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Transcript
00:00:00He was at the dawn of American organized sports.
00:00:05He set a record that lasted for 40 years.
00:00:13I haven't seen anything since then that approaches that level of greatness in so many different sports.
00:00:20One of the greatest athletes ever, ever, ever in all American history.
00:00:24Everybody will remember the names of Babe Ruth, Muhammad Ali.
00:00:29And certainly Michael Jordan.
00:00:31But their achievements don't match that of the greatest athlete that ever lived.
00:00:36And yet, not many people remember his name.
00:00:39Jim Thorpe, greatest in sports, destined to become the world's greatest athlete.
00:00:44Jim Thorpe was good enough to dominate at multiple things.
00:00:47And that's why he stands alone when we talk about some of the greatest athletes that we've ever had.
00:00:53It wasn't just track and field, but it was football, basketball, baseball.
00:00:57I heard he was a good ballroom dancer.
00:00:59There was nothing that Jim Thorpe couldn't do as an athlete.
00:01:02But beyond that, what he represents is the perseverance of native peoples in this country.
00:01:08Jim Thorpe was living in a time when most people around the globe didn't see indigenous peoples as human beings.
00:01:15They would shout things at him like dog soup or they would do war wolves to taunt him.
00:01:20There was a lot of anti-indigenous racism at that time.
00:01:23Some of the memories are bitter.
00:01:26The gold medals and trophies were taken away from him.
00:01:29It was an act of enormous injustice.
00:01:32And all my records had been wiped from the official books.
00:01:37I mean, it was something that he never got over and really loomed over him the rest of his life.
00:01:43I find some consolation in believing they are still remembered by the American people.
00:01:49People grabbed onto him almost like a folk hero as the man wronged by the big guys.
00:01:55They wanted some vindication for Jim.
00:02:15As a child, I had tried to emulate the spirited abandon of a running horse.
00:02:20Head up and feet coming down with a thundering certainty.
00:02:27I ran and jumped and fought and wrestled and climbed trees as a youngster.
00:02:34Because it was as natural for an Indian child to do those things as it was to eat and sleep.
00:02:44Jim was born into poverty in Oklahoma in a small cabin in 1887.
00:02:49It said that the night he was born, there was lightning striking on the river nearby.
00:02:54He was given the name Watohuk, which means bright path or path lit by lightning.
00:02:59And I mean, it's pretty fitting, right?
00:03:01He went on to shock the world.
00:03:04He was born on the second Fox Reservation.
00:03:07Growing up on the reservation, he liked challenging his own body even as a little boy.
00:03:12Whether it was swimming in the North Canadian River or it was chasing rabbits and catching them.
00:03:17It was catching wild horses.
00:03:19It was running over fences.
00:03:20And later, people would comment that that was like a natural cross training.
00:03:25The open plains and the river bottoms were my first track field.
00:03:29It was on them that I learned to run as a child.
00:03:31But the reservation existed really only for two or three more years.
00:03:40Before Europeans arrived in this country, there were millions of native peoples already here.
00:03:46By the time of Jim Thorpe's birth, there were fewer than 300,000 left.
00:03:50In the years leading up to Thorpe's birth, the United States' relentless westward expansion fueled the Lakota Sioux Wars.
00:03:59As the nation encroached on indigenous lands and forced tribes onto reservations.
00:04:05Indian reservations were really prison camps and they were only supposed to be around for 25 years.
00:04:11And at the end of 25 years, we would have all been assimilated or dead.
00:04:18In 1887, Senator Henry Dawes introduced a bill known as the Dawes Act, also known as the Allotment Act.
00:04:26It sought to take away what the government considered excess Indian land.
00:04:30There are old accounts and images of Indian land for sale or free Indian land.
00:04:36And so in order to get that land, they organized the famous Oklahoma land runs.
00:04:43At the crack of a pistol, all these wagons and people and horses flooded into what had been their reservation.
00:04:51People just like ran and put their stake in the ground and claimed land, stolen land, native land.
00:05:00Imagine what that was like, particularly for a three, four year old child like Jim Thorpe.
00:05:06You had this place that you were born into and overnight it's overrun by these strange white people.
00:05:12They were looking at native people as savages to be killed and forcibly removed through any means.
00:05:20It's amazing that these communities survived.
00:05:23Even more stunning is that an athlete could emerge from those kind of circumstances.
00:05:27Indian territory of Oklahoma was the Wild West in every possible way.
00:05:34Jim Thorpe's father, Hiram, represented that.
00:05:38My father was Hiram Philip Thorpe, one half Sac and Fox Indian and one half Irish.
00:05:44He was a giant of a man.
00:05:46Hiram would take his sons out into the rural land for days at a time and hunt and fish.
00:05:53But Hiram was also incredibly rough on them.
00:05:58When Jim was four, Hiram saw him dog paddling along the edge of the North Canadian River and threw the little guy out into the current to see how his son made it back.
00:06:09It was 40 yards to the bank and it looked like a mile to me.
00:06:15But I made it under the watchful eye of my father.
00:06:19He said, don't be afraid of the water, son, and it won't be afraid of you.
00:06:23It encapsulates what Hiram was like.
00:06:27So Jim grew up with that kind of father.
00:06:30His father taught him and instilled in him at a very young age, to be a man, you had to step up, you had to compete.
00:06:38Native people, we love competition.
00:06:41So there would be running contests, there would be swimming contests, there would be jumping contests.
00:06:49You know, we invented so many sports that people know in European culture, American culture, whether it's soccer, lacrosse, or even the game of basketball.
00:06:59Jim Thorpe's love of athletic endeavors started in the Second Fox territory.
00:07:06For Jim Thorpe, sports are in his blood.
00:07:10My mother always looked upon me as a reincarnation of Blackhawk.
00:07:15The Indian chief for whom the Blackhawk War was named.
00:07:19Blackhawk was this larger than life, heroic figure that every Indian boy in that tribe wanted to model himself on.
00:07:26He fought against Andrew Jackson.
00:07:29Everyone in America knew Blackhawk's name.
00:07:32That's how impressive Blackhawk was.
00:07:35So much so that his name was appropriated for a World War I Army division, the Blackhawk helicopter, and for the Chicago NHL team.
00:07:47The Dawes Act didn't just divide up native land to be given to white settlers.
00:07:51The other portion of the Dawes Act was meant to take Indian children and put them in boarding schools far from their homes.
00:07:59The Bureau of Indian Affairs mandated that the children should go at a certain age off to Indian boarding schools.
00:08:05Sometimes it was voluntary. Parents would send their kids there thinking it was the only way to ensure their survival.
00:08:10Other times it was by force. The United States, they would kidnap these kids and they would force them into these establishments.
00:08:15And the notion was to take the children of those warriors from the Lakota Sioux and tame them, quote unquote.
00:08:22The boarding school era was meant to take children away from their native communities and teach them the Western way of life.
00:08:31They were really all about assimilation.
00:08:34Kids were stripped of their humanity and of their culture.
00:08:38They were put into uniforms.
00:08:40If they didn't already have an Anglo name like Jim, he was born with one, they were assigned them.
00:08:45You can actually see pictures of students who went in native with long hair, with their earrings, with native dress.
00:08:56And then you see another picture of them with their short hair looking very somber.
00:09:02It was all a way to make them look white and act white and eventually be white.
00:09:08It was a full on attempt to reshape an entire generation of native people.
00:09:15Jim Thorpe endured three different boarding schools.
00:09:18First, he went to the second Fox boarding school nearby, which he hated and ran away from twice.
00:09:24I tired of the classroom routine and ran away, walking back home 23 miles.
00:09:30My father met me at the door and marched me back to school.
00:09:34He kept doing that and doing that, running home and finally Hiram said,
00:09:39I'm going to send you so far away, you will never be able to come back.
00:09:45Then he was sent to the Haskell Institute in Kansas.
00:09:49I was at Haskell I saw my first football game and developed a love for it.
00:09:54A love I've had through the years.
00:09:57It finally ended up at the flagship US government boarding school.
00:10:02On February 4th, 1904, I entered the Carlisle Indian School at Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
00:10:10Well, the Carlisle Indian Industrial School was founded right after the wars of the Lakota Sioux out in the plains.
00:10:17Had the motto, kill the Indian, save the man.
00:10:19And this is where he came of age in a lot of ways and where he began his career in sports.
00:10:24The football team in particular was the reason that anybody knew Carlisle.
00:10:31When the Carlisle Indians, this exotic team of native people would go play, they would draw a huge crowd.
00:10:36The founder of Carlisle was Richard Pratt. He had been an officer in the Far West during the so-called Indian Wars.
00:10:45He's interested in assimilation for the indigenous people.
00:10:49But he also believes they have to prove themselves.
00:10:52And one of the ways they can prove to whites that they're worthy is through sports.
00:10:55Jim loved football. And by the time he got to Carlisle, he wanted to play.
00:11:02As much as Jim wanted to play football, he was too short and slight.
00:11:07About three months after my arrival, I weighed 116 pounds and I was five foot three inches in height.
00:11:13He was a scrawny young guy.
00:11:19Football was played at the highest level of collegiate hierarchy, which is Yale and Harvard.
00:11:25Football was important to them.
00:11:27It was the game that was going to teach the leaders of tomorrow how to lead, how to be strategic, how to be smart.
00:11:33In lieu of a real war, we're going to put them out on this field to turn boys into men.
00:11:39I've always felt that football was pretty closely related to warfare.
00:11:47I mean, violence is certainly a part of man.
00:11:51So why not admit it? Use it. Let it out.
00:11:55Football was a game of brute force.
00:11:58Think of two semis just crashing straight into one another.
00:12:02It's a collision sport. It's a violent sport.
00:12:05Every play is an act of violence.
00:12:09American football was dominated by the famous so-called flying wedge.
00:12:14The offense would mass behind a lead player and, based on models of warfare, would charge through the opposing line.
00:12:22It took steamroller tactics to move the pigskin towards the opposing team's goalposts.
00:12:28In the 1904 college season alone, there were 20 deaths in football and hundreds of injuries.
00:12:34Guys had broken femurs. Guys were missing ears. One guy even has eye gouged out.
00:12:38You could punch, you could bite, you could scratch.
00:12:41And so a lot of times these guys were just running into each other, trying to do whatever they could to take the opposing player out of the game.
00:12:45Helmets were definitely not required. The helmets maybe they were wearing were little leather helmets with very little padding.
00:12:53It was a free-for-all. Football was a free-for-all. It was almost outlawed.
00:12:57The president of Harvard was calling for football to be abolished.
00:13:04There was definitely public pressure. There were op-eds written.
00:13:08The Chicago Tribune did a series about the number of deaths and injuries and it read like an after-action report from Vietnam, you know, listing all of these dead halfbacks and linemen.
00:13:19And so this was not a tenable situation. As popular as it was becoming, you couldn't have people dying.
00:13:29Teddy Roosevelt was president and he was a Harvard man and he loved football.
00:13:34So he called a conference in the White House of the leaders of these top schools and said, you've got to make football safer.
00:13:42You couldn't have our Ivy League leaders of tomorrow getting killed on the football field.
00:13:48It was this close to kind of being out of here, which is wild to think of when you think about how important it's become in our American sports culture.
00:13:57At the end of the 1904 term, Jim decided to leave Carlisle and to work in their outing program, which was a kind of placement program where Indian kids would work as farmers or cooks or maids.
00:14:09It was also seen as a form of introduction into white society.
00:14:13I was anxious to go for the experience. I did all the housework and learned to sew and cook. I longed to be out in the open again. I felt smothered with the indoor work.
00:14:24So he goes on to work as a farmhand for two years, laboring in the field and breaking wild horses, just like his father taught him.
00:14:31Breaking horses is incredibly physical work. You know, you're using your arms, you're using your hands, you're using your legs to jump up to corral the horses.
00:14:40You're hanging on for dear life.
00:14:42By the end of the summer, Jim's body had changed dramatically.
00:14:46When Jim returned to Carlisle, he was primed. He was ready.
00:14:49It was then that the origin story of Jim Thorpe the athlete began.
00:15:02What is wonderful about reflecting on Jim Thorpe's legacy is that you start to hear all these stories that sound like somebody make that up. Did that really actually happen?
00:15:11And one of the more famous ones is the high jump story.
00:15:15At Carlisle, one day he was in overalls, walking toward the athletic fields, saw members of the track team at the high jump pit.
00:15:23Jim had no idea what the high jump was. He had never seen it before.
00:15:28For several minutes, they successfully went higher and higher.
00:15:32Eventually, they placed the bar at a point they couldn't scale.
00:15:35He watched boy after boy fail to make it over the bar.
00:15:41Intrigued, Jim walks over and in his overhauls, Jim decided to give it a try.
00:15:46If you know anything about Olympic sports, if you've seen this, it's an extraordinarily difficult thing to do.
00:15:52Jim Thorpe had no experience, no training. He certainly didn't have the proper attire or footwear.
00:15:57In just one graceful move. He runs up, leaps into the air, easily clears the bar. The boys were stunned.
00:16:07Jim Thorpe made everything look effortless. Things that take people years and years and years of training, of coaching to do, he could do just like that.
00:16:15For the fun of it, I ran and jumped the bar, turned around and laughed.
00:16:21Jim just walked away as if it was no big deal.
00:16:23When this story reaches Pop Warner, he said Jim Thorpe just set the school record.
00:16:32Pop Warner, who was the track coach, brought Thorpe into his office the next day and said,
00:16:38Here's your uniform. You're on the track team.
00:16:40But Jim really wasn't interested in track and field. He wanted to play football really badly.
00:16:44And so when he introduced the idea of wanting to play football to Pop Warner, he thought, why would I ever let you do this? Because have you seen what happens on a football field?
00:16:55But Jim was persistent. He would constantly every day ask Pop, when is it going to be my turn? When am I going to have a chance to play football?
00:17:02I kept after him until he finally threw a suit to me, hoping to get rid of me, I guess.
00:17:09There was this exercise where Warner would set up players every 10 yards all the way down the field and have somebody try to run through without getting tackled. And nobody could ever do it.
00:17:19Jim is looking at 40 players and their sole objective is to tackle Thorpe.
00:17:24The only experience I've ever had with the football was at high school, if that could be called experience.
00:17:32My hand had never gripped a real football.
00:17:35Warner figured these players were going to show Jim what football was all about.
00:17:40Thorpe takes off. He cuts, he weaves, he dodges, he stiff arms.
00:17:46Warner is watching it, slack jaw.
00:17:48I heard him say to one of the trainers, he's certainly a wild Indian.
00:17:55What he just saw that moment was the birth of Jim Thorpe of the football player.
00:18:02Jim Thorpe is now a member of the Carlisle football team.
00:18:07His dreams of playing collegiate football are closer than ever, but he's relegated to the backup squad.
00:18:13In October of 1907, Jim got his big break when Carlisle played the University of Pennsylvania at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.
00:18:23Pop Warner put him in to replace an injured player, but it didn't go exactly according to plan.
00:18:30When I was given the ball to carry in my first big game, I got excited and didn't follow my interference.
00:18:35The result was, it crashed into a stone wall of opposition and was thrown for a loss.
00:18:43Jim was not off to a great start, but if Jim Thorpe was confident in anything, it was that he wasn't going to let one bad play stop him.
00:18:51The next time the ball was passed to me, I got away around the end and tore 75 yards to a touchdown.
00:18:57And Pop Warner soon decided I was there to stay.
00:19:02Along came Mr. Pop Warner, one of football's most brilliant minds.
00:19:08A lot of people have heard of Pop Warner football.
00:19:12It is associated with youth football all across America, but not many people know the man behind it.
00:19:18All these Pop Warner leagues, that comes from Pop Warner the coach.
00:19:24Pop Warner was not a Pop. He didn't have any kids. He played football at Cornell.
00:19:29He was older than some of the other players, so they started calling him Pop.
00:19:33But Pop Warner was a brilliant football coach.
00:19:37Pop Warner's coaching style was that of an innovator.
00:19:40He was known for trick plays. He came up with trick plays before there were trick plays.
00:19:45One of his plays, the hidden ball, he sewed a pocket into a player's uniform and had him stuff the ball in there so he could run down the field without anyone knowing he was actually carrying it.
00:19:54The rules committee would slap it down and say, no, you can't do that anymore.
00:19:57So then Warner would go back to the drawing board and come up with another trick play or another innovation.
00:20:03He was pushing, pushing, pushing the rules all the time.
00:20:07Warner's imagination was constantly firing. He developed the blocking sled. He developed tackling dummies.
00:20:12He developed the single wing offense, the double wing offense, lightweight uniforms.
00:20:17So much of what he developed, we still see today nearly 100 years later.
00:20:23By 1908, under Pop's guidance, Jim is beginning to make it maim for himself.
00:20:28By the time Carlisle was scheduled to play University of Pennsylvania in October, Jim Thorpe had created a identity of toughness.
00:20:37So he came into that game with a target on his back.
00:20:40Word passed through the Penn 11 to get Thorpe.
00:20:43Put him out of the game.
00:20:45They did everything in the world to cripple him.
00:20:46But they didn't take into consideration the tough hide and the stubborn constitution of the Prairie Indian.
00:20:53Well, you think about it, you know, you're an Indian kid in a boarding school.
00:20:56You've been taken away from your parents violently.
00:20:59For young Indian kids, you really don't have a chance to express that anger in any other way except through competitive sports.
00:21:04In a fiercely contested game, Carlisle trails six to zero in the final minutes.
00:21:12But Jim Thorpe refuses to back down.
00:21:15In the real world, he could never really compete with white people.
00:21:19Playing football, he got to compete with them on an equal playing field.
00:21:23I got the ball on a fast pass and was on my way, scurrying the end, carrying the male 65 yards to a touchdown, tying the score.
00:21:31Penn had been dope to win, and our tie proved quite an upset.
00:21:38With Jim's help, Carlisle goes on to a 10-2 record that year.
00:21:43At the same time Jim's establishing himself as a football phenomenon, he also has his eye on another sport.
00:21:54When Jim arrived at Carlisle, he hadn't done any track and field.
00:21:57He just knew how to jump, and he knew how to run, and he was this incredibly gifted athlete.
00:22:03Now that Jim was on the track team, he was introduced to all these other sports and competitions that he'd never seen before.
00:22:10He needed to be taught, and there was a very gifted athlete on the team already called Albert Exendine.
00:22:16Warner said to Albert, take Jim under your wing, and teach him what he needs to know.
00:22:21I told him, he said, now, ex, you stick with Thorpe, it looks like it might be good material.
00:22:28I showed him how to shot foot, and hammer throw, and broad jump, and high jump, and low hurdles, and high hurdles, and so on.
00:22:36The next thing you know, Jim Thorpe is a track and field star.
00:22:43Jim excels at track and field, but his true passion remains football.
00:22:47Jim really comes into his own as a football phenomenon in 1911.
00:22:53Carlisle had a very good season, and Pop signed up to play against Harvard.
00:22:59Well, everyone around the country who was following football was primed for this contest.
00:23:05The Little Indian School and Harvard.
00:23:08Harvard.
00:23:10Harvard at the time was an absolute powerhouse.
00:23:13Starting in the late 1800s, over the course of two decades, they won nine national championships.
00:23:17They were unstoppable.
00:23:21One can only imagine that Jim Thorpe could recognize who he was playing against.
00:23:27These are the elites of this country.
00:23:29These are the sons of the industrialists.
00:23:31These are the sons of the landowners that have taken his homelands away from his family, away from his tribe.
00:23:38And so, a part of me has to think that perhaps it was a little bit personal.
00:23:44But with the most important game of Thorpe's career looming, there's a problem.
00:23:49Jim had an injury, so his leg was visibly bandaged from his ankle to his knee.
00:23:56It was his kicking leg.
00:23:58Crippled Jimmy Thorpe, as the press named him.
00:24:01From the opening drive, Jim plays every minute of the game.
00:24:04Offense and defense, because that's the way the game was played back then.
00:24:09He never got a break.
00:24:11And he stayed out there the entire time.
00:24:14So here he is, running the football, playing defense, kicking.
00:24:18There was no substitution. There was no bench.
00:24:21The whole idea was you don't come off the field.
00:24:24It is a game of stamina.
00:24:25If we look at the NFL today, there's nobody who does what Jim Thorpe did back in the day.
00:24:32We have to put ourselves in the DeLorean and go back and think about what the game looked like when Jim Thorpe was playing.
00:24:39What you would be seeing back in the beginning of the 20th century was a totally different game.
00:24:44The rules are changing every year back then.
00:24:48There was no passing in the beginning.
00:24:50That was considered borderline cheating.
00:24:52They didn't wear uniforms, very little padding.
00:24:54They had what they called team sweaters.
00:24:57You couldn't tell who was on what team.
00:24:59Touchdowns for much of that period were five points.
00:25:02Field goals were four points.
00:25:04The yard markers were different.
00:25:06The length of the field was different.
00:25:07There was very little scoring, and the vast majority of plays were just taking the ball into the line.
00:25:14It sounds like a made-up universe, like some kind of bizarro version of football, but that's very much how football was played.
00:25:20Jim Thorpe was made for football because he was great at everything, and he loved to hit people, which was what football was all about.
00:25:29I gave a little quarter when I played football, and I never asked for any.
00:25:33When I was hurt, I bit my lip, bandaged the injury between quarters, and kept giving what I had just received.
00:25:41Even with his injured leg, Jim still managed to kick two field goals in the first half.
00:25:48Along with the field goal, Harvard scores a touchdown, and going into the half, Carlisle is down 9-6.
00:25:56In the second half, Carlisle comes roaring back, and Jim's fingerprints are all over the game.
00:26:00He's running, he's kicking, he's tackling, all on a busted leg.
00:26:05It gives you an idea of how great of an athlete he has to be, just from a physical toll standpoint.
00:26:11To do what Jim Thorpe was doing, frankly, looking back on it, it's like, it's crazy.
00:26:16It is absolutely crazy.
00:26:18Carlisle scores a touchdown, then Jim connects for two field goals.
00:26:22Suddenly, the unthinkable happens.
00:26:25Carlisle beats Harvard.
00:26:26Years later, Sports Illustrated would point to this game, and Jim's performance in it, that would have earned Jim the Heisman Trophy, had the Heisman Trophy existed.
00:26:36There's something poetic, and there's some sense of justice in the way that Jim played, because when he played, he played for all native peoples.
00:26:43Harvard, the Crimson Tide, was our big enemy that year. Our victory proved a great upset. Sturdy old John Harvard, being knocked over by the Little Indian School, was a calamity no one had looked for.
00:26:57There's a famous headline, Thorpe beat Harvard. He was seen as this amazing football player.
00:27:02Jim Thorpe had probably the first nationally recognized brilliant game of his career. Harvard was such a big deal that all of the newspapers from New York and Boston and Philadelphia covered that game.
00:27:15Jim Thorpe beat.
00:27:20Jim Thorpe's performance against Harvard, you kind of have to rank right up there with some of the greatest games and performances that you've seen throughout history.
00:27:28There's like Kobe Bryant dropping 81, Tiger winning Masters by 12 strokes, Wayne Gretzky's Game 7 Magic over Toronto.
00:27:35All those ridiculous athletic accomplishments that became the defining games for the defining athlete, that's what that game was for him.
00:27:45Carlisle goes on to have only one loss that entire season as Thorpe's star continues to rise.
00:27:52Jim Thorpe makes gridiron history, scores 25 touchdowns, 198 points in a single season, a combined record never equaled.
00:27:59Jim gets named captain of the Carlisle football team, and Walter Camp, who's the father of American football, ends up naming Thorpe to his All-American list.
00:28:09Jim Thorpe is at the top of his game, and yet he was about to level up again.
00:28:14The year 1912 came, the magic year of the Olympiad.
00:28:27I trained as I've never trained before or since.
00:28:31In my heart, I had known since 1909 that I would compete in the game of games.
00:28:37The modern Olympic Games were created by a French Lord, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, in 1896.
00:28:49It was his vision to build a festival of international sport that would bring countries together to sit higher than our political differences.
00:28:59He was inspired after France had been crushed in the Franco-Prussian War.
00:29:04He thought that if nations could fight on a field of sports, they'd get it out of their system, and the world would be a better place.
00:29:13So he decided to revive the ancient Greek Olympics with the idea that sports would take the place of armed conflict.
00:29:21So he created what was known as the modern Olympics.
00:29:32The first four Olympics were not particularly successful.
00:29:37There was no guarantee that this idea of Coubertins was going to survive.
00:29:41Baron Pierre de Coubertin revived the Olympics on a bed of contradictions.
00:29:46The Olympics were supposed to be for everybody, but the Baron excluded women.
00:29:52He thought it was unseemly to have women involved in sport on any level.
00:29:56And also, he was classist. I mean, he had a real class bias in favor of aristocrats.
00:30:01Trying to exclude working people from the Olympics with a specialized definition of amateurism from the very starts.
00:30:07The Olympics were the ultimate example of what amateurism and the amateur ideal was in that era.
00:30:17The idea was that people should play sports purely for their passion, not for a paycheck.
00:30:23That was considered kind of lowbrow and unseemly.
00:30:26No money could ever cross your palm in any way or else you were a professional.
00:30:31Every athlete taking part in the 1912 Olympics had to sign a form in which they had to promise they had never accepted money of any kind in any connection with sports.
00:30:45It was formed and created by and for wealthy aristocratic athletes.
00:30:52They didn't need money.
00:30:53This version of the Olympics is unrecognizable from today's.
00:30:56Today, we are accustomed to seeing professionals from their sport in basketball or in hockey compete at the Olympics.
00:31:04Across just about every sport, Olympic athletes are encouraged to go out and get sponsors to help them underwrite their training and their competition.
00:31:13In effect, getting paid to compete at that Olympic level.
00:31:17That was not the case back in Jim Thorpe's competitive days.
00:31:20So you roll around into 1912, which is the fifth Olympiad in Stockholm.
00:31:27The United States Olympic team's journey to even participate in Stockholm was quite the adventure in and of itself.
00:31:35When Jim Thorpe got to the pier in Manhattan and saw the SS Finland, it was a sight unlike anything he had ever seen before.
00:31:43It was this floating paradise of a sort.
00:31:45The breath of that ship, where it was going, to a world that he'd never seen before.
00:31:52And it's important to remember that this was only a few months after the sinking of the Titanic.
00:31:57So going on a transatlantic journey was a little bit iffy.
00:32:00They loaded on thousands of pounds of food for both the humans as well as the horses that were there for the equestrian events.
00:32:10They built a special cork track.
00:32:13There was a makeshift swimming pool down in the lower deck.
00:32:16Athletes could practice the discus by throwing it overboard and then pulling it back up with a rope.
00:32:21So there are all these ingenious schemes that allowed the athletes to stay fresh as they get ready for the Olympic Games.
00:32:31There's a mythos around Jim Thorpe that he didn't train on the boat going over to Sweden and that he wasn't a person who really dedicated himself to his excellence.
00:32:41I think the media characterizations of Jim Thorpe were very much that he didn't have to work at his success.
00:32:49Why would people say that Jim didn't train?
00:32:52The same reason why do so many sports writers, when they're defining an African-American athlete, they'll just say that they have natural talent as opposed to actually working at it, right?
00:33:03Well, that was the way that they could disparage Jim Thorpe.
00:33:06He was just natural. He didn't have to train.
00:33:07He didn't have to train. But it's baloney.
00:33:10When in reality, Jim Thorpe was actually playing it smart.
00:33:13He was tapering off as the Olympic Games approached, just like athletes do today.
00:33:18I was in the best condition of my life.
00:33:20I didn't work out strenuously, contenting myself with an occasional run or trot about the deck, as I felt ready for action and didn't want to become stale or over-trained.
00:33:30I think the mythos around Jim Thorpe's not training is tied up in a mythos around American Indians in general, that we're not hardworking, that we're lazy.
00:33:40They were sort of setting the stage for his abilities to be both adulated and disrespected at the same time.
00:33:50When you look at just how minorities are described in the media in the turn of the 20th century, as much as their accomplishments were celebrated, there was still that dehumanization.
00:34:00Native American achievements never could stand on their own. They were always portrayed through this lens of aggression.
00:34:07The words that were used to describe them made it very clear that you are still deemed as less than in society.
00:34:13They were savages, violent.
00:34:15Violent.
00:34:17On a war path.
00:34:19Or scalping their opponent.
00:34:21Those were words that were used to describe how they believed these individuals lived their lives.
00:34:26The sports writers and the journalists at the time frame and control the narrative.
00:34:31And for Native people, other people have been representing us and mischaracterizing us since time immemorial.
00:34:36It was a way of stripping Native Americans of both their dignity and their humanity.
00:34:45At the time that Jim Thorpe and the rest of the Olympic team traveled to Stockholm, there was a practice in place on all ships of segregating in a lot of ways by race.
00:34:57The context is important politically at that time. 1912 was a year that Woodrow Wilson was elected president.
00:35:03And one of the first things he did was he racially segregated the federal bureaucracy.
00:35:09So African-American people had to use different bathrooms, eat in different lunch rooms, work in different spaces.
00:35:15And that segregated culture made its way on board the USS Finland.
00:35:20Jim and another American athlete, Abel Kvyat, who is Jewish, were both put in steerage on the ship rather than with the better quarters higher up.
00:35:29Thorpe and his fellow Olympians, who weren't lily white Olympians who could stay in the top accommodation on the top floor, had to grapple with a lot of racism on the way to Stockholm, but also more broadly in life.
00:35:40Jim Thorpe made the Olympic team to compete in both the pentathlon and the decathlon, two events that are really widely regarded as being among the most difficult in the games.
00:35:58Although Jim had earned recognition back home, he is far from being the favorite contenders like Sweden's Hugo Wieslander and even his own American teammate Avery Brundage are expected to dominate.
00:36:12In the narrative of Jim Thorpe, Avery Brundage appears a number of times as a nemesis.
00:36:19Avery Brundage was a terrible man. He was known from the 1940s through the 1960s and beyond as slavery Avery for his racist beliefs.
00:36:30In his personal papers, he heaps praise on the Nazis, calling them an intelligent, beneficent dictatorship.
00:36:36And he was convinced in his own mind that he was going to win.
00:36:40On July 7th, 1912, the competition begins with the pentathlon, a single day challenge featuring five track and field events.
00:36:50Jim comes out of the gates soaring at the pentathlon, almost literally.
00:36:55He finishes first in the long jump.
00:36:57He then takes third in the javelin behind Sweden's Hugo Wieslander.
00:37:02One of Jim's most dominant wins was in the pentathlon 200.
00:37:06He left the competition in the dust and he would finish in a time of 22.9.
00:37:11The specificity of that number is significant because 1912 marked the first Olympics ever that use electronic timers.
00:37:18He follows that up with another win, coming in first in the discus, easily defeating his second place American rival, Avery Brundage.
00:37:28The final event of the pentathlon is the 1500 meter, the metric mile.
00:37:33For the Sack and Fox people, they had a traditional way of looking at running, allowing the earth to move you forward rather than your legs.
00:37:40And that was the same kind of conceptual energy that Jim brought to his running.
00:37:45He was in his most comfortable, safest space when he was running as fast as he could.
00:37:50Jim Thorpe would win his fourth overall event and finish five seconds ahead of his nearest competitor, showing just how dominant he was in those 1912 Olympics.
00:37:59So let's be clear, typically in a multidiscipline event like the pentathlon, the athlete who wins generally does fairly well in some combination of the events.
00:38:11But Jim Thorpe just didn't do well in all the events.
00:38:14Jim Thorpe won four out of the five events in the pentathlon.
00:38:17That is absolutely unheard of.
00:38:19He outclasses both Sweden's Hugo Wieslander and his own teammate, Avery Brundage, who unexpectedly fails to win a medal.
00:38:28Jim was not particularly aware of Avery Brundage, but Avery Brundage became very aware of Jim Thorpe.
00:38:34An American Indian was not supposed to be Avery Brundage.
00:38:38With the nation's eyes fixed on him, Jim is about to embark on the grueling decathlon, squaring off against Brundage in a showdown that would reverberate through the rest of his life.
00:38:50With Jim Thorpe's outstanding performance in the pentathlon, having already secured a gold medal, another soon to be famous American also has high hopes in the 1912 Olympics.
00:39:05Believe it or not, at the very same Olympic games where Thorpe was competing, so was future general George S. Patton.
00:39:12And his event was a modern pentathlon, which is a military-themed event that focused on running, shooting, swimming, fencing and horseback riding.
00:39:20When Baron Pierre de Coubertin created the Olympics, he had people like George Patton in mind as participants.
00:39:27Patton was the son of a wealthy family, had all the training required at his fingertips to do well.
00:39:33But George Patton didn't do well at all. In fact, he placed fifth.
00:39:37In the swimming event, he had to get pulled from the pool.
00:39:40And he claimed that he would have won the sharpshooting, except that his bullets, the judges said, missed the target,
00:39:47actually went so cleanly through the other bullets of his that they couldn't see them.
00:39:52At the conclusion of the modern pentathlon, a brand-new event is set to begin.
00:39:58At the 1912 Olympics, the decathlon was introduced for the very first time.
00:40:03You have to master 10 different events.
00:40:06The 100 meters, the long jump, the shot put, the high jump and the 400 meters, 110-meter hurdles, the discus, the pole vault, the javelin, and the metric mile, the 1,500 meters.
00:40:16The decathlon, in my opinion, is the most difficult event in the sport of track and field.
00:40:21Jim is looking for his second gold medal.
00:40:23Meanwhile, Avery Brundage is looking for redemption after losing the gym during the pentathlon.
00:40:30On Saturday, July 13th, 1912, the decathlon begins with the 100-meter dash.
00:40:37On the first day of the decathlon, Thor finished in the top three in all three events and finished the day number one.
00:40:44His rival, Avery Brundage, on the other hand, was in a distant 14th place.
00:40:51Day two begins with the high jump, which Jim has heavily favored the win, but there's a problem.
00:40:57When he went to compete, his sneakers were missing.
00:41:03There is some sense that Avery Brundage was involved, that he took the shoes in an effort to sabotage his performance.
00:41:12Jim is then facing continuing the decathlon without his shoes.
00:41:17Jim, needing to compete, went out and found a pair of sneakers out of the trash.
00:41:23So he and Pop Warner jerry-rigged two shoes that were different sizes.
00:41:28Thorpe had to wear two pairs of heavy socks on one shoe.
00:41:31As an athlete, you train for this one moment.
00:41:34And when that moment comes, you want everything to be absolutely perfect.
00:41:38Even in absolutely perfect conditions, competing in the Olympic high jump is a near impossible task.
00:41:44And Jim did it with shoes he found in the trash.
00:41:47Thorpe jumps over six feet, the only athlete to reach that threshold.
00:41:53Over six feet with garbage shoes.
00:41:56Like most of the high jump competitors of his day, Jim utilized the straddle technique.
00:42:01Decades later, in 1968, Dick Fosbury revolutionized the sport by utilizing a different technique,
00:42:08jumping backward over the bar.
00:42:10This is the technique that all Olympic high jumpers utilize today.
00:42:14The Europeans looked upon the red man as a curiosity of some sort.
00:42:20It seemed they were disappointed that I didn't wear the war paint or the head feathers.
00:42:25I decided I would live up to their conception of the Indian.
00:42:28So I broke out in a war dance with accompaniment of full tone yells.
00:42:33I think it was part of his desire to really show that even though the boarding schools attempted to strip Jim of all of his culture
00:42:41and turned him into a white man, they didn't take his identity from him inside.
00:42:45He was letting the world know that he was a Native American.
00:42:49The next three events see Jim extending his lead.
00:42:53So the last great obstacle between Jim Thorpe and the Olympic gold medal in 1912 is the eighth event, the pole vault.
00:43:00I considered myself rather heavy for vaulting.
00:43:04Before I sailed for the Olympic games, my highest pole vault was nine feet, six inches.
00:43:10I knew I could do better, but I was afraid to attempt the higher mark for fear the ash pool might break.
00:43:16The pole vault is intimidating and it's one of the most difficult events in the decathlon.
00:43:21It was the event that kept me off the 1992 Olympic team.
00:43:24He's just coming to grips with the fact I have no points in this particular event.
00:43:28I'm now not going to the Olympic games.
00:43:30One misstep, one miscalculation, and it's all over.
00:43:35Despite his concern, Jim launched himself ten feet, eight inches into the air, smashing his personal best and keeping him on track to win his second goal.
00:43:52It's at this point in the competition, having dropped to 11th place, that Avery Brundage realizes he has no chance of defeating Thorpe.
00:44:02He did something that he would rue till his dying days, and that was he dropped out of the competition.
00:44:07Thorpe was creaming Brundage by so much that he quit after eight events.
00:44:11He didn't even finish it himself.
00:44:12And probably there was some measure of jealousy for the rest of his life.
00:44:17This would not be the last time that Brundage runs afoul of an Olympic champion.
00:44:22Brundage went on to a storied career.
00:44:25He was a power broker in Olympic circles.
00:44:28He was passionate about the spirit and ideals of amateurism.
00:44:34Brundage was the Olympic committee chairman for the 1936 games in Berlin.
00:44:39The undisputed star of the competition was Ohio State University track star Jesse Owens.
00:44:44Just days after Jesse Owens won gold, Brundage came after him as a professional athlete and banned him from amateur sports for life.
00:44:53Going into the final event, the 1500 meter, Jim's lead is nearly insurmountable.
00:45:00As soon as the race begins, Jim is off and no one can catch him.
00:45:05When Jim crossed the finish line in the 1500, he not only took a gold medal, but cemented his legacy as one of the premier athletes of his day.
00:45:14Jim Thorpe would finish in the top three in eight of the 10 events.
00:45:17He would win four of those events outright.
00:45:19And in the decathlon, that's total dominance.
00:45:21For me, Jim Thorpe's achievement at the Stockholm Olympics are a singular achievement.
00:45:29I haven't seen anything since then that approaches that level of greatness in so many different sports.
00:45:35Sidious Altius Fortius was the motto of the modern Olympics.
00:45:41It meant faster, higher, stronger.
00:45:44And Jim Thorpe embodied all of these.
00:45:47His record stood for decades and really set a new bar for what we as athletes can accomplish.
00:45:54At the close of the Olympic Games, all the winners were marched before the Royal Box, before the applauding thousands.
00:46:03Jim Thorpe's two gold medals are the last Olympic medals ever made from pure gold.
00:46:09He's also awarded two ceremonial trophies presented by Tsar Nicholas of Russia and King Gustav of Sweden.
00:46:17King Gustav placed a lower wreath on my head, and in English said,
00:46:22Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world.
00:46:26And the story is that Jim responded, Thanks, King.
00:46:32Now, we don't know if that actually happened.
00:46:35I don't think he said it. He says he didn't say it.
00:46:37That was sort of representative of Jim Thorpe, the Indian, of not knowing how to deal with royalty.
00:46:45It was all representative of the way that Thorpe was idealized, romanticized, and diminished at the same time.
00:46:52When Jim won the gold medals, he was a sensation, the first international celebrity athlete.
00:47:01He astonished the world, this phenomenal performance, and by an American Indian.
00:47:08The whole point of the Olympics is to compete and represent your country.
00:47:12Jim accomplished so much representing the United States, and he returned from the games celebrated as an American hero.
00:47:20Jim even receives a letter from President Howard Taft saying Thorpe's qualities characterize the best type of American citizen.
00:47:29The irony is that at that time, he was not even recognized as an American citizen because Native Americans in this country had not yet been granted citizenship.
00:47:42He returns home and Carlisle gives a welcoming reception for him.
00:47:48We were met by the leading citizens of the town. There was handshaking, congratulations, and speeches.
00:47:54Jim was a center of attention. You couldn't open a paper without reading about him.
00:47:58They were throwing parades. There was parties. He was expected to make appearances all across America.
00:48:02New York gives him this ticker tape parade with him at the front in the first car by himself.
00:48:10And Jim, as all the media said the next day, sat there scrunched down in the front seat with a Panama hat over his face and chewing gum.
00:48:19Obviously not the happy hero.
00:48:21And really that's true of most of his life, that he was never searching for glory or for fame. He just loved sports.
00:48:30In a lot of ways, Thorpe was the first celebrity sports star.
00:48:34Back then, the idea of a celebrity athlete was completely foreign. He's known all around the world. There's no social media.
00:48:40You think about how slow information passed at that time, and yet still everybody knew about his athletic feats.
00:48:46You know, he didn't have Gatorade or Nike behind him pushing him out there and making him a celebrity.
00:48:51There's no media vehicle driving it beyond what he is accomplishing at a time where people who look like him weren't supposed to be famous,
00:48:59and where athletes in general were not really supposed to be famous like that.
00:49:03Jim Thorpe has ushered in a new era of celebrity athlete, but his career is just getting started.
00:49:10After the fanfare of the Olympics faded, Jim Thorpe returns to Carlisle, ready for another season on the gridiron.
00:49:26The West Point game of 1912 has to be seen in light of Jim's prior reputation.
00:49:33The fantastic 1911 season that made him a football phenomenon, and then the Olympic games of 1912.
00:49:40So he comes to this game between Carlisle, the little Indian school, and West Point that trains the future officers of the American army.
00:49:50November 9th, 1912, the army against the Indians.
00:49:56You can't imagine a football game loaded with more meaning than that.
00:50:03The largest and most famous battles of the Great Plains happened just prior to the boarding school era.
00:50:09Jim Thorpe and the Carlisle players were a generation after the warriors who were killed at these famous battles like Battle of the Little Bighorn.
00:50:18And just 20 years before the army Carlisle game was the massacre at Wounded Knee.
00:50:23There were over 200 innocent women, men and children killed by the US Army.
00:50:28So going into the game with West Point, the Carlisle players were highly motivated.
00:50:33We traveled to West Point, the academy on the Hudson, and met the army.
00:50:40Rated the toughest, cleverest team of the season.
00:50:43Our chances to win were held to be slight.
00:50:46Before the game, Pop Warner delivers a speech that was unlike any in the history of the sport since or before.
00:50:55Telling his players what it could represent all of the payback for all of the injustices and violence that's been perpetrated on their people for so many decades.
00:51:07He would literally tell his players, you are going to be playing against the sons of the men who killed your ancestors.
00:51:13Now is the time for revenge.
00:51:15We are going to prove that we can play the white man's game better than the white man.
00:51:21Remember Wounded Knee.
00:51:23I mean, if that's not a motivator, I'm really not sure what is.
00:51:30With the help of the media, the public was primed for this contest.
00:51:34The army players who are outfitted in their black and gold uniforms on average weighed 40 pounds more and were four inches taller than the Indian players adorned in their red sweaters.
00:51:46To the fans in the stands at West Point, this game looked like it was going to be a total mismatch.
00:51:53The army team that day was incredibly historic.
00:51:57On the roster were four future legendary generals who would go on to lead America in World War II.
00:52:05In fact, it was called later the class the stars fell on because so many generals were on that team, including future president of the United States, Dwight David Eisenhower.
00:52:16This was a delicious matchup.
00:52:18Pop Warner's bag of tricks versus the army kids who had spent years studying military strategy.
00:52:25For Pop, this game was particularly personal.
00:52:28As a teen, he had applied to West Point and he was rejected.
00:52:33From the opening kickoff, this game is an absolute war.
00:52:38Reports from the game talk about the violent collisions and the intensity.
00:52:42While Jim dominates the game in the first half, Carlisle doesn't have a lot to show for his efforts.
00:52:47At halftime, they only lead 7-6.
00:52:50In the locker room at halftime, Eisenhower huddled with Leland Hobbs, who would go on to lead the 30th Infantry in Western Europe in World War II.
00:53:00The two of them conspired to deliver what they called the old 1-2.
00:53:05Their mission, send Thorpe to the sideline, if not the hospital.
00:53:10Eisenhower writes about this later, acknowledging that their goal was to knock Jim Thorpe unconscious.
00:53:17Eisenhower would later recall he and his fellow teammate in trying to pursue Jim.
00:53:24Jim stepped aside and let them collide with each other.
00:53:27And they were taken out of the game.
00:53:29Thorpe was a locomotive and they just couldn't stop him.
00:53:32Damon Runyon, who's a wonderful American humorist, was in the stands watching.
00:53:37And he said no one had to ask who had had the ball or who had made the play.
00:53:43They knew that it was Jim Thorpe.
00:53:45Late in the game, Thorpe caught a punt at Carlisle's 45-yard line.
00:53:51And immediately five Army defenders are on him.
00:53:54In a blur of twists and turns and stiff arms, Thorpe gets through that first crush of defenders.
00:54:01And over the next 50 yards, manages to repel every other Army defender on the field.
00:54:07Scoring for Carlisle.
00:54:13It was the most magnificent football run that Pop Warner and everyone else in attendance had ever seen.
00:54:21And even the cadets on the sideline stand up and applaud for Jim Thorpe.
00:54:26Thorpe and Carlisle go on to soundly defeat Army.
00:54:30It wasn't even close.
00:54:32Carlisle ended up beating Army that day 27-6.
00:54:35And Jim was by far the best player on the field.
00:54:38I can say for the men who made up the team, of which I was proud to be the captain, I've never known a team to function more perfectly.
00:54:47The Indians in the crowd rejoiced over the fact that their people, the Carlisle boys, were thumping the white kids at a game created by whites.
00:54:57The 1913 howitzer, the West Point student yearbook, sums up the match.
00:55:03The Carlisle Indians gave us the worst defeat we have had in years.
00:55:08And the running of Thorpe was by far the most wonderful and spectacular ever seen on our field.
00:55:15It was a mighty battle we fought that day against the Army.
00:55:18Every loyal red son of Carlisle did his duty.
00:55:21And I call it the greatest act of athletic revenge in American history.
00:55:26Jim Thorpe had the great football season in 1912.
00:55:31Pop Warner said life was juicy fat for Jim Thorpe.
00:55:34Like with so many stories of celebrity athletes and their meteoric rises,
00:55:38it always seems that when they're at the top of their game, along comes something to just knock them off their perch.
00:55:44In 1913, just a year after his Olympic victory, a scandal broke out.
00:55:49This was the first rumble which was to attain a thunderous crescendo
00:55:53and hurl my records and hopes from the heights into oblivion.
00:56:021912 for Jim Thorpe was the single greatest year that any athlete ever had.
00:56:07He won his gold medals by the greatest margin ever.
00:56:10And then had this great All-American football season where they defeated Army.
00:56:15I don't think you can find any athlete who did all of that in one year.
00:56:19But 1913 would prove to be very different.
00:56:24It all started with an article in a small paper in Worcester, Massachusetts.
00:56:29Apparently a journalist was visiting a baseball coach and saw a photograph of Jim Thorpe behind him.
00:56:35And the coach said, oh yeah, that was Jim Thorpe. He used to play baseball for me.
00:56:39Even though it was just the minor leagues, because Jim was paid, it technically made him a professional.
00:56:44And that violated the amateur status that you had to have to compete in the Olympic games.
00:56:48Jim had signed that form for the Olympics, saying he had never accepted any money, that he was an amateur, but he wasn't.
00:56:56The story immediately spread all over the country to the big papers in New York, Philadelphia.
00:57:05And so the question was, what do we do?
00:57:08Jim was busted and agonized over what he was to do.
00:57:12The only person that he could rely on in this mess was Pop Warner.
00:57:18So when the scandal broke out, Pop Warner acted like he knew nothing about it, which is impossible,
00:57:23considering he knew most of his players played summer ball.
00:57:26Pop sat down and crafted a letter with Jim to send to the American Olympic Committee,
00:57:32saying, in essence, I was just an Indian schoolboy. I didn't know any better.
00:57:36And I'm so sorry that I have brought this on everyone.
00:57:40All my life, I've laid my cards face up on the table.
00:57:44I went to my room and wrote the letter. I found it the hardest and cruelest I have ever written in my life.
00:57:53The letter that Jim Thorpe ultimately submitted to the International Olympic Committee,
00:57:59it put all the blame on Jim Thorpe instead of the responsible adults that were around him,
00:58:05including Pop Warner, who gets off scot-free in the depiction of this letter.
00:58:10After all these years, the only thing I wish to say now is that I have reason to believe
00:58:16that some of the authorities at Carlyle knew where I was during 1909 and 1910 and what I was doing.
00:58:23And what they'd done essentially is hang Jim out to dry.
00:58:26Pop Warner certainly was not going to take the fall. Nobody.
00:58:31It was Jim who was at fault, and he was the scapegoat.
00:58:35I mean, Pop Warner, it was such a deep betrayal.
00:58:39I mean, after everything that Jim Thorpe had done to really give Pop Warner his own separate legacy,
00:58:46all the success and the attention he was able to bring him as a coach,
00:58:49for him to then just, at a crucial moment in his life, just totally stab him in the back.
00:58:56So they insisted that he send back his medals.
00:59:03The gold medals and trophies were taken away from him.
00:59:07It was an act of enormous injustice.
00:59:10His records would be stripped from the Olympic record,
00:59:14and the second- and third-place winners would be bumped up to first and second,
00:59:19and he would just be eliminated.
00:59:21Hugo Wieslander, the Swedish track star who placed second to Jim,
00:59:24was offered his gold medal when Jim was stripped of the award.
00:59:27But he said, no, this belongs to Thorpe.
00:59:30Jim was busted. It was over.
00:59:33This incredible victory in Stockholm that made him the idol of the whole world was over.
00:59:40As athletes, we win or lose on the track.
00:59:43Our performance is out there on the field to play, and it's the purest form of sport.
00:59:47There's a start line and a finish line, and they stole that from Jim Thorpe.
00:59:52I adopted a fatalistic viewpoint and considered the episode just another event in the red man's life of ups and downs.
01:00:01Jim Thorpe losing his medals was one of the great injustices in the sports world of all time.
01:00:08This injustice happened on the firm foundation of hypocrisy.
01:00:12It was actually not uncommon for athletes to do exactly what Jim did.
01:00:17Most of the time, athletes used a pseudonym to protect their names and to protect their amateur status.
01:00:23There were so many pseudonyms in the Eastern Carolina League that they called it the Pocahontas League because everybody was named John Smith.
01:00:30Dwight Eisenhower, the future president, played under the name Wilson in the Kansas State League.
01:00:35Jim Thorpe played under the name Jim Thorpe. He never tried to hide it.
01:00:39And the final hypocrisy is that even the bylaws of the Olympics in 1912 said that any challenge to someone's amateurism had to come within 30 days of the Olympics.
01:00:50The stories broke six months later.
01:00:53Because of the manner in which the medals were taken away, it was a ding to his integrity.
01:00:58I mean, it wasn't just that people thought he didn't deserve the medals.
01:01:02It was that he supposedly cheated en route to getting the medals.
01:01:06One of the prevailing stereotypes of the day was that Native Americans were deceitful and untrustworthy.
01:01:11And so I think it was easy for American society to label Jim that way.
01:01:16Regarding the journalist who broke the story, Thorpe later reflected.
01:01:21He wrote the story that hurtled around the world and toppled me from the heights of amateur athletics.
01:01:27He must have been proud of his scoop.
01:01:29I wonder if, in his happiness, he ever thought what his story would cost me.
01:01:35It's every athlete's goal to win those major medals.
01:01:38Those titles become part of you. That's part of your identity.
01:01:42Having them take away my titles, having them take away my medals would be like taking a piece of me away physically.
01:01:49Jim would tell one of his friends, they took my medals away.
01:01:54I won them fair and square.
01:01:56And now I don't have them.
01:01:58Now I don't have anything.
01:02:04As soon as Jim loses his amateur status, everyone assumes he's simply going to pursue a career playing professional football.
01:02:11Instead, owners from a different sport saw the value in Jim's celebrity.
01:02:16And offers began to flow in from professional baseball.
01:02:21Jim is a commodity. He's the best known athlete in America.
01:02:24And people are fascinated by him.
01:02:27He was signed by the New York Giants in 1913 because he was the most famous athlete in the world.
01:02:33And the Giants, led by John McGraw, knew that later that year they'd be traveling around the world with the Chicago White Sox, bringing baseball to the rest of the world.
01:02:44The rest of the world knew none of the famous baseball players.
01:02:47They didn't know Christy Mathewson. They didn't know Ty Cobb.
01:02:50They knew one athlete from America, Jim Thorpe.
01:02:54When Thorpe signed with the New York Giants and went around the world doing exhibition games,
01:02:59he played baseball in places including Japan, Egypt, and even in front of the king and queen in London.
01:03:06On the voyage home, they traveled on the Lusitania, the same ship that just a few months later was sunk by a German U-boat in World War I.
01:03:19Prior to signing with the Giants, Jim had played a couple of years of minor league baseball, but this was primarily with small, scrappy farm teams.
01:03:26These were really sandlot games, nothing compared to what he'd experienced in the majors.
01:03:31The fact he went up to the professional league so quickly, he just didn't have time to acquire the skills needed to be a good ball player.
01:03:37But folks in the front office wanted him on the team because they knew that they could bring the fans in and sell tickets.
01:03:45Even though he really wasn't ready for that experience.
01:03:48Hitting is when you figure out who really can play baseball and who cannot.
01:03:51When something's coming at you 90 miles an hour, 100 miles an hour, that ain't easy to get around on.
01:03:56And one of the biggest obstacles for Jim Thorpe was that he couldn't hit a curveball.
01:04:00In fact, his batting average in his first year of the Giants was in the 160s.
01:04:05Let me tell you, I'm the sports writer, so I know if I've got Jim Thorpe in front of me hitting 160, I'm not being really nice.
01:04:13The headlines are savage. Jim Thorpe is a joke. Why is he in the major leagues?
01:04:18The criticism, the denigration was there immediately.
01:04:23And I think really gave you a window of a racial dynamic where you build people up.
01:04:28Then when they get to the place that you built them up, you start chopping away.
01:04:32It wasn't just like Joe DiMaggio getting booed at a game.
01:04:35No one was talking about his race. No one was talking about his culture.
01:04:39They would shout things at him like dog soup or they would do war whoops to taunt him.
01:04:45It was almost like all of Jim's acceptance in society and as a player hinged on his performance.
01:04:50If he wasn't winning, the crowds weren't with him.
01:04:52John McGraw, the manager, doesn't let him play much. He's a benchwarmer for most of that first year.
01:04:59Huge problem was that McGraw was a micromanager. He liked to tell a player every single step of what he was supposed to do when he was going up to bat.
01:05:07Warner left Jim alone. He rarely got in his way. McGraw was the polar opposite.
01:05:13And he and Jim quickly developed an antipathy to each other.
01:05:18Jim struggled a lot with baseball, which didn't come so naturally to him.
01:05:23But playing baseball, by far the most popular sport in America at the time, that kept him in the spotlight.
01:05:28As a football player, he's still the star that he was in college. And that got the attention of the Ohio League.
01:05:35Jim's professional football career began in 1915 with the Canton Bulldogs in the Ohio League.
01:05:41The Ohio League was the precursor to the National Football League, but it was nothing like it.
01:05:46It wasn't even really a league. Players could go from one team to another week by week, depending on who would pay them more.
01:05:53No rules about scheduling. No rules about contracts.
01:05:57It was very loosely structured.
01:06:00Most people at the time were barely even aware that pro football existed.
01:06:04This was years before the advent of the NFL. Back then, college football was considered the real draw.
01:06:10Boxing was more popular. Horse racing was more popular. Tennis, golf, baseball. Everything was more popular than football back in the day.
01:06:19It may be shocking for people to understand this, especially seeing what football has become today.
01:06:24But, you know, it wasn't some billion dollar industry. It wasn't powered by shoe companies.
01:06:29It wasn't supposed to be this thing where people were supposed to get rich.
01:06:34The Canton Bulldogs had one of the better teams in the Ohio League, and they offered Jim $250 a game, which is $7,000 in today's dollars.
01:06:43It was unheard of to pay anyone that amount of money. It's the first time there's money in football.
01:06:49The salary was a headline. Really, you can point to that as a birth moment of professional football.
01:06:58It's Jim Thorpe signing with the Canton Bulldogs.
01:07:00Jim Thorpe helped put that sport on the map.
01:07:03Jim's best years as a pro football player were with the Canton Bulldogs. He's a dominant player.
01:07:11He's the best player on every field. Jim would go on to help them become a dynasty.
01:07:15He won four national championships in five years. This was the apex of Jim's professional football career.
01:07:21And they have an incredible run until the early 20s with him as coach and player.
01:07:27People come to see him play. He encourages other players like Newt Rockne to come and play with him or against him.
01:07:36They just wanted to be in the same field with him because he was so revered.
01:07:41A professional there at Nashville in Ohio, I was over at Canton Bulldogs, and Rockne, he slipped through and tackled me for a couple yard losses.
01:07:48And I said, well, Rock, I said, you're doing fine work. But I said, listen, all these people up here in the stands come to see old Jim run.
01:07:55How about to let an old Jim run? He said, well, you big rascal. Do you think you can do it? Let's see you do it.
01:07:59So the next time I carried the ball around, I hit him in the side of the head with my knee and my hip and my elbow and knocked him out.
01:08:07So I went on down for a touchdown. I walked up to him. I said, that a boy, Rock. I said, you let old Jim run, didn't you?
01:08:14Even while playing for the Canton Bulldogs, Jim Thorpe never gives up on baseball.
01:08:20After marrying Iva Miller in 1913 and starting a family, he dedicates himself to honing his baseball skills, driven by his relentless competitive spirit.
01:08:31Other sports came easily to him, but baseball didn't. And he had to work hard at it.
01:08:37His journey takes him through stints with the Milwaukee Brewers, the Cincinnati Reds, and your return to the New York Giants until he's traded once more in 1919.
01:08:48He's struggling for many years until he finally gets his chance in Boston for the Boston Braves.
01:08:53And for that one year, he showed that he really did have baseball talent. He led the National League in hitting for most of the year.
01:09:01He was up there in the weekly scores of batting averages with Ty Cobb leading the American League.
01:09:06To put the last year of Jim's baseball career in some context, Jim hit .327 that year.
01:09:12Ken Griffey Jr., by contrast, is considered to be one of the greatest baseball players of all time.
01:09:17The best batting average he had in any season? .327.
01:09:22So he becomes now known as the Iron Man of sports. He can play anything. All year long, he's playing both sports.
01:09:34So now we give athletes a heck of a lot of praise if they just play two sports.
01:09:39Bo knows baseball. Bo knows football.
01:09:45Of course, we remember Bo Jackson being a hell of a football player, a hell of a baseball player.
01:09:49Deion Sanders was really good at football and baseball. I'm hard-pressed to come up with too many more after that.
01:09:56And nine times out of ten, if we're keeping it real, they're not equally good at both of those sports.
01:10:01It's usually one they're great at, and the other one...
01:10:07All right.
01:10:11But Jim, he excelled at football, baseball, and track.
01:10:16He's not just a three-sport athlete. He added up all the decathlon events. Jim was a 12-sport athlete.
01:10:21Jim Thorpe came as close to mastering all his trades as anybody else ever has.
01:10:26Literally, we won't see a Jim Thorpe ever again. There's never going to be an athlete who's going to be good at that many things.
01:10:33Jim's talent and star power make him the perfect figurehead to launch a new league.
01:10:39Pro football in the early 1900s was the Wild West.
01:10:43They knew that it's got to be regulated somehow. So some of the owners get together in 1920 in Canton, and they sit down in a Hupmobile auto showroom, and they form a league that will eventually be the National Football League.
01:10:58And they unanimously elect Jim as the first president of that brand new league, knowing that his name means that every newspaper in the country will cover this new league, and thereby bring some respect and attention to this sport, which is why the Pro Football Hall of Fame is in Canton.
01:11:17A shrine to the memory of the greats of professional football is dedicated in Canton, Ohio. It was here that the National Football League was founded in 1920. No man has ever touched the record of Jim Thorpe as an all-round athlete.
01:11:30It's a straight line from that meeting to the multi-multi-billion dollar colossus that the NFL is today.
01:11:38He really created that sport.
01:11:49Jim Thorpe had spent a decade performing at the highest levels of athletic achievement, but that's a decade of no-off days and a decade of putting that punishment on your body.
01:11:58He's in his 30s, and he has lost a step, and he will continue to lose a step.
01:12:04His decision to be a two-sport athlete had a huge impact on his family life.
01:12:09In baseball, you're gone for six months, and then his off-season, he's playing football, also gone.
01:12:15He was rarely home.
01:12:17Jim and Iva divorced, and he then married Frida Kirkpatrick, and they had four boys.
01:12:23It just gets harder and harder and harder.
01:12:26In an effort to provide for his family, he started to be more and more absent.
01:12:31He went from the Canton Bulldogs to a team in Cleveland in 1921, and then he coached all Indian team, Oorang Indians, which was really an advertisement for a guy that owned dogs.
01:12:42We traveled through Ohio, picking up games at random, without a schedule.
01:12:47Football gypsies. I had traveled a long and windy road over hills and valleys.
01:12:52It seemed, in this era of my life, I had slipped into the valley.
01:12:57In 1925, the New York Giants brought him in.
01:13:00They paid him by the half because they weren't sure that he could finish a game, and it didn't go well.
01:13:05They cut him after four games. He was fading.
01:13:08As Jim Thorpe's career was on the decline, there was a star coming into the NFL.
01:13:14Ed Graves, the fabulous galloping ghost of Illinois.
01:13:17He was just an incredible, fast, elusive runner, and it just fascinated the football public.
01:13:23Now, I played one game against Jim Thorpe. He was in his 40 years old, and you could still see that he had been a great football player.
01:13:33He was big, and he was strong, and he loved it. He loved that contact. He loved to run into people, and that's what it takes.
01:13:40Not only did Jim continue to play football, but in an effort to recapture his name and his significance in the sports world, he started playing basketball.
01:13:51I organized teams, played itinerant games, and eked out a living from those who paid their admissions to see Thorpe and his unheralded farewell tour.
01:14:02Every athlete's sports life comes to an end, and Jim Thorpe's came to an end in 1928.
01:14:14I was now 41 years old. The years had put weight on my frame and taken fire from my feet. Football was my love. And now, was I saying goodbye to the game of which I felt I had become a part?
01:14:31Later, many sports writers and commentators would say that Jim had played too early, before agents, testimonials, and money, big-time money, enter into the world of sports.
01:14:43You have Babe Ruth. You have Red Grange. Jack Dempsey as a fighter. The bonanza came after Jim's time. Athletes made a lot of money.
01:15:03Jim Thorpe struggled monetarily after retirement, no question about it.
01:15:09Ironically, the greatest athlete of all couldn't benefit in the way that other athletes could benefit.
01:15:16There was a lot of anti-indigenous racism at that time. It was difficult to find lucrative employment.
01:15:21So there are 25 years where he was constantly looking for a job. He was a bar owner, a greeter at bars.
01:15:32Jobs were scarce, and I had made the mistake in my life of devoting all my time to athletics, overlooking the fact that someday I might need a business calling upon which to lean in days such as these.
01:15:47In the 1930s, this is the Depression, thousands of has-been athletes went out to Hollywood.
01:15:54It was seen as a place where they might work. With the advent of the sound pictures, talkies, the Western had come back into favor.
01:16:05You could have the horses galloping and the rifles crackling, and so Jim, as well as hundreds if not thousands of Indians also went out to Hollywood.
01:16:15He thought he could make his way as an actor.
01:16:18When he first arrived in Hollywood, he couldn't find any work, and he was just doing odd jobs.
01:16:25I took a shovel and worked on the side of the new county hospital, loading dirt into trucks. I was paid $4 a day. I had worked there only a few weeks when newspaper reporters found me.
01:16:38They posed me with a pick and shovel, and the papers carried the picture.
01:16:42You know, the famous Jim Thorpe is now digging ditches.
01:16:45A far cry from the day when I stood beside King Gustav of Sweden with my arms loaded with trophies.
01:16:52As soon as the word spread that Jim Thorpe is digging ditches, it became this enormous symbolic event. Photos went out to every newspaper in the country.
01:17:03The sense was this man had fallen so far, and I think it's easy to perceive it that way, but I don't think that he saw it that way.
01:17:12Jim Thorpe was not a person who felt sorry for himself. He was a hard-working man, and he saw work like that as an opportunity.
01:17:20And the studios heard about him, and that's what started the studio career.
01:17:27And he realized that his name had a certain currency in the movies.
01:17:32People could put, and also starring Jim Thorpe, or Jim Thorpe appearing.
01:17:37He found that jobs came to him because of that.
01:17:43Jim's big screen debut was in Battling Buffalo Bill, where he played a Cheyenne warrior.
01:17:47He was also a pirate in Captain Blood.
01:17:49He played a native in King Kong, and he wasn't always kicking where he played himself.
01:17:55Listen, boys, if the laces are not out on receiving the ball from the center, don't take too much time.
01:18:01Adjust the ball on a step forward and kick.
01:18:05But you had very limited roles for Native Americans who spoke, so he was relegated to play generic characters who had few lines, if any.
01:18:16No, more. That's all he gets.
01:18:18Hudson Bay, pay more.
01:18:21He was asked to wear a headdress, speak in generic, stereotypical Hollywood native-speak.
01:18:28In spring, Big Jim Foster's cabin burned. Fire is gone.
01:18:33But he was also really frustrated that most of the roles during this period of time were going to non-Indians playing Indians.
01:18:40These are non-Indigenous actors in war paint doing buffoonish characterizations of what they thought Native Americans behaved like.
01:18:48In 1926, a group called the War Paint Club was formed, and its goal was to ensure that Hollywood would hire Native actors to play Native people in films.
01:18:58Jim lends his voice and celebrity to this cause.
01:19:01Jim's advocacy for his fellow Indians was so strong and moving that they called him Akapanata, which was a sack and fox term, which essentially meant caretaker.
01:19:13After years of advocating on behalf of all Native Americans, the final act of Jim Thorpe's life finds him advocating for himself as he fights to win back his Olympic medals.
01:19:28In Oklahoma, members of 15 Indian tribes stage a colorful celebration in honor of a famous Indian athlete, Jim Thorpe, who joins the dancers himself.
01:19:39In 1950, the Associated Press took a poll of sports writers of the greatest athlete of the first half of the 20th century.
01:19:46Jim Thorpe won by a mile over Jackie Robinson and Jesse Owens and Babe Ruth and Ty Cobb and Jack Dempsey.
01:19:54It was Jim Thorpe.
01:19:55So he was back in the limelight again, and it prompted the making of the Warner Brothers biopic in 1951, Jim Thorpe All-American.
01:20:04Jim Thorpe Week then reaches its climax in a parade.
01:20:08Celebration lasts far into the night as Oklahoma hails the motion picture life story of the man recently voted the outstanding athlete of the last half century, Jim Thorpe All-American.
01:20:18The director was Michael Curtiz, who had directed Casablanca.
01:20:23The star was Burt Lancaster, a great movie star, a good athlete.
01:20:28Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world.
01:20:32Your majesty.
01:20:33Very popular.
01:20:34Very popular.
01:20:35He was on all the big screens in the outdoor theaters around the country.
01:20:38And Jim Thorpe was sort of plaintive.
01:20:39You know, he said, I get a funny feeling watching Burt play me.
01:20:43He said, I don't think I was ever as handsome as Burt Lancaster.
01:20:48Even though Jim was back in the public eye, the recognition that he really wanted was from the Olympics.
01:20:55In the later years of his life, Jim works tirelessly, petitioning to have his Olympic medals restored.
01:21:01Contemporary account after contemporary account talked about how Thorpe was totally disconsolate by losing those medals.
01:21:09He wanted them back more than anything.
01:21:12In one plea to the president of the amateur athletic union, he writes,
01:21:16You will have the knowledge that you made an old American Indian a happy man.
01:21:21And when I go to the happy hunting ground, my blessings will be upon you.
01:21:26However, he is rejected time and again.
01:21:30I mean, it was something that he never got over and really loomed over him the rest of his life.
01:21:39Jim Thorpe did not have a good heart and he'd had heart attacks.
01:21:42In 1953, Jim Thorpe had one last heart attack and died.
01:21:49His passing prompts an outpouring of support from many, including former collegiate adversary and newly elected president of the United States, Dwight Eisenhower.
01:22:04I learned with sorrow of the death of my old friend.
01:22:08I personally feel that no other athlete has possessed his all-round abilities in games and sports.
01:22:15In his death, there's a groundswell of support from the public to return his medals.
01:22:20People grabbed onto him almost like a folk hero as the man wronged by the big guys.
01:22:27They wanted some vindication for Jim.
01:22:30His family had fought for them over the years.
01:22:33Various other athletes were pushing for it.
01:22:36The campaign, which went on for decades and decades and decades, was thwarted over and over again by Avery Brundage.
01:22:43The competitor who had lost to Jim in the Olympics.
01:22:47Over the years, Brundage had risen through the ranks to become president of the International Olympic Committee.
01:22:54Throughout Brundage's tenure as a leader within the Olympic movement, he continued to not reinstate the honors that Thorpe had earned.
01:23:05As long as Avery Brundage was alive, it would not happen.
01:23:08It chugs along like that until Avery Brundage is out, he retires, he's gone.
01:23:14With Thorpe's nemesis out of the way and continued support for his cause, including from President Gerald Ford, justice ultimately prevails.
01:23:24Jim's medals were restored to him 30 years after his death in 1982.
01:23:31But Jim Thorpe is listed as co-winner with the second place finishers in the pentathlon and decathlon.
01:23:37An injustice that stands until 2022.
01:23:42Long considered one of the most controversial decisions in sports.
01:23:45A resolution in what some are calling the first international sports scandal.
01:23:49After more than 100 years, Jim Thorpe has been reinstated as the sole winner of the 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon in Sweden.
01:23:58This day has certainly been a long time coming for Jim Thorpe.
01:24:02It took 110 years for justice to finally be done.
01:24:05In 2024, nearly 80 years after his death, Jim Thorpe is posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
01:24:15Jim Thorpe, one of a kind champion, not just the greatest ballpark, but the best athlete of all time.
01:24:20The nation's highest civilian honor.
01:24:23Jim Thorpe's legacy is astounding when you look back on it.
01:24:28No one has carved the path that he carved.
01:24:31To be a dominant football player, to be a major league baseball player, to be an Olympic gold medalist, to do all those things in one athlete's life.
01:24:40He is in a category by himself.
01:24:42No one has replicated that.
01:24:44And I dare say we'll never see another.
01:24:46Jim Thorpe was a giant in the sport of track and field.
01:24:49I was in the Olympics 80 years after Jim Thorpe.
01:24:52And even though almost a century of history separates us, he had a big impact on me.
01:24:57This is an athlete that really dominated the first half of the 20th century, but also he represents so much more than just an athlete.
01:25:05He became an inspiration for any outsider.
01:25:08Anyone who felt excluded from the American mainstream, the American elite, was keeping them out of sports.
01:25:15Jim Thorpe became their man.
01:25:17Jim Thorpe was a survivor.
01:25:19He endured all of the difficulties that Native Americans endured during the 19th and early 20th century.
01:25:25What he represents is the perseverance of Native peoples in this country.
01:25:30He represents the very height, the very top a person could achieve.
01:25:34His legacy is that other Native people want their children and future generations, and even themselves, their own generations, to match that.
01:25:43Perseverance was in everything that he did.
01:25:46If you think about Jim Thorpe's life, he's not just a tragic figure of American history.
01:25:53He's not just another sad Indian.
01:25:56He was the greatest athlete of all time, and one of the greatest Americans who ever lived.
01:26:02One of the greatestHANES in the country was in the world from the world of the world.
01:26:05The United States.
01:26:06Today's work for me is the greatest of all time in the world of the world.
01:26:07A former president.
01:26:08Jim Thorpe, the director of the United States.
01:26:09It was a wonderful team that had inspired me and been arrested in the world of the world of the world of California.
01:26:16The United States is a great group of America.
01:26:19The United States.
01:26:21The United States.
01:26:22America.
01:26:23The United States.
01:26:25The United States.
01:26:27Anchor.
01:26:28The United States.

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