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00:00Though remarkably sensitive and accurate, the human eye is an extremely limited device,
00:10a surprisingly narrow window on our world.
00:19In the fragile film of a soap bubble lies a normally unseen realm,
00:24a miniature liquid kaleidoscope too small for our eyes to see.
00:30Vivid detail is also hidden within an instant of time.
00:50Many events are simply too fast to be seen with the unaided eye.
01:00When time is compressed, once motionless sights magically come to life.
01:08A voracious army of fire ants devours a helpless cricket.
01:13It is an awesome day-long process, too slow for us to notice.
01:17Beyond the spectrum of visible light lies strange and extraordinary sights,
01:35images created with forms of energy which elude the naked eye.
01:38Today, as never before, cameras and other instruments that see
02:00are radically expanding the limits of our vision and knowledge
02:03and altering forever our image of the world.
02:21Join us now on a visual journey beyond the limits of the naked eye
02:25on a voyage into the invisible world.
02:28The End
02:30The End
02:33The End
02:33ΒΆΒΆ
03:03We are visual creatures, reliant on our eyes as our primary link with the world.
03:23Able at a glance to estimate size, measure depth, register movement, make sudden shifts in focus,
03:29and instantly distinguish a million different colors.
03:33Our eyes are the most highly developed of all living species.
03:37Yet despite our eyes' amazing powers and remarkable versatility,
03:41there are infinite sights around us to which we are totally blind.
03:46If our vision is expanded beyond its normal bounds, a whole new world of experience suddenly unfolds.
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04:18Through the specialized eyes of cameras come new dimensions of seeing.
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04:28Fleeting movement hidden by time, details shrouded by distance and size,
04:33are revealed as vivid images which our eyes alone could never discern.
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05:00The camera must often come to the aid of our blinkered sense of sight.
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05:05What thousands of eyes have witnessed firsthand, we must rely on a camera to actually see.
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05:24Possessed with powers to reveal the world in myriad ways that our unaided eyes cannot,
05:29cameras and other imaging tools are extending enormously the limited reach of our vision,
05:34probing once distant and unimagined realms that lie hidden all around us.
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05:58We delight in exploring the world we can see.
06:01But even up close, our eyes can barely resolve objects that are one three hundredths of an inch in diameter,
06:07a fraction the size of a tiny grain of sand.
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06:12What seems very small in human scale is but the threshold of a microcosm beyond the limits of our eyes.
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06:20In a tiny drop of water, a bounty of life too small to see.
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06:35Like spaceships from an alien world, delicate creatures called plankton silently maneuver through their seemingly boundless universe.
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06:54Completely unknown until the invention of the microscope some four hundred years ago,
06:58the discovery of plankton and other microlife provoked unparalleled wonder.
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07:04When seen for the first time, it was difficult to believe that living things could be so small
07:10that a single drop of water could contain a miniature world.
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07:19Indispensable tools of science, modern microscopes fitted with cameras can now easily recapture the sights that were seen when man first glimpsed the microworld.
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07:33Bacteria.
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07:35Discovered in 1674, their tiny size and great abundance seemed nearly inconceivable.
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07:44A slice of leaf revealed a complex structure of tiny living cells which no one had dreamed existed.
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07:56Blood was seen to be composed of millions of free-floating corpuscles.
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08:05The sight of a cell dividing seemed a miracle of nature,
08:09another astounding discovery which would help to lay the foundations of modern biology and medicine.
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08:20With a microscope that filters the direction of incoming light,
08:24ΒΆΒΆ the composition of the physical world can be vividly explored.
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08:33When a liquid transforms into a solid, as when water turns to ice,
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10:50Though we seem to be leaving some distant planet's surface, our voyage, in fact, is
10:56much more contained.
11:27Sat.
11:28Through the microscope's probing eye, the tiny flower reveals a delicate structure
11:40of unexpected complexity.
11:41When magnified more than 20,000 times, we can see single grains of pollen.
11:59If we spy a little closer on the intimate places we know, we might come to feel like strangers
12:05in our own familiar world.
12:15The zigzags of rough-hewn channels gouged into a surface are a magnified view of the narrow
12:20grooves in an ordinary phonograph record.
12:28This barren, rutted terrain is not as remote as it seems.
12:33It is the porous surface of the tip of a ballpoint pen.
12:38A tangled network of sinuous fibers, when enlarged 4,000 times, hardly resembles what we usually
12:50see as a smooth sheet of writing paper.
12:57In the sofas and beds of even our best-kept homes, microscopic dust mites quietly live their
13:03lives.
13:04Like miniature dinosaurs from a long-lost world, their bodies rarely grow large enough for the
13:10naked eye to see.
13:14Dependent on us for survival, dust mites feed primarily on the flakes of dead skin which our
13:20bodies constantly shed.
13:36What at first sight appears to be a crude medieval machine is actually a precision instrument
13:41nearly all of us depend on.
13:45Its roughly chiseled surface offers little clue that this clumsy contraption is actually
13:50the complex movement of an ordinary wristwatch.
14:05Our skin itself hides a miniature world from the normal view of our eyes.
14:14When seen at high magnification, an alien landscape appears.
14:20Stubbles of hair grow like tree stumps in a terrain whose complex ecology supports a wide
14:26variety of life.
14:29On almost any strand of hair, tiny fungi can be found.
14:36In numerous forms, their population on our hair and skin numbers in the tens of thousands.
14:44Our intimate fellow travelers, fungi have lived with us through evolution to establish a permanent
14:50niche in the habitat of our skin.
14:59In the roots of everyone's eyelashes live tiny mites called demodex funicularum.
15:07Apparently they cause us no harm.
15:10But why they are there and exactly what they do have yet to be discovered.
15:18The varied micro-landscapes on the surface of our bodies can also fall prey to less desirable
15:23guests.
15:26Meet Pediculus humanus capitis, the headlows, a tiny and bothersome pest which lives its life
15:32firmly attached to a single strand of hair.
15:37Sarcoptus scabii, the scabesmite, is a microscopic creature that makes a comfortable home by burrowing
15:43directly into the skin.
15:52On the warm, moist regions of our skin, there is life in enormous abundance.
16:02Bacteria, the simplest form of free living life, are constantly with us.
16:09A single bacterium can multiply to more than a million in about eight hours.
16:14And no matter how much we wash, millions remain on our skin.
16:22Each of us is the keeper of a huge, invisible zoo.
16:27In fact, at any given time, there are as many creatures on our bodies as there are people
16:31on earth.
16:36If our numerous companions do not inspire our love, at least we have the consolation of knowing
16:45that we are never completely alone.
16:53At the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago, a new frontier of the micro-world
16:59has recently been bridged.
17:05Using a powerful electron microscope which took 14 years to develop, Dr. Albert Crewe has
17:10captured on film what no one had ever seen.
17:16You are looking at atoms, uranium atoms.
17:20The smaller single specks are individual atoms, each with a diameter of only a few billionths
17:25of an inch.
17:26The larger masses are clusters of several atoms.
17:33Colorized artificially to enhance our view, atoms exhibit unpredicted movement, revealing
17:39that solid objects, when seen on an atomic scale, are actually a sea of moving particles.
17:45The level of magnification of the movies on a home TV screen is about 10 million, maybe
17:5320 million, depending on the size of your TV set.
17:56That's about equivalent to blowing a basketball up to the size of the earth.
18:01The ability to see single atoms, to isolate them at that level, could have considerable importance.
18:07Where it will lead is very difficult to say, except what we have is a new technology, a new way
18:17of looking at materials in the world, and every time you have a new way of looking at things,
18:22you find out something new.
18:26We are exiled from other worlds by time, as well as by size.
18:46In a world of motion, there is infinite detail too fast for the unaided eye.
19:02In the 1870s, an ingenious photographer, Edward Muybridge, invented a way to record movements
19:08normally too quick to be seen.
19:13A wager about the stride of a running horse brought Muybridge to the stock farm of a wealthy
19:18Californian.
19:23With a battery of 24 cameras that were activated by threads stretched across a track, Muybridge
19:28captured aspects of motion that had never been witnessed before.
19:37Muybridge's patron had bet that all four legs of a running horse were sometimes simultaneously
19:41off the ground.
19:45Stop action photography proved him to be right.
19:57By projecting his photographs in rapid succession, the first motion pictures were born.
20:07The movement of people as well as animals became for Muybridge a passionate subject of study.
20:19Much more than just a technical curiosity, Muybridge's pioneering work was the first photographic
20:24analysis of the dynamics of physical motion.
20:46Today, modern high-speed cameras can record rapid motion with a clarity that Edward Muybridge
20:52could only have dreamed of.
20:54Slow motion film is now a commonplace tool in analyzing athletic performance.
21:03For Dr. Gideon Ariel, a physical education expert and a former discus thrower on the Israeli Olympic
21:09team, slow motion film is just the first step in the scientific coaching of athletes.
21:15Dr. Gideon Ariel has turned to the computer for aid in the analysis of movement.
21:21Slow motion film of an athlete is projected frame by frame onto a recording screen.
21:31Each touch of a sonic pen transmits into the computer memory the dynamically changing positions of
21:39the athlete's joints and limbs.
21:50Human movement is governed by the same laws of motion that apply to the entire physical
21:54world.
21:55And from the visual information contained in the film, the computer can rapidly calculate
22:00the interrelationship of force, acceleration, and velocity in the athlete's movements.
22:11Computer-created images combined with a mass of numerical data can pinpoint where athletic
22:16technique is hindering performance.
22:23So what coaches in the past thought they can see with the eyes, we're finding out you cannot
22:27do.
22:28You have to quantify it.
22:29With the advent of computers, we can provide the coaches with much more objective, reliable
22:34information on how the body moves.
22:37Dr. Ariel's computer analysis of Olympic discus thrower Mack Wilkins revealed that useful energy
22:48energy which would affect his throw was being wasted on ground friction.
22:54Additional force was being spent by not rigidly planting his forward leg at the moment of the
22:59throw.
23:07Based on this analysis, Wilkins altered his throwing technique.
23:31Several months later in international competition, he threw the discus over 13 feet farther than
23:36he ever had before and set a new world record.
23:48In a remarkable laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, time and motion are dramatically
23:54dissected.
24:06With the aid of a pulsating strobe light, Dr. Harold Edgerton can freeze a flurry of movement
24:12onto a single plate of film.
24:15Dr. Edgerton developed the strobe light in 1931.
24:32Unable to see how electric motors behaved when they rotated at various speeds, he designed
24:37a light which could flash so quickly and brightly that motion seemed to stop.
24:49Now we're going to do an experiment here to take a picture of a bullet, a very high velocity
24:56bullet, as it cuts this playing card in two.
25:00The playing card will be attached to this tape.
25:04The bullet will come out of the gun at 2800 feet per second.
25:08If we aim it correctly, it will cut through the card.
25:11And we want to turn on a light, a very special strobe light, that lasts less than a millionth
25:16of a second in order to stop the bullet effectively on the film, make a sharp, clear photograph.
25:23The sound of the bullet will trigger the strobe light which creates an image on film.
25:35A first shot will test Dr. Edgerton's aim.
25:42Now the event as the strobe light reveals it.
25:53Less than a millionth of a second is permanently frozen in time.
26:02Another striking example of the strobe's revealing power is what Edgerton calls making applesauce.
26:07Perhaps the most dramatic of Dr. Edgerton's visual techniques combines the powerful strobe
26:25light with a high-speed motion picture camera.
26:28Ready to go?
26:30All set?
26:31Three, two, one, shoot!
26:37Stretching events thousands of times reveals invisible detail that can be seen and studied
26:48in no other way.
26:56The explosion of a firecracker now slowed down 1,200 times.
27:09Examine the plop of a milk drop 200 times slower than usual.
27:17And it becomes a magical vision of hydrodynamic behavior.
27:30the surface of the surface of the surface of the surface of the surface begins to be seen and
27:44pictured on a sunny side of the surface.
27:48It's a beautiful beginning.
27:51Shining sounds of aηΎε₯½ scene that can be seen
27:54and turned around two or three.
27:56But it appears in a new spot.
27:58Unbounded by our human sense of time, specialized cameras can also record events much too slow
28:15to see.
28:20For nature's cinematographer Ken Middleham, the technique of time-lapse photography provides
28:25a fascinating window on an otherwise hidden realm.
28:41By taking single photographs at longer than normal intervals, time and events are compressed
28:46into a dramatic new scale.
28:52The two weeks it takes for an orange to spoil are telescoped into several seconds.
29:04A bunch of unripened bananas mature before our eyes.
29:20The natural world is alive in ways we cannot see, constantly in the process of incredible
29:26transformation.
29:31Over a period of days, tiny worms devour the leaf of the tree.
29:40An apple provides a week-long meal for dozens of hungry grubs.
30:00In only four days, a dead field mouse is consumed by a mass of maggots.
30:15From the unstoppable process of decay, there inevitably springs new life in full and beautiful abundance.
30:22Even the passage of years is not a barrier for the time-lapse camera.
30:47Even the passage of years is not a barrier for the time-lapse camera.
31:12In less than half a minute, a boy can grow from four to twenty and then return again to childhood.
31:31Our eyes perceive the world only in the language of light.
31:36Yet light, visible light, is but a narrow slice of energy contained within an infinite spectrum
31:42of electromagnetic waves that constantly vibrate all around us.
32:01When scientists analyze light, breaking it apart into its component wavelengths, the familiar rainbow of colors from red to violet appears.
32:13Colors are the brain's code for the wavelengths of light we can see.
32:17Beyond this band of energy, our naked eyes go blind.
32:25The world around us hides numerous sights from our limited light-sensitive eyes.
32:38By equipping a camera with a sensitive filter, we can see the world reflected in ultraviolet light,
32:44the invisible wavelengths of energy beyond the color violet.
32:55In the 1930s, scientists discovered that honey bees have a visual sensitivity that extends beyond our own.
33:03In its daily search for nectar, the bee can sense its surroundings in ultraviolet light.
33:18Some flowers we see as solidly colored have a very different appearance to the bee.
33:24When viewed in ultraviolet light, new shadings and patterns appear.
33:35Helping to guide the bee to nectar and pollen, ultraviolet markings hidden from our eyes have been discovered on numerous flowers.
33:50Unseen ultraviolet rays stream abundantly from the sun, but they are only one kind of invisible light that we must rely on cameras to reveal.
34:20We see the light of a burning match, but an image of its heat eludes us.
34:29If our eyes could see the part of the spectrum where red light turns to infrared, or heat, our view of the world would suddenly take on a new and expanded scope.
34:39A technique called Schlieren photography allows us to see heat energy that constantly flows all around us.
35:01A valuable new tool in medicine, super sensitive infrared cameras can detect slight variations in skin temperature, which often signal early warnings of cancerous tumors and other diseases.
35:21Each color represents a one-half degree difference in temperature.
35:28Red areas are the warmest, blue the coolest.
35:32To a doctor's trained eye, the body's varied heat patterns show a wealth of vital diagnostic information once hidden from his view.
35:42By photographing a subject with visible light, only the outer surface details are recorded by the camera.
36:10Using another form of energy, invisible to the eye, we can penetrate solid matter and create an image on film.
36:17Discovered in 1895, X-rays were briefly considered by some.
36:24To be a threat to feminine modesty.
36:31However, fears were laid at first sight of the image, and the X-rays were briefly considered by some to be a threat to feminine modesty.
36:49As a valuable new tool of medicine.
36:59Today, the power of the X-ray is expanding our knowledge of the past.
37:16When fragile Egyptian mummies are subjected to modern X-ray analysis, scientists gain new insight into their little known culture and lives.
37:31What time and wrappings have hidden, X-rays can still reveal.
37:38X-rays of Yuya, a royal advisor, show obvious dental disease.
37:46Fuya, his wife, suffered painfully from arthritis and a badly curved spine.
37:54The infant Pediaman received a less than noble burial.
38:00His arms were amputated, and his legs were broken to fit an undersized coffin.
38:05For an unidentified mummy, a less desirable fate.
38:12Legs are intact, but the torso is mysteriously missing.
38:18Thero Amenhotep I, X-raying directly through his beautifully preserved coffin, reveals that his body had been damaged by ancient grave robbers, and repaired by priests five centuries later.
38:33Perhaps no pharaoh is better known than the young King Tutankhamun.
38:45Penetrating rays show that his golden mask was constructed in several parts.
38:51His beard was added last, attached to the chin by a tapered peg.
39:00The body of King Tut itself has undergone careful analysis in hopes of finding evidence as to the cause of the young pharaoh's death.
39:10X-rays, however, show a young man in good health.
39:14And unless there is evidence still to be discovered, the reason for Tut's early death may remain forever a mystery.
39:33Sound, like light or heat or X-rays, radiates all around us in the form of vibrating waves.
39:40This image of a human hand was made with high frequency sound.
39:47Using this technique, doctors can now see soft internal tissue that was not safely accessible before.
40:01Sensitive sound imaging cameras are today revolutionizing prenatal care.
40:06A tiny, developing fetus can be seen and monitored during growth in the womb.
40:13Seen here in profile, its head on the top right.
40:18The fetus arches its back and stretches.
40:24It hiccups, then moves its arm and slightly turns its head.
40:29The baby's now sort of turned around and is looking at us to see what we're doing.
40:42I can take a picture of the baby for you.
40:45I'll put the freeze frame, which freezes the image for us.
40:48Today, a mother's first baby picture is often made with sound before the child is born.
40:54Pretty good.
40:56See there, baby's head.
40:59But everything else looks fine.
41:00The baby's moving around a lot.
41:02The baby's heart is beating fine.
41:04And you have a normal amount of amniotic fluid for this time.
41:08What does it look like?
41:09You or Brad?
41:11I think it looks like me.
41:12A striking means of photography discovered at the turn of the century shows apparent fields of energy emanating from our bodies.
41:30It is known as Kirlian, or electrophotography.
41:33And almost everything filmed with this technique shows an active surrounding aura.
41:37Controversial and only partially understood, Kirlian photography is now undergoing serious investigation as a possible diagnostic tool.
41:59To make a Kirlian photograph, a finger is placed over a sheet of unexposed film, which receives a burst of electricity from a metal plate beneath it.
42:13When the film is developed, the Kirlian aura appears.
42:19Dr. Thelma Moss has conducted research on Kirlian photography at UCLA.
42:25People are always asking, what is this Kirlian photography all about?
42:29And the answer is, nobody really knows.
42:31But we've got some ideas that are intriguing to us because they are not the conventional ideas about what exists around the human body.
42:39We believe that not only is there air surrounding us, but that we are emanating something from ourselves that is energetic, bio-energetic, if you like.
42:48And that tells us a great deal about what's going on inside the body.
42:51Kirlian fingertip images taken over several hours vary their intensity as a depressant drug takes effect.
42:59A mild stimulating drug seems to cause an activating pattern.
43:05These Kirlian photographs record the sequence of a woman's monthly menstrual cycle.
43:15A yogi's hands before and then during a state of deep concentration.
43:31Though powerfully evocative, the meaning and value of the Kirlian image still remains largely unknown.
43:42With further research, it may prove to be a new frontier of our knowledge.
43:46At the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory near Chicago, we are being brought ever closer to an ultimate frontier.
44:08With huge exotic equipment, scientists are working to better see and understand the smallest possible particles of which all matter is made.
44:22Only 25 years ago, atoms composed of protons, neutrons and electrons were regarded as the smallest basic objects.
44:34Today it seems that atoms are built of even tinier things called quarks.
44:39Fermilab is in a sense the world's largest and most powerful microscope.
44:52An awesome collection of machinery designed to shatter atoms to pieces and see the objects within.
44:58Buried underground, a four-mile ring of powerful magnets guides a narrow beam of particles which is rapidly accelerated.
45:10When fired at their target, they will act like a powerful hammer to break an atom apart.
45:19The process begins with a giant generator and a massive jolt of power.
45:28Hurled within seconds to nearly the speed of light, the beam of particles is aimed to strike the tiny nuclei of atoms.
45:36The collision will be photographed by several sensitive cameras.
45:39When projected onto an analyzing table, the resulting pictures show the scattered tracks left by hundreds of liberated subatomic particles.
46:00Each type of particle has its own distinguishing signature of curving or spinning lines.
46:13By carefully recording and studying these trails, we are gradually learning more about the now smallest and most elusive units of matter, the still unseen entities called quarks.
46:27Quarks, however, may well be composed of even smaller things.
46:34We still do not know where, or if ever, the world of the small will stop.
46:39High above the Sonoran Desert, near Tucson, Arizona, the Kitt Peak National Observatory is focusing our vision onto the realm of the very large.
46:59The world's biggest collection of astronomical instruments, Kitt Peak is dominated by the 19-story dome of the powerful Mayall Telescope.
47:08Like most modern optical telescopes, it is really a colossal camera with which to photograph the sky.
47:22Galaxies.
47:29Only 60 years ago, their existence was just a theory.
47:33But with the construction of larger and larger telescopes, thousands were seen and photographed.
47:39Today, astronomers estimate that the universe contains at least 100 billion galaxies, each with 100 billion stars.
47:55Powerful instruments like the Mayall Telescope are now seeing the heavens more clearly than has ever been possible.
48:01Its light-collecting mirror can photographically detect objects more than six million times fainter than the unaided eye can see.
48:17Astronomers today rarely look through a telescope directly.
48:22An array of computers and image intensifiers record and make visible objects that the eye alone is not sensitive enough to see.
48:40Artificial colorizing shows subtle details that would otherwise be missed.
48:47Revealed on the telescope's computer enhancement screen,
48:50the world's first image of the surface of a star other than our sun.
48:56Known as Betelgeuse, it lies 600 light-years from Earth.
49:01The computer-colored contrasts on its surface are believed to be huge regions of varying hot and cold.
49:08Resolving this image through the telescope was like photographing a grain of sand from several miles away.
49:14Probing ever deeper into the enormity of the sky, the powerful eye of the telescope is extending our horizons toward the limits of space and time.
49:28From this exploration, new and astonishing sights are offering clues to such baffling questions as what are stars?
49:39How do galaxies form?
49:41Does the universe have an end?
49:43At the Salt Lake City campus of the University of Utah, a frontier of vision that was once as remote as the darkness of outer space has now been dramatically entered.
50:06Craig has been totally blind for 15 years.
50:14But in a bold experiment, doctors have surgically implanted on the visual cortex of his brain an array of 64 tiny electrodes.
50:24This ingenious feat of medical engineering allows Craig to be literally plugged in to the outside world.
50:35Bypassing his useless eyes and optic nerves, doctors can send images in the form of electrical signals directly to the visual center of his brain.
50:55Okay Craig, that's fine. You can put your head up now.
51:00For Craig, it is a strange new contact with his long lost sense of sight.
51:06When Craig was linked to a television camera, he reported seeing both vertical and horizontal lines.
51:13In this experiment, a computer system will generate patterns of dots representing the Braille alphabet.
51:24It is the same six-dot code used in touch Braille.
51:31The images that Craig sees will appear something like this.
51:38Go. First word.
51:39First word.
51:42I.
51:44Okay.
51:46H.
51:48A.
51:50D.
51:51And.
51:53A.
51:57C.
51:59A.
52:01T.
52:03A.
52:05N.
52:07D.
52:08Craig has little trouble seeing the letters that will form a sentence, but scientists are working toward even more dramatic goals.
52:15I had a cat and ball.
52:17Researchers now foresee a day when a miniaturized system, including cameras for the eyes,
52:23electronics in the glasses, and electrodes on the brain, will provide artificial vision for the blind.
52:29In the time it takes to blink an eye, cameras can transport us to wondrous new realms, revealing once hidden places that span from the reaches of outer space to the inner depths of nature.
52:49The magic eyes of cameras are dramatically transforming our knowledge and perception.
52:55In coming years, our vision of the world will be stretched to newer boundaries. For today, we have only begun to explore the invisible worlds all around us.
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