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Ectopic pregnancy, a condition where the fertilized egg implants outside the uterine cavity, is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring prompt diagnosis and management. The fallopian tube is the most common site for ectopic pregnancies, accounting for approximately 95% of cases. The advent of laparoscopy has revolutionized the management of ectopic pregnancy, offering a minimally invasive approach with reduced morbidity, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recovery times compared to traditional open surgery.

Pathophysiology

Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized ovum fails to travel down the fallopian tube into the uterus. Predisposing factors include tubal damage from previous surgeries, infections (like pelvic inflammatory disease), and conditions like endometriosis. The classical presentation includes abdominal pain, amenorrhea, and vaginal bleeding, although many cases are diagnosed incidentally during early ultrasound scans.

Indications for Laparoscopic Management

Laparoscopy is considered the gold standard for the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy. The primary indications include:

Hemodynamically stable patients
Unruptured ectopic pregnancy
Ectopic mass smaller than 5 cm
Serum beta-hCG levels below 15,000 IU/L
Desire for future fertility preservation
Preoperative Preparation

Preoperative preparation involves stabilization of the patient, ensuring hemodynamic stability, and obtaining informed consent. Transvaginal ultrasonography is used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the location and size of the ectopic pregnancy. Baseline serum beta-hCG levels are also essential for postoperative monitoring.

Surgical Technique

Port Placement:

A supraumbilical port is placed for the laparoscope to provide an optimal view of the pelvic organs, particularly in cases where a tubo-ovarian mass is suspected. Additional accessory ports are placed under direct visualization, typically in the lower abdomen, to facilitate manipulation and retraction.
Diagnosis:

The pelvis is inspected to confirm the site of the ectopic pregnancy. The fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus are carefully examined for signs of rupture, bleeding, or other pathology.
Salpingostomy:

In cases where the fallopian tube is not ruptured and future fertility is a concern, a linear incision is made on the antimesenteric border of the fallopian tube, directly over the site of implantation. The ectopic tissue is removed using atraumatic graspers, and the tube is left to heal by secondary intention.
Transcript
00:00Hello friends, this is a case of laparoscopic management of ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
00:08This patient has right side tubal pregnancy and we are in emergency performing laparoscopic
00:15surgery.
00:16So, here various needles introduce supramolical and we will perform irrigation suction and
00:22hanging drop test.
00:25So, ectopic pregnancy is a surgical emergency, you should immediately perform surgery and
00:32we can see fortunately blood is not coming in the aspiration and we are doing here piston
00:39test that is plunger test.
00:42Instead of hanging drop test you can do plunger test and we can see here this column of the
00:48saline is sucking in because inside the abdominal is an intra-abdominal negative pressure.
00:54So that will suck the saline in and that is one of the very means a strong conformation
01:00that your varice needle is inside the abdomen.
01:03And after we have started insuffilating the patient.
01:07Unfortunately right tube is just about to rupture and the patient has tachycardia and hypovolumia
01:17and we are planning immediate surgery.
01:21So let us see how it is going on.
01:23We are keeping the preset pressure 15 and slowly actual pressure is increasing.
01:30And as we can see in this video that abdomen is distending.
01:35Homogenous distension is there.
01:37That is one of the factors that your gas is going in abdomen.
01:42Now actual pressure is reached to preset pressure.
01:45And now we will extend the incision to put the first trocar.
01:52That is the optical port.
01:59The trocar, the port has to be held like a pistol.
02:03Head of the trocar, we rest over thin aramines, middle finger should wrap around the ear inlet
02:09and the index finger should be pointed towards the sharp end.
02:14And now with a screwing movement, we will introduce our trocar safely inside the abdomen.
02:20And once you will get a giving way sensation, then you will get hissing sound.
02:26Head of the trocar will get a hissing sound.
02:28This is hissing sound because tip of the trocar has a hole which will leak from the back.
02:33And that is also one of the conformation that you are inside the abdomen.
02:39After that telescope is introduced.
02:41And then we will put table down and head down.
02:46Patient will go to the Trendelenburg position.
02:49So the head will be 30 degree down.
02:52And slowly head is going down.
02:55And then right side, this is the tube.
02:58And we will make a baseball diamond concept.
03:00Index finger will be put just above the tube, where you can feel the transient illumination
03:05by the telescope.
03:07And we will make a shape of a diamond, baseball diamond, thumb is over them like us.
03:11The second port will be 7.5 cm lateral and below.
03:16Telescope is 24 cm from the target.
03:19And the instruments are 18 cm from the target because your length of the instrument is 36 cm.
03:26So we will perform two epsilateral port here.
03:29Now head of the patient is 30 degree down.
03:32And this is the second port which will have your right hand.
03:37Now third port will be again 7.5 cm and lateral to the second port.
03:43And that port will be your left hand to take an atraumatic rasper.
03:47So now we are introducing the third port.
03:50And that will be again 7.5 cm lateral and below the second port.
03:55And it is approximately 2 cm above and medial to the anterior superior iliac spine.
04:02So all the three ports have been introduced.
04:04And now we will start the surgery.
04:06The OT light is switched off.
04:08That's why it's dark.
04:09And now we are seeing inside.
04:11That we can see in the anterior cul-de-sac blood is collected.
04:15And omentum is also trying to adhere and trying to arrest this.
04:20It has just ruptured.
04:21So we can see the clot is still there.
04:23And this is ambulary pregnancy.
04:25There is one paravarian cyst also.
04:28That cyst also later we will rupture.
04:30And you can see clot is trying to cover and this is early ruptured ectopic.
04:37And this is cul-de-sac is also filled with the blood, anterior as well as posterior cul-de-sac.
04:43So omentum is also started trying to arrest this and ovary.
04:48But right now this is free, it is not adhered.
04:52So first step is that we should use suction.
04:55And we should suck all the blood which is coming out of the rupture site.
05:02And suction will suck so that your vision will improve.
05:05Because we know that red color of the blood has this bad property of absorbing most of the light.
05:12So suction is important.
05:13All the clot and the blood collected in anterior cul-de-sac, posterior cul-de-sac is sucked.
05:19So this suction is performed.
05:30And after that we will hold the tube.
05:35And sometime to break the clot you may have to shake the suction.
05:40So that clot will liquefy and then with the 5 mm suction you can suck it.
05:46Sometime maybe 10 mm suction is required.
05:49Now here atraumatic rasper is separating this and you will give the anteromedial traction
05:55over the tube.
05:58So we have a ligasure in the right hand and atraumatic rasper in the left hand.
06:04Now this omentum is separated and we should try to remain as nearer as possible to the tube.
06:11This is IO ligament that is infundible ovarian ligament and you should not go near the ovary.
06:18Because this is IP ligament, this is IP ligament and this is IO ligament.
06:23Here we can see ureter.
06:25Once you will push the rectum towards the right and you will go to the just below the IP ligament
06:31we can see peristalsis of ureter is visible.
06:35And that's why anteromedial traction is important so that you will be away from ureter and you
06:40will be away from iliac vessel.
06:43After that this is ligasure, avoid going nearer to the IP ligament, remain near the tube so
06:49that collateral injury will not happen and devascularization of ovary will not happen.
06:55And then slowly we can keep on cutting eye oligament followed by mezosalpins.
07:03The salpingectomy is a very easy procedure you can do by ligasure or harmonic or even by
07:09simple bipolar you can do hardly take five minute time and you can cut the tube.
07:16So we are over the mezosalpins now and we are reaching near the uterus.
07:22And when you are going uterus, you should be six millimeter away from the uterus.
07:28Very nearer to uterus, you should not coagulate and you should not cut otherwise ascending uterine
07:33branch will be also coagulated and then ovary supply of ascending uterine will be compromised.
07:40And if you are to go very near to the uterus, there is a chance of utero peritoneal fistula.
07:45So after six millimeter you should coagulate.
07:48So that entire tube is coagulated.
07:50And now this is just the final part of the mezosalpins which is getting coagulated and cut.
07:57So we can see so quickly you can do salpingectomy.
08:04And it is over.
08:06After that we will check the cul-de-sac everything is fine.
08:11Some flimsy adhesions are developing with the left tube that you can separate.
08:16In the ovary already this cyst is punctured.
08:20But still you should try to remove this follicular cystic tissue and you may drill it because sometime
08:28drilling is necessary because there may be some time chances that it can develop into
08:34the cyst.
08:35Although this is not a true cyst, this is just a follicular.
08:40So this is the harmonic.
08:42You will go with the harmonic and just within few millimeter puncture you will do and that
08:48fluid will come out.
08:50So this is almost over and you can perform the surgery and this is done.
08:56Now once it is over after that next step is you should try to clean the cul-de-sac anterior
09:01posterior cul-de-sac and paracolic gutter should be nicely cleaned and repeated suction irrigation
09:08should be done.
09:09So that lavage will be there care should be taken that that blood should not gravitate to
09:15the upper abdomen.
09:16If it is gravitating to the upper abdomen then you may need to do little suction over
09:21the Morrison's pouch also.
09:24So this is over after that we will take a trocar with the stone holding forcep and our assistant
09:30will push into the posterior fornix.
09:34That trocar should have the 10 mm port and it should have inside a stone holding forcep so
09:41that we can give culpotomy incision and then we will use a endobag through the culpotomy
09:47and we can remove this through the culpotomy wound.
09:51So just this is a trocar with the stone holding forcep and you have to give just 10 mm a small
09:57incision 3 cm below the arc of utero-sacral ligament.
10:02This incision should be given and now this stone holding forcep is blunt instrument which will
10:09automatically protrude through the posterior cul-de-sac and then after this incision it
10:15can be inserted inside.
10:17So we can see now this is the stone holding forcep which is just cutting and it is entering
10:24into the abdomen during that introduction be careful that sharp instrument should not
10:29be used and here is the cannula.
10:32So cannula also that is the port is inside this is 10 mm port in the cul-de-sac and through
10:39this 10 mm port you will introduce one endocatch that is a commercially available endobag is coming
10:46through this 10 mm port and it is self retaining so it will open.
10:51Once you will push like a piston it will open and once it is open then you can put this ectopic
10:59into the endobag.
11:03So this is our ectopic and we will introduce into the endobag and then it will close it
11:08as a metal ring also that metal ring will be self retaining you don't have to struggle to
11:14open the endobag and once you will pull then metal ring will come out and then purse string
11:19will close the mouth of the endobag like a purse string and then slowly you will pull it and it
11:26will easily go through the vagina because posterior fornix is a stretchable so easily it will enter
11:31into the and it will come out and that's all surgery is over after that we will do little more
11:38lavage so that we will clean the pelvis nicely and patient head at that time should be up so that
11:45all the blood collected in the paracoli gutter will go to the pelvis you can shake the bowel you can shake
11:51the momentum you can shake the small bowel so that all the blood collected will go to the pelvis and then
11:58you can do final suction from entry and posterior cul-de-sac so thank you very much for watching
12:04this video this was just a simple case of initial rupture ectopic pregnancy which was timely managed
12:12thank you very much have a nice day
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