Shimon Sakaguchi, Mary Brunkow, and Fred Ramsdell

00:12for discovering regulatory T-cells, which help the immune system balance defense and self-protection.

00:22The discovery centered on regulatory T-cells and the master gene FOXP3,

00:27which defines their identity and function.

00:34Regulatory T-cells are the core of peripheral tolerance,

00:37and their job is to limit damage without blunting necessary defense.

00:44Researchers selectively removed a subset of T-cells, marked by CD4 and CD25 from healthy mice.

00:53The animals then developed spontaneous autoimmune disease,

00:55which revealed that the missing cells normally suppress self-reactive responses.

01:03In 2001, researchers showed that mutations in human FOXP3 cause IPEX,

01:10which confirmed FOXP3 as the master regulator for TREG development.

01:19Autoimmune diseases arise when immune tolerance fails, causing attacks on healthy tissue.

01:24Studies show low-dose IL-2 boosts TREGs and improves conditions like lupus.

01:32Tumors exploit TREGs to evade immunity, so researchers target them locally or reprogram them,

01:39aiming to boost cancer therapy without triggering autoimmunity,

01:42a balance born from Nobel Insights.

01:44Car-TREG therapy engineers TREGs target grafts or autoimmune sites,

01:53aiming for precise immune suppression and fewer drugs,

01:56marking a shift toward engineered tolerance.

02:02Low-dose IL-2 remains the most direct lever for increasing TREGs pharmacologically,

02:07with several studies in lupus suggesting safety and clinical benefit.

02:15Doctors now frame autoimmunity as a failed restraint rather than only an excess attack.

02:21The immune system already uses TREGs to limit damage,

02:23so medicine is simply learning to help.