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00:00Too many unanswered questions. I agree.
00:03And then, of course, we have Chapter 4, this black hole at the beginning of time.
00:09Space-time singularity.
00:11Indeed.
00:12Imagine questions that have troubled the greatest minds for centuries.
00:18Mysteries that stretch our understanding of space, time, and existence itself.
00:23These are some of the biggest questions that keep astrophysicists up at night.
00:30Let's unravel these mysteries one by one.
00:39Planets, stars, galaxies.
00:41Everything visible comprises less than 5% of the universe.
00:46The rest?
00:47It's dominated by entities known as dark matter and dark energy,
00:51which make up about 25% and 70% of the universe, respectively.
00:57Dark matter is unlike anything we can see or touch.
01:00It doesn't emit, absorb, or reflect light.
01:03Its presence is inferred from the gravitational effects it has on visible matter.
01:08Without dark matter, galaxies would fling apart.
01:12The gravitational pull from visible matter alone isn't sufficient to hold them together.
01:17This invisible substance exerts a gravitational force, thereby shaping the structure of the universe.
01:26We detect the existence of dark matter through its gravitational influence on light, bending it.
01:32This bending, known as gravitational lensing, acts as a cosmic magnifying glass,
01:38revealing the presence of this dark substance.
01:40Although we can't see dark matter directly, its interaction with gravity confirms its existence.
01:47And it is there in vast amounts.
01:51Dark energy, on the other hand, is even more elusive.
01:54Its effects are visible in the universe's accelerated expansion.
01:57In 1929, Edwin Hubble discovered that distant galaxies were receding faster than nearer ones,
02:05a phenomenon evident from the redshift in their light.
02:08This expansion isn't slowing down as previously thought.
02:12It's speeding up, driven by dark energy.
02:15This mysterious force, making up most of the universe,
02:19acts contrary to gravity and is intrinsic to space itself.
02:22The more space expands, the stronger dark energy becomes.
02:27It's as if this energy is a property of space,
02:30not a physical substance, continuously generating more space.
02:35While we have several hypotheses about dark matter and dark energy,
02:39from exotic particles to a property of space itself,
02:44no theory yet fully explains their nature.
02:46This frontier of science, while understandably frustrating,
02:52marks the limits of our current knowledge.
02:55As we explore these uncharted cosmic territories,
02:58these mysteries indicate just how much we have yet to learn,
03:02reminding us that we are merely at the beginning stages
03:04of exploring the immense cosmic ocean.
03:06In our universe, the most unassuming substances
03:19often hold the keys to the biggest mysteries.
03:22Among these, antimatter isn't just a mysterious substance
03:25used in science fiction movies.
03:27It represents one of the most baffling puzzles in physics.
03:32Why does anything exist at all?
03:34For every particle that exists, there is an antiparticle.
03:42It's mirror opposite in charge and spin,
03:45but identical in every other way.
03:47Electrons have positrons.
03:49Protons have antiprotons.
03:52When matter and antimatter meet,
03:55they annihilate each other,
03:57releasing pure energy in the form of photons
03:59and leaving nothing behind.
04:01If this perfect symmetry prevailed,
04:03the universe should have self-destructed moments
04:06after the Big Bang,
04:07leaving nothing but light.
04:10Yet our very presence confirms that didn't happen.
04:13Matter exists.
04:14We can touch it, see it, and live in it.
04:16This leads to an inevitable question.
04:19Why is there more matter than antimatter?
04:23This imbalance, known as the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem,
04:27suggests that during the universe's inception,
04:29conditions favored the production of matter slightly more than antimatter.
04:33For every billion pairs of particles and antiparticles that annihilated each other,
04:40one particle of matter was left unpaired,
04:42leading to the universe as we know it.
04:45This slight favoritism implies a fundamental asymmetry in the laws of physics,
04:50particularly in how the universe treats matter versus antimatter.
04:54The standard model of particle physics,
04:57though incredibly successful, does not account for this asymmetry.
05:02Experiments like those conducted at CERN with the Alpha experiment
05:06and the Alina facility aim to trap antihydrogen and compare its behavior to hydrogen.
05:12By measuring how antihydrogen atoms respond to gravitational fields
05:16and testing their spectral lines with unprecedented precision,
05:21scientists probe the very foundations of modern physics.
05:25They are not just testing properties of antimatter,
05:28but the underlying symmetries of space and time themselves.
05:32Our current models of physics are incomplete.
05:34They falter at fully explaining why the universe prefers matter to antimatter,
05:41why we exist,
05:43and why there is something rather than nothing.
05:53The observable universe,
05:55spanning 46 billion light years in all directions,
05:58is just the beginning.
06:01Beyond this cosmic boundary
06:02lies the unobservable universe,
06:04which might be infinitely larger
06:06and utterly unseeable
06:08due to the limits of light and time.
06:12Here is what could lie beyond.
06:14The universe may extend endlessly,
06:16filled with a potentially infinite number of galaxies.
06:20This infinite space could mirror the part we can see,
06:23with matter repeating across a boundless space,
06:26creating an eternal pattern of galaxy clusters and voids.
06:31Alternatively,
06:31if the universe curves back on itself like a higher dimensional sphere,
06:36traveling far enough in one direction
06:38might eventually bring you back to your starting point.
06:42This closed universe suggests a cosmos that is both finite and borderless.
06:47As the universe expands,
06:49as the universe expands,
06:51accelerated by dark energy,
06:53it stretches space itself,
06:55causing galaxies to recede faster than light can travel.
06:58This expansion not only seals off the far reaches of the cosmos,
07:03but also ensures that they remain forever hidden from us.
07:07What lies beyond is likely an extensive,
07:10possibly infinite stretch of galaxies,
07:12star systems and phenomena
07:13that could drastically differ from the physics we know.
07:16Black holes,
07:27regions where gravity is so intense that nothing can escape,
07:30are some of the most fascinating objects in the universe.
07:34The center of a black hole,
07:36known as the singularity,
07:37is where the known laws of physics cease to function
07:40due to infinite density and gravity.
07:42The journey into a black hole passes through the event horizon,
07:48the ultimate point of no return.
07:50Beyond this,
07:51all theories become speculative,
07:53but general relativity suggests that space and time swap roles.
08:03Inside this boundary,
08:05all paths lead inevitably to the singularity,
08:08a point where traditional dimensions of space and time collapse entirely.
08:12At the singularity,
08:15density and gravity reach their peak,
08:17theorized as infinite.
08:19The crushing forces are unimaginable
08:21and would disintegrate any physical matter daring to approach.
08:26Here, the equations of physics as we know them break down.
08:30We understand that at this core,
08:32the curvature of space-time becomes infinite,
08:35and all mass is crushed into an infinitely small point.
08:38Describing a black hole might seem simple,
08:43as they are defined by just three properties,
08:46mass, charge, and angular momentum.
08:49However,
08:50the conundrum known as the black hole information paradox arises,
08:54because according to quantum mechanics,
08:56information cannot be lost.
08:58This paradox marks a fundamental clash
09:00between general relativity and quantum theory,
09:03as information falling into a black hole appears to vanish,
09:06contradicting quantum principles.
09:10Venturing beyond the event horizon
09:12theoretically leads to some of the most bizarre realities.
09:16Some theories propose that black holes
09:18could be gateways to other parts of the universe,
09:21or different universes entirely,
09:23a concept often depicted through the idea of a wormhole.
09:26However,
09:27such scenarios venture into the realm of speculative physics,
09:31with no empirical evidence yet.
09:34In essence,
09:35the center of a black hole remains a place of intense theoretical interest
09:39and extreme physical conditions.
09:41It represents one of the most extreme environments in the universe,
09:45where the known laws of physics
09:46are not just broken,
09:48but shattered.
09:50As we strive to understand the forces at play
09:53within these monstrous objects,
09:54black holes continue to challenge our understanding
09:57of the fundamental fabric of reality.
10:08The genesis of everything we know begins with the Big Bang,
10:12a monumental burst of reality as we understand it,
10:15where time, space, and matter
10:17were all conceived in a singular, defining moment.
10:22Despite its name,
10:23the Big Bang wasn't an explosion in space,
10:26but rather an expansion of space itself.
10:30At the instant of this event,
10:33the universe was infinitesimally small,
10:35hot, and dense.
10:40From this fiery beginning,
10:42the universe stretched and cooled,
10:44laying down the fundamental structures
10:46of stars and galaxies we observe today.
10:48Despite the latest findings from the James Webb Space Telescope,
10:54the evidence supporting the Big Bang
10:57as the origin of our universe
10:59remains unshakable.
11:02The Big Bang posits that the universe started as a point,
11:06or singularity,
11:07and has been expanding ever since.
11:09As it expanded,
11:11it cooled,
11:13transitioning from a state of incomprehensible heat,
11:16where particles and antiparticles spawned
11:18and were annihilated quickly.
11:21This era saw the universe's temperature drop sufficiently
11:24for quarks to come together,
11:26forming protons and neutrons,
11:28which then gave rise to atoms.
11:29Most of the universe's matter
11:32was created during this time,
11:34matter that builds everything
11:35from stars to planets to humans.
11:39An important discovery
11:40that provides a snapshot of the infant universe
11:43is the cosmic microwave background radiation,
11:46a thermal remnant from the time atoms first formed,
11:49about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.
11:53This relic radiation
11:55is what remains of that primal heat
11:57with a panoramic image of the universe at its birth.
12:02The Big Bang theory offers a robust explanation
12:04for the observable universe's origins,
12:07yet it also introduces profound mysteries.
12:11What preceded the Big Bang?
12:13Is our universe unique,
12:15or merely one of many,
12:17in an infinite multiverse?
12:19These questions challenge our understanding of natural laws,
12:23suggesting the universe's origins and ultimate fate
12:26might be bound by frameworks and theories
12:28yet to be discovered.
12:30As we continue to explore these cosmic mysteries,
12:34we find ourselves peering not just into space,
12:37but also back in time,
12:38drawing ever closer
12:39to that primordial moment of creation.
12:43Yet the more we learn,
12:44the more it seems the universe guards its secrets.
12:48Perhaps the ultimate question remains just out of reach.
12:51Are we indeed the universe questioning its own existence?
12:54The Madame Hercules this morning's容ę today,
12:56what a great show comes in woah-ŃŠ»Š°!
12:57O faces our first and foremost
12:58this song,
12:59we find ourselveswe neste weeks
12:59the children of consciousness
13:00the coming of the heavens
13:00that come to earth
13:01that come to earth
13:02that come to earth
13:03and it seems to be more
13:03that come to earth
13:04that come to earth
13:07and can also cause us
13:09that transform us
13:21from the cryptography
13:22in themossey.
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