00:00But how did Roman aqueducts work?
00:02Roman aqueducts were an engineering masterpiece used to transport fresh water to the cities.
00:08First, a water source had to be found higher than the destination, thanks particularly to the army.
00:15Engineers chose the best route by determining the slope required for water to be transported by gravity.
00:21Most of the aqueduct ran underground, through channels lined with hydraulic mortar
00:26and punctuated by vertical drops to relieve pressure.
00:30Along the way, the water passed through settling tanks that removed sediment and impurities.
00:37To get through the hills and mountains, the Romans used a mining technique
00:41consisting of digging a vertical shaft every 30 meters.
00:46This enabled them to work faster with a team in each shaft and to check alignment using plumb lines.
00:51To cross valleys, a bridge was built on which the aqueduct rests.
00:57But arches higher than 20 meters became unstable, so engineers limited the height of each level
01:03and gained elevation by stacking additional tiers.
01:07In deeper valleys, they used a brilliant solution, the inverted siphon,
01:12a sealed pipe system that carried water down and back up using gravity and pressure alone.
01:18To control and maintain the flow, they used sluice gates, special valves that could divert water,
01:26regulate pressure, isolate sections for repair, or distribute flow to different branches.
01:33To further purify the water, the Romans used large settling basins,
01:38usually located near the source and or just before the aqueduct entered the city.
01:42Once in the city, the water entered a distribution tank called the Castellum Divisorium,
01:49then was distributed via a network of pipes.
01:53The aqueducts were so well engineered that some are still in use today.
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