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재미트랜스크립트
00:00우리는 어쩌다가 여기까지 왔을까요?
00:30로버트 퍼트넘은 분열된 사회 속에서 통합의 해법을 모색하는 정치 사회 분야의 권위자입니다.
00:46그의 기억 속 참 좋았던 시절.
00:50그리고 지금은 뭐가 달라진 걸까요?
00:53무너져가는 세상에 갈 길 잃은 이들을 위해 그가 나섰습니다.
01:07전 세계에 흩어져 있는 위대한 생각들을 모았습니다.
01:15어떤 생각은 우리를 저 먼 곳으로 데려갑니다.
01:23다른 세상에 광고가 나는७수 높아나 미국세�訪 Д Kil까요?
01:29공분 주요
01:30다음 영상에서 만나요.
02:00다음 영상에서 만나요.
02:30I've already said that actually it continued to decline in the first quarter of the 21st century.
02:38The next question that we asked is, well, what are the implications of that for equality and inequality in America?
02:49There are two different ways of thinking about equality.
02:52First of all, you could talk about equality in wealth and opportunity.
03:01Some people rich, some people poor.
03:03And the bigger the gap between the rich and the poor, the less economic or social equality there is.
03:11Americans actually have not historically been greatly worried about that.
03:18That is, assuming that there's social mobility, just the fact of equality has not been as bothersome to Americans.
03:24Perhaps it should have been not bothersome, but it's not been as bothersome to Americans as it has in some other countries.
03:28But equality of opportunity is a different thing.
03:32That is, equal chances to rise so that a person who's born poor has as great a chance of becoming rich as someone who's born rich.
03:43That's what I mean by equality of opportunity, and equality of opportunity has been a big deal in America, historically.
03:53Americans, whether they were rich or poor, whether they were progressive or conservative, left or right,
03:58they all believed, they all believed, and still do today, that equality of opportunity is a most important feature of a society.
04:10And America has historically been better than other countries on opportunities for poor kids to rise to the top.
04:19Is it just as easy now as it used to be for poor kids in America to rise to the top?
04:25Are we just as likely as we were 50 or 100 years ago to have equality of opportunity?
04:33That's the question that we're introducing, that I'm introducing.
04:40America has become a much less equal society today than it was 50 years ago.
04:49The income distribution is much more skewed.
04:55Lots of people who are rich, I mean, not lots, but a few people who are very rich, and lots of people who are very poor.
05:06That's a trend in other countries too, but it's less sharp in other countries.
05:13But it's not just that we've become more skewed in income distribution,
05:23we've become more segregated as a society in class terms, along class lines.
05:31For example, marriage.
05:33It used to be that it was common for rich folks and poor folks to intermarry.
05:45In other words, married, marital lines, family lines often crossed boundaries.
05:50Often, in my own family, when I was growing up, there were folks in the family who were quite well-to-do.
06:00And there were folks, you know, they were not millionaires, but they had a lot of money.
06:05And there were folks in the same family, I had uncles, who were quite poor.
06:09That has changed in America.
06:12Families have been much more divided into either rich or poor,
06:16but their marital lines have not crossed the class lines.
06:21Marital bonds have not crossed class lines.
06:23Even more strikingly, residential segregation has become more extreme in terms of class lines.
06:41The distance in the town in which I was growing up,
06:46a small town in Ohio in the 1950s,
06:49the richest kid in class lived only two blocks away from the poorest,
06:54only several hundred meters away from the poorest kid in town.
06:59And that was true across the country.
07:01We were more or less integrated in residential terms between rich and poor.
07:07But that has changed dramatically.
07:09Even in my hometown, this small little town in the middle of America,
07:15Fort Clinton, Ohio,
07:16increasingly rich folks live in one part of town
07:19and never go into the other part of town where the poor folks live,
07:24and vice versa.
07:25And that's true nationwide.
07:28Nationwide, increasingly,
07:31poor folks and racial minorities live on one side of town,
07:35and rich folks and white, rich white folks live on the other side of town.
07:42And moreover,
07:43part of the same story is that
07:46on the poor side of town,
07:49the family ties and social bonds within the poor side of town
07:55have become frayed.
07:57In other words,
07:58it's not just that there are differences in levels of social capital
08:01between the rich side and the poor side,
08:03but that the amount of social capital at all on the poor side of town
08:06has declined.
08:07It didn't used to be that way.
08:08So this,
08:09the broader narrative of what's happened in America
08:12over the last period of years
08:14has,
08:16is that there's been increasing class division in America.
08:22And part of that trend
08:24has been that
08:26family structure,
08:27the structure of our families
08:29has changed dramatically.
08:33In the 1950s,
08:35most families in America
08:37had what was then called
08:39the Ozzie and Harriet family.
08:41It was based on a TV show.
08:43There was one dad
08:54and he was always married to one mom
08:58and they had two kids.
09:00So Ozzie and Harriet and the two kids.
09:04And that was true in rich families
09:06and that was true in poor families.
09:09But that's changed dramatically
09:14over the last 50 years.
09:18And we've,
09:19what's emerged
09:19is a two-tier
09:22family structure.
09:24So that
09:25among affluent families,
09:28those families are becoming
09:30stronger and more stable.
09:33The bonds within the family
09:36among,
09:38on the rich side of town
09:39are becoming stronger.
09:41But the families
09:43among
09:44less affluent Americans,
09:45lower class
09:46families in America,
09:48are becoming
09:49dramatically
09:50weaker
09:51and less stable.
09:53Several different
09:54phenomena
09:56helped bring about
09:58this two-tier family structure.
09:59First of all,
10:03premarital sex,
10:05that is,
10:06people having sex
10:07before
10:08and outside of marriage,
10:10exploded in general.
10:12But it began,
10:14it became much more common
10:15among
10:16poor lower class families.
10:19So that the basic structure
10:21of mom,
10:22dad,
10:22and the two kids
10:23began to
10:24crumble
10:25as more and more
10:27people had sex
10:29and therefore had kids
10:30outside of marriage
10:31entirely.
10:33Secondly,
10:34there was a divorce epidemic.
10:36So that
10:37the basic idea
10:39that
10:39two,
10:40a man and a woman
10:40would be together
10:41essentially
10:43permanently
10:44until death do us part,
10:46says the
10:47marriage contract,
10:49that began to
10:50disappear
10:51in the 1960s.
10:54It disappeared
10:55on both sides of town,
10:56both among rich folks
10:57and among poor folks.
10:58but
10:59you'll see
11:01in a minute
11:02that the trend
11:03changed
11:05on the,
11:07on the,
11:08became less bad
11:09on the rich side of town
11:10and worse even
11:11on the poor side of town.
11:13And therefore,
11:15more and more divorce
11:16over there,
11:17more and more
11:18single parent kids
11:19and
11:20less and less
11:21stable family structures.
11:23and
11:24therefore,
11:27a
11:27growing
11:28class gap
11:29in
11:30how
11:32early
11:34the kids
11:34were born,
11:35that's how old
11:35the parents were
11:36when they had their kids.
11:37On that side of town,
11:38kids,
11:39parents didn't
11:39tend to have kids
11:40until they were
11:41in their 30s.
11:42now,
11:45it's mostly older parents.
11:47People over there
11:48are mostly older
11:48when they begin
11:49to have kids
11:49and that means
11:50they have more resources
11:51because they're further
11:53along in their income
11:54and they have more,
11:55they're more established.
11:56So the kids over there
11:57are growing up
11:57in more established
11:58two-parent families.
12:00Over here,
12:03the kids are
12:03born much earlier
12:05and they're born
12:07to single-parent families
12:08and they're,
12:10or they may not have
12:11any family at all,
12:13really,
12:13a chaotic
12:15kind of family situation.
12:19First of all,
12:22this chart
12:24shows the
12:25fraction of kids,
12:28young children,
12:28age zero to seven,
12:30who are living
12:30with only one parent.
12:36And you see
12:37the upper line
12:39is the fraction of,
12:40those are kids
12:41from the bottom third
12:42of American society.
12:45The number of kids
12:47being raised
12:48in single-parent families
12:50has risen from 20%
12:52to 65%,
12:54a huge increase.
12:56most kids
12:59on this side of town,
13:01most kids,
13:02most poor kids
13:03in America
13:03are now being raised
13:04by only one parent.
13:09Whereas over there,
13:11there was a slight rise
13:13from the 50s
13:15when it was about
13:15seven or 8%
13:17to the 70s
13:20when it went up
13:20to about 12%,
13:23and now it's
13:23back down
13:24to about
13:249%.
13:26We find that
13:31there's a growing
13:33class gap, too,
13:34in how the parents
13:35are investing
13:35in their kids,
13:36investing both
13:37in time and money.
13:38On this side of town,
13:39on the affluent side
13:40of town,
13:41kids are growing up
13:42with more and more
13:44of their parents' time
13:46and more and more
13:47of their parents' money,
13:48whereas on this side of town,
13:50kids are growing up
13:50with less money
13:52from their parents
13:53and less time
13:56with their parents.
13:57So again,
13:58we have this growing gap,
14:01and as we will see
14:02in a second,
14:04those gaps
14:06are accentuated
14:07as kids move
14:09into school
14:10and as class segregation
14:14in school increases
14:16so that increasingly
14:17these poor kids
14:19are growing up
14:20and going to school
14:21only with other poor kids
14:23and these rich kids
14:25are going to schools
14:26where there are
14:27only other rich kids
14:28and that further
14:29extends this,
14:31the growing class gap
14:33in the opportunities
14:35that these kids have.
14:37Increasingly,
14:38kids coming from
14:39affluent parents,
14:40from affluent homes,
14:42relatively rich parents,
14:43I don't mean rich,
14:44rich, rich,
14:44I don't mean
14:44Bill Gates' kids,
14:47but I mean just people
14:48who've gone to college,
14:49that is,
14:50parents who've gone to college
14:51are increasingly likely
14:52to have kids
14:53who go to college.
14:54It wasn't always that way.
14:55Sometimes affluent parents
14:56or college-indicated parents
14:58had kids
14:59who didn't go to college,
15:00but now almost all kids
15:01on this side of town
15:02go to college,
15:03whereas on this side of town,
15:04fewer and fewer kids
15:07are going to college.
15:08and that has enormous implications
15:12for upward social mobility
15:13in the future.
15:15All of these changes
15:16that I've described so far
15:18also mean
15:20that kids on the two sides of town
15:24have very different amounts
15:27of social support
15:28or social capital.
15:30that is increasingly
15:31affluent,
15:34well-educated parents
15:35offer
15:36deeper and broader
15:39and more helpful
15:40social networks
15:42that can help their kids
15:43and
15:44poorer kids
15:46increasingly
15:47lack
15:48mentors,
15:50lack social support
15:51from the neighborhood
15:52and from the community.
15:53famously
15:55there's an African proverb
15:56that says
15:57it takes a village
15:58to raise a child
16:00but increasingly
16:02poorer kids
16:04in America
16:04are concentrated
16:05in poorer
16:07more dangerous
16:08neighborhoods
16:09and
16:11communities
16:12and
16:13rich kids
16:13are increasingly
16:14concentrated
16:15in safer
16:16richer
16:17more affluent
16:18communities.
16:19So for all these reasons
16:21increasingly
16:24poor kids
16:25are
16:27distrustful
16:29and socially isolated.
16:51others
16:52live
16:54completely
16:54and
16:55fortunately
16:56I took
16:57a lot of
16:58take a lot of
16:59tips
16:59and
16:59excuses
17:00in the
17:00parts
17:01and
17:02maybe
17:02I
17:03agreed
17:04to
17:04reduce
17:05the
17:07weapon
17:08in
17:09hundreds
17:09in
17:11the
17:12gaming
17:13distance
17:17to
17:18the
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