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Bem-vindos a Bordo
Queriam ver o mundo e acabaram por mudá-lo. Minissérie documental de 2 episódios que conta a história de mulheres pioneiras que se tornaram hospedeiras de bordo e lutaram pela igualdade de género.
A história de jovens pioneiras que se tornaram hospedeiras de bordo numa época em que as mulheres solteiras não podiam pedir uma bebida, comer sozinhas num restaurante, pedir um crédito ou obter uma receita de um contracetivo.
Tornar-se "assistentes de bordo", como eram chamadas, oferecia oportunidades inéditas de viagem, glamour, aventura e independência.
Embora frequentemente criticadas pelo seu feminismo, estas mulheres estiveram na linha da frente da luta pela igualdade de género no local de trabalho e pela transformação do ambiente laboral.
Com relatos em primeira mão, histórias pessoais e imagens de arquivo, o documentário em duas partes conta a história vibrante, mas pouco conhecida, de mulheres que mudaram o mundo enquanto o sobrevoavam.
Ficha Técnica:
Título Original Fly with Me
Realização Sarah Colt, Helen Dobrowski
Produção Sarah Colt Productions
Autoria Argumento Sarah Colt
Música Troy Herion
Ano 2024
Queriam ver o mundo e acabaram por mudá-lo. Minissérie documental de 2 episódios que conta a história de mulheres pioneiras que se tornaram hospedeiras de bordo e lutaram pela igualdade de género.
A história de jovens pioneiras que se tornaram hospedeiras de bordo numa época em que as mulheres solteiras não podiam pedir uma bebida, comer sozinhas num restaurante, pedir um crédito ou obter uma receita de um contracetivo.
Tornar-se "assistentes de bordo", como eram chamadas, oferecia oportunidades inéditas de viagem, glamour, aventura e independência.
Embora frequentemente criticadas pelo seu feminismo, estas mulheres estiveram na linha da frente da luta pela igualdade de género no local de trabalho e pela transformação do ambiente laboral.
Com relatos em primeira mão, histórias pessoais e imagens de arquivo, o documentário em duas partes conta a história vibrante, mas pouco conhecida, de mulheres que mudaram o mundo enquanto o sobrevoavam.
Ficha Técnica:
Título Original Fly with Me
Realização Sarah Colt, Helen Dobrowski
Produção Sarah Colt Productions
Autoria Argumento Sarah Colt
Música Troy Herion
Ano 2024
Categoria
📚
AprendizadoTranscrição
00:00The following program contains the use of racial epithets in historical context and to recount personal experiences. Viewer discretion is advised.
00:30The stewardesses were glamorous. They were beautiful. They were poised. It just looked like the world was theirs, and I wanted that life.
00:52I just can't wait to see all the places I've heard so much about. Paris, Rome, Bangkok, Buenos Aires.
01:00How many small-town girls like me looked at a flight attendant and thought, that's the best job in the world?
01:09Rosemary, I'd like to talk to you about your coffee service. You've been pouring from too high.
01:16No other job offered as much freedom with such a high cost of conformity.
01:30We were not expected to have opinions. We were to serve and look glamorous.
01:38Where is the stewardess where a woman wants a ha, ha? Nowhere. Busy with the men. Coffee, tea, what you will. Hello, hello, hello.
01:48Hey, uh, how about some coffee? And make it hot.
01:51Selling sex instead of safety.
01:54Oh, excuse us. Remember what it was like before there was somebody else up there who loved you? Remember?
02:01I hated that. Airlines hired these women who were independent and curious, and it's amazing to me that airlines would expect that they would be a docile group, because why would they be?
02:14TWA has been shut down for more than a month by a strike of stewards and stewardesses.
02:20I don't think we realized what a revolutionary thing we were doing.
02:34Stewardesses played a major role in launching the women's movement.
02:38They took up economic issues, but they also focused on issues having to do with the parents, grooming, and control over women's bodies.
02:52How did these women go from conforming to gender stereotypes to fighting for gender equality in the workforce?
03:04I was a TWA flight attendant, but I was an activist in the change. I was there.
03:14One of my best friends, she had a brother who bought this Corvette.
03:37We would be on the road, and you should say, well, where do you want to go? And I would say, let's go to the airport.
03:52When I was in high school, I convinced my friend Nancy that we should go on a trip when our junior year ended.
04:00And that June, off we went. I shopped for a week for the outfit I was going to wear on the flight.
04:12My first flight, I was about eight or nine.
04:17We were all dressed up, socks with the little lace all around the edges of it.
04:24I thought, this is just like Easter.
04:31I've been on boats before, and I thought, well, this is going to be similar to a boat.
04:44When we started to roll, oh, this is more like a roller coaster.
04:49I remember the takeoff.
04:58I remember playing with the air.
05:01You know, I had my own little vent gently putting a breeze on my face.
05:09I couldn't believe when they gave me food.
05:10They put my breakfast down, and it was delicious.
05:16Scrambled eggs and those little sausages and a fruit plate.
05:19And I just was dazzled from the minute I stepped on that plane.
05:22I thought, oh, this has to be what heaven feels like.
05:45I've got to be close to heaven.
05:47It was the most beautiful thing I had experienced, just being in the air.
05:55ince thezep Estadosどうosier
05:57do the air.
05:57It's a very difficult one to celebrate, the strength of the air.
06:02Then I think the water will helpOOM in the air.
06:05You neverונ 때문에.
06:07Again, I want to get see if we have less questions!
06:09I just think attention your attention to theofren Producer.
06:14Now I've seen this as well, yeah!
06:17So many of our advances as humans come here.
06:18And we have had to get an idea of it.
06:18I can see them happening in the country
06:21and we have to get to them all together.
06:21How they don't reach the direction of their tunnel right?
06:22The home of the meadow superhero,
06:24gentlemen, is it's a wonderful way to our future?
06:24Come from travel.
06:29É um impulso muito humano,
06:31e ainda foi realmente restrito para as mulheres
06:34até o século 20.
06:36Essas novas tecnologias
06:51começaram,
06:53ajudando as pessoas a se moverem.
06:56E as mulheres realmente queriam ser parte disso.
06:59Ellen Church was a registered nurse,
07:06but she got her pilot's license.
07:09She knew that aviation was the future.
07:12But because airlines refused to countenance
07:17that a woman could be a pilot,
07:20Ellen's idea was,
07:23all right, if they're not going to let me be a pilot,
07:25at least maybe they'd let me be a flight attendant.
07:29In the late 1920s,
07:31you see an experimental era
07:33where some airlines are trying out
07:36different models of cabin service.
07:38The most obvious model would be Pullman Porters.
07:42But there's a long-standing association
07:45between technological know-how
07:48and white supremacy,
07:50and they do not think that black people
07:53have the kind of authority
07:55to kind of help people
07:56through the challenges of flying.
07:58So the airlines thought,
08:01we probably want white men
08:03because this might be a position
08:05where you would get promoted into management.
08:10Ellen Church went to San Francisco
08:17to the office of what would later become United Airlines.
08:21And she went to an executive, and she said,
08:23I think if there were nurses on airplanes,
08:26more people would fly.
08:28You're trying to attract passengers,
08:30but people think it's dangerous.
08:32People get sick.
08:33A nurse would be a calming person,
08:36and we'd be able to take care of passengers.
08:43Planes weren't pressurized,
08:44so they flew under 10,000 feet.
08:47And that means you feel every bump.
08:50It was always turbulent.
08:52There were no circulation systems,
08:57so you could smell hot oil
09:01and the disinfectant used to clean up
09:04after air-sick passengers.
09:10To go from coast to coast,
09:12it took 28 hours at minimum.
09:15Often, planes would get grounded in the middle of nowhere.
09:20Passengers would have to wait for several days
09:23until the weather cleared.
09:26It was really a big adventure
09:29instead of a reliable way to travel.
09:34It was a harrowing thing to fly.
09:38You couldn't get a life insurance policy
09:41to cover you if you flew on airplanes.
09:44Because the death rate was something
09:47that no one wanted to ensure.
09:53The idea is that if you're encouraging people to fly,
09:56especially men,
09:58at a moment when flying can seem very scary,
10:02if you put young white women on an airplane,
10:04then they're going to think,
10:05well, if these young white women are fine with flying,
10:07I should be fine with flying too.
10:09Well, I'm sure she was convinced that women would want to do this.
10:15And she was absolutely accurate.
10:17They showed up in huge numbers.
10:19The focus on only hiring women had a lot of advantages,
10:28the airline executives thought.
10:32the airlines started to realize the passengers were more attracted
10:37to having a woman do the job for the charm that she brought.
10:42The attractiveness that she brought
10:44to an otherwise exceptionally unpleasant experience.
10:48During World War II, women had worked in all kinds of non-traditional jobs.
11:10When the soldiers and sailors came home,
11:17there was a concerted effort to push women out of the workplace.
11:22March of the troops, masses of manpower.
11:26Women who were poor or women of color ended up going back to lower paying jobs.
11:32For middle-class women, we're expected to go home.
11:48Growing up in the 1950s,
11:51it was very clear to me what women's roles were supposed to be.
11:55The American home.
11:57Today, it is perhaps the most important job in the world.
12:01It was reflected in television.
12:03It was reflected in the books I read.
12:05It was reflected in the examples used in my school lessons.
12:09Father knows best.
12:12I absorbed that.
12:14I didn't question it at all.
12:17It was just the way things were.
12:22As a child, I used to dream of being a nurse.
12:26And then, of course, I wanted to be a mother.
12:29We were a happy family.
12:32So I thought, ooh, that would be a nice thing to do.
12:35Have children and have a husband and the picket fence and all that type of thing.
12:44There were all kinds of different expectations for men and women.
12:48Men were supposed to be the leaders, the presidents, the newspaper reporters, people who took dangerous jobs, people who took important jobs.
13:08Women were expected to get married and raise a family.
13:13But before that, it was expected that they would work at a number of lower level jobs.
13:20Secretary, clerk, librarian, teacher.
13:27They were not expected to have careers.
13:32My parents were opposed to my going to college.
13:39Their expectations for me were to get married and have a family.
13:44They felt that the fact that I had been a good student was already going to make it harder for me to find a husband.
13:57Hmm, as if that late, dad will be here any minute.
14:01Better tell mother she's needed in the kitchen.
14:03Brother is spending an hour before dinner catching up on his homework.
14:08My parents could only afford to send one child to college, and that was my brother.
14:15Now mother and daughter put the finishing touches on the dinner.
14:19That was the way parents thought at the time.
14:23My brother would go to college.
14:26I would go to secretarial school, get married, and produce grandchildren.
14:32After World War II, the airline industry introduced the DC-6 with a pressurized cabin.
14:56So airplanes could now fly higher, smoother, faster, and also carry more passengers.
15:07The customer who's sitting in the seats is going to experience flying as pretty comfortable.
15:13You have plush seats.
15:15Would you like some dinner, sir?
15:17Then you're going to be served cocktails.
15:19How about you, man?
15:20Oh, it's a plushie.
15:22They were marketing comfort, which meant you don't need a nurse.
15:27This is the moment when this profession becomes heavily, heavily identified with women
15:34and almost exclusively populated by women.
15:38I remember in seventh grade, I read this book, How to Become an Airline Stewardess.
15:47And the first line was, would you like a boyfriend in every city in the world?
15:52And I was like, yes, I would.
15:55But I also was like, I want to go to every city in the world.
15:59Being a stewardess was the best possible job for good girls who were craving something interesting out of the ordinary.
16:20The woman could go to different places and see different things and really stand out.
16:27But at the same time, she was doing something that was still very stereotypically feminine.
16:33If you were applying to be a stewardess, you were going to be scrutinized first and foremost for your looks.
16:54To qualify on most airlines, she must be healthy and of normal weight.
17:00You got this chart and you wouldn't even get an interview if your height and weight was more than listed on that chart.
17:10If you make it physically, then what they're looking for is someone who's going to take orders well.
17:18They need client employees.
17:21The educational requirements for stewardesses really varied very much by airline.
17:28On Pan Am, you had to have gone to college and had to speak two languages fluently.
17:33My dream flight attendant job was with Pan Am or TWA.
17:43And I was as good as hired with Pan Am, but I flunked the French test with TWA.
17:49I'd made it through that grueling interview process.
17:52And when I got the acceptance letter, it was beyond exciting.
18:07They flew us to Kansas City for six weeks.
18:10I arrived in January, freezing cold, snow up to here, the happiest girl in the world.
18:17The training was held in Miami, and the six weeks involved learning the procedures for services.
18:27How do you make coffee on the airplane?
18:30How do you work the ovens?
18:32How did you mix drinks?
18:34Where did you mix them?
18:35How did you pass them out?
18:37There were segments on understanding the physics of flight.
18:44Should there be a sudden loss of cabin pressure, oxygen masks will be released automatically.
18:50There were segments on safety.
18:52Fasten them tightly, and I'm going to show you the brave position.
18:56Part of our safety training was on mock-up planes.
19:02They had recordings of people screaming.
19:08They could put smoke coming through.
19:12They could really make you feel like you were in a plane crash.
19:19You have to be able to evacuate any aircraft within 90 seconds.
19:31The airline knew that for a huge number of their passengers, this would be their first flight.
19:37They would be in a metal tube at 35,000 feet, and any fear that they felt was very justified.
19:44And so they wanted stewardesses to be very knowledgeable and specific in their ability to reassure a passenger.
19:51Chins up. Stand up straight.
19:55There you go.
19:57That's fine.
19:59When women were first hired on airplanes, the sales pitch around them was that having a mere girl willing to fly would help sell tickets.
20:10By the 50s, the pitch had flipped. Prices were fixed by the government.
20:15The airlines had to compete based on image and perks.
20:20Airlines want to portray a vision of luxury and domesticity.
20:26Flight attendants really become the linchpin to that as hostesses.
20:31They wanted someone who was stereotypically very beautiful.
20:35That was a way for an airline to distinguish itself and appeal to a largely masculine customer base.
20:41The airlines really wanted a visual standardization of what a lovely stewardess looked like.
20:54We all got our hair cut just the length of our chin bone.
20:59We were all supposed to look the same.
21:01Both our hair but also our makeup.
21:04Red lipstick.
21:06Mandatory.
21:07There was an idea, I think, to make us into little machine parts and not think of ourselves as individuals.
21:20In our graduation photo, we looked like 20 mannequins sitting in two rows.
21:30When I looked at it, I couldn't find myself.
21:34That was my first thing was, where am I in this photograph?
21:41The grooming supervisors were former flight attendants.
21:47Their whole job was to make sure that your high heels were three inches tall,
21:53that you had white gloves that were white, no runs in your stockings.
21:58Your shoes were polished, not just the right heel height.
22:02They'd look you over and a gal would do like this to your buttocks to see if you had your girdle on.
22:10They had this big piece of paper with appearance, hair, nails.
22:19You couldn't be too flashy.
22:27You really need to have a good understanding of middle-class deportment, speech, manners, poise, as the airlines would put it.
22:39They told us that they wouldn't hesitate to kick us out of that class if we didn't do the right things.
22:46Now a few cigarettes, sir.
22:48Oh, no thanks. I have a fine cigar.
22:50Well, may I put it out for you then, sir?
22:52Put it out? I just let it.
22:54Some of the passengers get a little...
22:56Well, you know how it is with people who don't smoke cigars.
22:59Oh, no.
23:00And the right things included always being friendly to everyone.
23:05It's expected. It's part of the job to act like your smile is genuine and everything you're doing is because you like being a gracious hostess.
23:13If they didn't care for something you did or said or reacted to, they would wait until everyone was in class and they'd tap you on your shoulder.
23:25And they took you to your room, packed your bags, and they sent you home.
23:32The astonishing jet at last comes into its own in 1959. New York to Paris, seven hours. Here's America's Boeing 707.
23:49All of a sudden, you could be in Paris. You didn't take a ship that took weeks and weeks. It was hours.
23:57Jets were really symbolic of technological advance.
24:09This was a sign that Americans were going to be able to take over the world.
24:16Ladies and gentlemen, this is your captain speaking. We are now at cruising altitude, 35,000 feet.
24:23Now you've got a jet that can travel two times faster than propeller and can accommodate more people.
24:32So this is imperative for the airline to start expanding their customer base because they now have more seats to fill.
24:41They start to cater not just exclusively to the business traveler. They start to go, well, what about bringing your wife? What about bringing your kid?
24:56This is the moment where flying is becoming mass transportation. That's the vision.
25:05This is your captain again. If you haven't already changed your watches to conform to the time difference, I suggest you do so now.
25:11The jet age is technological, but it's also aspirational. It's a yearning on the part of ordinary Americans to participate in the glamorous lives of celebrities.
25:34So a factory worker celebrating retirement after 30 years on the job, you could be like Sinatra and fly down to Peru and have a glamorous vacation.
25:49Stewardesses are at the center of jet age ad campaigns. This is a new type of woman. She's sophisticated. She's very fashionable.
26:10Airlines rolled out new uniforms. They call it the jet age look.
26:16You see a crew walking in their powder blue uniforms with their pillbox hats and their high heels. And it was quite a sight to see. I mean, it was the definition of glamour.
26:31Oh, you're a stewardess. You were just on the same level as a celebrity movie star. It opened the doors to everything. Clubs, parties. You could crash a wedding and say you were a stewardess.
26:45If I wanted to fly with my friend Lynn and she was junior to me, I could adopt her seniority. And then we both could fly together.
27:07Or you could trip trade. If you knew you wanted to go to Paris with your best friend, you would trade to be on that trip.
27:19I went to Paris. I went to Rome. I went to Athens. I flew to London and to Frankfurt a lot.
27:37There was so much to see and do. You could go to Vidal Sassoon to get your hair cut. And then you could go out for a really nice meal.
27:48It really changed me in terms of my palate.
27:55I used to go to a favorite restaurant in London so that I could eat the tandoori chicken.
28:09Then when we landed, I was in Mexico City and could go to dinner. Wow! Get back on the airplane and fly into Central America.
28:21Oh my gosh, pick up the newspaper from Guatemala and see what's going on there.
28:27I became quite independent. And I felt very comfortable moving around in these foreign cities.
28:42In the 50s and 60s, women very rarely traveled alone. And working on a plane, especially internationally, gave you an excuse to travel completely freely.
28:54You were going to these foreign countries and checking into a hotel with your other fellow stewardesses.
29:01And then no one knew what you did until you had to show up at the airplane next.
29:07I had grown up in a very narrow, sheltered environment. I went out there and I was confronted with all the things that the world had to offer.
29:22It gave me a lot of self-confidence that I could just get on an airplane and go someplace on my own and be quite happy.
29:32That wasn't true of everybody that I went to college with or I went to high school with.
29:37That they could do that or wanted to do it, but I wanted to do it. And I did do it.
29:43This job was asking women for their ambitions.
29:48It was asking for a woman who wanted to see uncharted terrain.
29:53A woman whose curiosity was enormous, which no other feminized job in that era really wanted.
30:02It was incredible.
30:08I was kind of looking for something a little different in my life.
30:13I was looking at a fashion magazine and the magazine had an advertisement for the Grace Downs Icarus School in Manhattan.
30:23I applied and I was accepted in 1956.
30:27Never had been on an airplane.
30:30So this is a part of, you know, I've never been on an airplane. This is great. This is great.
30:35Women could pay the school and learn how to become an airline stewardess.
30:43The expectation, if you did well at the school, you would ultimately get hired and get a job as a stewardess.
30:50Now, this is the main cabin door where the passengers for first class will be entering the air.
30:55I was the only student of color in the school.
30:59There were no black teachers, no black students.
31:06I remember we had a makeup class and someone made up my face.
31:12I have to laugh now because I was white.
31:18And when I looked in the mirror, I'm saying, oh my God, how am I going to get home like this?
31:23They had no makeup, of course, for people of color.
31:26When you would graduate, then airlines would come to the Grace Downs Icarus School to interview you, to put you into positions in their aircraft.
31:39I was interviewed by Mohawk Airlines, by Capital Airlines, which was one of the largest southern airlines, and TWA.
31:51Now, everyone was getting interviewed, and people were getting hired, but I was not even getting a response from any of the instructors or the airlines.
32:04Shortly after the interviews, one of the chief stewardesses saw me outside, and she said to me, Pat, I hate to see you go through this.
32:13She said, but the airlines do not hire Negroes.
32:25The South, it was open, clear that white people had this advantage. Black people had no advantage.
32:34I'm in New York. It's not as clear or vivid. Subtle, yes. You just didn't know certain things.
32:43And then when the airline situation occurred, it just opened my eyes totally. Yes, it exists here.
32:49Traveling by air was very expensive and not easily accessible to most Americans in general, let alone African Americans.
33:03It's not surprising that Pat Banks didn't have a full understanding of what was taking place.
33:18A lot of airports in the 1950s were either segregated or beginning to be segregated.
33:25Airlines sometimes used a special code if people called from a Black neighborhood or if they sounded Black,
33:34and a special code would be written down on their ticket to indicate that they had to be seated apart from others.
33:42In some instances, African Americans would be bumped off of flights to make space for white passengers.
33:53I went home, and we had a neighbor. And I called him as soon as I got home, and I said,
34:05Pop, they're telling me that they don't hire Negroes. He said, we'll take care of this.
34:12He introduced me to Adam Clayton Powell. Adam Clayton Powell referred me and introduced me to the New York State Commission Against Discrimination.
34:22There were no federal laws in place to protect against discrimination in the workplace.
34:29So it was very important for Pat to file her case in New York because New York was the first state in the United States to pass an anti-discrimination law.
34:41I filed a case against Mohawk, Capitol, and TWA. The statute of limitations had expired with Mohawk and TWA, but it held strong with Capitol.
34:57And so, you know, discrimination is a very difficult thing to prove.
35:04Airlines don't specify that they're not going to hire Black women, but they don't really need to because manuals will say things like, oh, are your hands soft and white?
35:16They talk about how people shouldn't have broad or flat noses, people shouldn't have
35:23hooked noses, coarse hair, overly full lips, indicating certain kinds of racial stereotypes
35:30about Jews and Blacks.
35:32They actually include enough details to make sure that certain kinds of people really cannot
35:36get employed.
35:46When I was hired, you couldn't be married, period.
35:57We had a couple of gals that did it on the side, but you couldn't be married then, couldn't
36:03have children.
36:05From the very beginning, most airlines have an explicit ban on hiring married women.
36:15Starting in 1953, American Airlines imposed a new rule that stewardesses will leave the
36:20job when they turn 32.
36:28It took a little while, but other airlines started adding the age rule, too.
36:37They wanted us to be hired, do our job for a couple of years, and leave.
36:44They wanted women who projected a degree of wholesomeness, but also a little bit of sexual availability.
36:54They wanted her to be young so that she would appear to be single without having to say so.
37:03United had flights out of New York to Chicago called executive flights.
37:13Only men could buy a ticket on those planes.
37:22When I went for my interview with TWA, I signed a paper which they presented to me.
37:30And on it, it said that I would be retired at the age of 35.
37:3735 was a long ways away.
37:42I thought I would be married with children.
37:46That was the expectation.
37:49You would meet Mr. Wonderful in first class.
37:52And you'd be swept off your feet, et cetera, and that would be happiness ever after.
38:04The requirement to be unmarried.
38:06The requirement to stay under a certain age.
38:10It's really about making sure that flight attendants are not getting paid top dollar, that they're
38:17not going to get a pension, that they're not going to accrue vacation benefits that they
38:21would have gotten if they're in year 15 or year 20 of their career.
38:26It was money, money, money.
38:28What do you think it costs to have an age stewardess at age 32, top salary, maximum vacation, going
38:36to fly until she's 60, get a retirement?
38:40If you're not married and having babies and happy to stay there, tough luck honey.
38:45I didn't want to stop flying.
38:47Flying was exciting.
38:50God, it was that, it still is, but then it was really exciting.
38:56Flight attendants start to organize in the late 1940s.
39:03They're unhappy with their wages, but they're also unhappy with being patronized by the airlines.
39:12Pretty quickly, they began to realize that they would have greater bargaining leverage if
39:21they joined with some of the other workers.
39:29The pilots set up a division for stewards and stewardesses.
39:37And some of the flight attendants went into the transport workers union.
39:43Students just weren't something I thought of.
39:47When I was in training, I failed the section on the contract.
39:54I didn't understand it.
39:55And I didn't understand it until I started flying.
39:59And I realized how the company took advantage of stewardesses.
40:07Being from Pittsburgh, I was quite familiar with unions.
40:12And so there would be a union meeting and I would go to it.
40:23The grievance procedure was an orderly settlement of a dispute.
40:28I thought, hmm, this is interesting.
40:30I kind of like that.
40:34Flight attendants, pilots, and baggage handlers wanted to be paid fairly.
40:42They wanted more control over their hours, their flight time.
40:48But flight attendants also had problems that the men didn't face.
40:59When American Airlines said, we're going to put it in the contract that flight attendants
41:03can't work past the age of 32, the union pushed back.
41:09The rule still went in.
41:12But what they did win was a compromise, what they called a grandmother clause, so that any
41:20flight attendant who had been hired before 1953 could continue on.
41:27It saved a lot of jobs.
41:31Dusty wasn't required to retire when the age rule came in.
41:35She had nothing to lose.
41:38She said, I want to fight this.
41:39This is wrong.
41:41And that was her motivation to join the union.
41:44My family was very Republican.
41:51And unions were naughty, naughty, naughty, terrible.
41:55Nobody in my family had ever belonged to a union.
41:58That was just, oh my goodness, we're college people, we don't join unions.
42:02Oh.
42:03She became vice chair and would file grievances on behalf of other stewardesses.
42:10Dusty exuded this sense of confidence.
42:13She always spoke to anybody who would speak to her.
42:18And many men always did because she was so attractive, they wanted to know who is this woman.
42:25I figured out that the Congress was in session on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday.
42:33And then they went home on Friday.
42:37So I bid the Washington trip on Monday, and I always have a bunch of congressmen on board.
42:47And they got to know me.
42:49Dusty, how you doing?
42:50I said, oh, I'm really upset about this.
42:53My best friend's being fired because she's 32.
42:57They said, what?
42:58They fire you?
42:59And here, these guys are 60.
43:01Dusty, as she's flying, she's working her connections.
43:08She's leveraging the visibility of stewardesses to gain access, essentially, to people who
43:12can pull levers of power in policy-making circles.
43:18In 1963, Dusty decided to put on a press conference.
43:30She would say the word stewardess in those days with glamour, oh boy, oh boy.
43:37She got four stewardesses that were under 32, and four stewardesses that were over 32.
43:44I said, now they're firing us at age 32, can you tell me which ones are 32?
43:51And of course they said, no, no, no, no, but I did look pretty good.
44:00The idea is basically, hey, take a look at us.
44:04Don't we all look like lovely stewardesses?
44:08It's a kind of dare to the airline's policy.
44:11Can you really tell who's past the age limit?
44:16These women were really trying to use the sexism that was being wielded against them to get
44:39what they wanted, which was to keep their jobs.
44:49When the stewardesses went into negotiation with the union and management, American Airlines
44:57came into the room with a stack of newspapers from all over the country and just plopped it down
45:05on the desk saying, that was an interesting stunt that you girls pulled.
45:09We're not going to negotiate the age rule now.
45:14It's terrible to be fired because of age, but I had hopes because I knew how smart Dusty was.
45:29I believed in fair play.
45:31Every club I ever was in, I became president.
45:35I was president of the Women's Athletic Council, then president of my sorority.
45:40I knew all the rules, and I went by them, and if I did like a rule, we changed it.
45:47Dusty wasn't just fighting airline management and an age rule.
45:52She was fighting national gender discrimination.
46:07Once things began to hit the newspapers, I would get letters.
46:14When I had threatening letters, I had to report it to the police.
46:20You kind of expect these things.
46:22You knew you were going to get focused on.
46:26You knew that you were going to get letters of negativity.
46:29I mean, this is something, oh, here it comes.
46:32I just couldn't deal with the racism anymore.
46:42I couldn't deal with it.
46:44I didn't think it was fair.
46:46I'm just as equal to you as you are to me.
46:54We're one.
46:55We're humans.
46:57And you're not going to treat us this way anymore.
47:03Pat's plans were put on hold while her lawyers researched her case.
47:09They had to look at the supervisor notes and see who met what criteria.
47:16How did Pat compare to the other applicants?
47:20They were trying to prove that she was the typical all-American girl.
47:27She played violin.
47:30She was respectable.
47:33So the element that excluded her from that image of femininity and American-ness was her race.
47:44I was determined that somebody of African-American heritage was going to get this job.
47:57Finally, in late February 1960, Pat got her ruling.
48:10I was working for Con Edison, going to college at night.
48:15And there was a little candy store on the corner where I used to get the bus to go home.
48:22When I got into the candy store, the man in the store said, Pat, Pat, you won the case.
48:35I couldn't wait to get home.
48:37My mother says, Patsy, the phone is being off the hook.
48:39You won.
48:40You won.
48:41You won.
48:42Oh, my God.
48:52The court ordered Capital Airlines to hire me, or it would go to the Supreme Court.
49:04The president of Capital Airlines called me.
49:06I don't remember his name, but he called to apologize and welcome me into training in Alexandria, Virginia.
49:13You know, it was like we just, we did it.
49:31They can't get away with this anymore.
49:33I'm young now.
49:40I like to hang out with friends and do things, but I have to be this perfect human being.
49:47And the only way I could do that was to do my job, go home, come back.
49:54I wouldn't do anything that may have led to a mistake.
50:06I remember we were on a DC-3.
50:09And DC-3s are kind of bumpy.
50:11This man looked at me and he said, when you finish doing your work, would you please hold my hand?
50:16And I said, sure, sir, I'll sit down with you.
50:19So he held my hand and he asked me, he said, have you ever been to Montana?
50:25I said, no, sir.
50:27He said, the grass is so beautifully green.
50:30The trees are so green.
50:32He said, no niggers and no winos.
50:36I'm holding his hand.
50:38Now, the word nigger is something you never touch me with.
50:42But by the power of God, I was able to sit there and hold his hand and not respond.
50:47I mean, I didn't respond until I got home that night.
50:50But these are the kind of situations that occurred that you had to really, really keep it together.
51:02I worked for a year.
51:04I wanted to go on with my life, finish school.
51:08I was planning on getting married.
51:12So I decided to leave.
51:16I felt it was accomplished.
51:20The barrier was broken.
51:26Any questions that any company may have had as to whether a Negro was capable of doing the job, Pat set the record straight.
51:35We could go above and beyond doing this job.
51:45The floodgates do not open.
51:48It really, at that time, is about saving face.
51:52It's about letting a few in to avoid more lawsuits.
51:56Pat is very much part of a group of activists at the grassroots level who are pushing for changes, certainly at the local level, but even more significantly at the federal level.
52:17Pat's victory with the airlines takes place just as the civil rights movement is really heating up.
52:38It's really heating up.
52:41Changes in the air.
52:42Changes in the air.
53:08So in the air isל of the зал of the зал
53:12whatever it is hot water.
53:15Pat's kmoof.
53:18It's really longing for dinner.
53:20Let's ask T.
53:22Lifeominical hopper before us at 7 o'clock.
53:24It's also varaient with people in our city, as well.
53:26Tier 3 avion.
53:28If you look sideways as per person's go Fed Em
53:34Legenda Adriana Zanotto
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53:57
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