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00:00:00Cleopatra was a woman of insatiable sexuality and insatiable avarice.
00:00:12When she aspired to domination over the Romans, she failed and lost her kingdom besides.
00:00:20She captivated the two greatest Romans of her time and destroyed herself.
00:00:26The words of third-century historian Cassius Dio describe Queen Cleopatra of Egypt.
00:00:39To the Romans, she was the dangerous oriental temptress who bewitched two of their greatest generals, Julius Caesar and Mark Antony.
00:00:49She stood for everything that Roman men didn't like.
00:00:59She was, first of all, a woman.
00:01:01She was, secondly, a woman with power.
00:01:04All of this made her extremely dangerous, threatening, and certainly something to be hated.
00:01:14For the Romans, Cleopatra was a monstrosity.
00:01:18They constructed all sorts of stories around Cleopatra.
00:01:22That she was a whore, that she was a complete drunkard, that she indulged in extraordinary sexual excess.
00:01:34Behind Rome's propaganda lies a remarkable story of a queen who was at the very centre of a cataclysmic battle for the future of the Mediterranean world.
00:01:45Through her lovers, Julius Caesar and then Mark Antony, Cleopatra came close to ruling the Roman Empire.
00:02:04Cleopatra is one of the great legends of the ancient world, yet she very nearly was no more than a historical footnote.
00:02:11Just three years into her reign, the 22-year-old queen was ousted in a coup by her 13-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII.
00:02:24She was forced out of her capital, Alexandria, and into exile.
00:02:30Cleopatra's family was not a happy one.
00:02:33The situation was that Cleopatra and her younger brother, who'd been ruling jointly since their father's death,
00:02:39had fallen out, or rather Cleopatra had fallen out with her young brother's regent.
00:02:45Cleopatra had been driven out of the city.
00:02:49She was somewhere in the sort of direction of Sinai, encamped with a very small following.
00:02:54The outlook for the young queen was bleak, but events in the Roman Empire were about to offer her the chance to reclaim her throne.
00:03:04In 53 BC, after a brutal civil war, Roman general Pompey the Great had fled to Egypt, pursued by the victorious Julius Caesar.
00:03:20Pompey and Julius Caesar are two rival Roman generals, and they fight with each other.
00:03:26Pompey loses.
00:03:28Pompey takes refuge in Egypt.
00:03:32Pompey tries to make a deal with the Egyptian pharaoh, who's Cleopatra's brother.
00:03:41The brother makes a sensible move, decides to cut off Pompey's head and give it to Julius Caesar as a present.
00:03:47Julius Caesar weeps, probably absolutely inside, completely grateful.
00:03:54Pompey's head was a bribe.
00:03:56Egypt was no longer a great power.
00:03:58Cleopatra's brother knew that his claim to the throne needed the support of the world's new superpower, Rome.
00:04:09The relation between Rome and Egypt is one of patron and client.
00:04:16Egypt is a client kingdom.
00:04:19It has already come under Rome's authority.
00:04:22It cannot function as a great power in the Mediterranean without the permission of Rome.
00:04:34Caesar took up residence in the royal palace in Alexandria.
00:04:41Cleopatra, who was still in exile, planned a bold move.
00:04:44She has to get access to Caesar to get him on her side, so that she has the Romans supporting her rather than her brother.
00:04:55And, of course, that's where the famous trick comes in.
00:04:57How do you get into your own palace, where her brother is still in control of the city?
00:05:03Surreptitiously, at night, she gets a single man to row her across the harbour in Alexandria.
00:05:22It was dusk as the tiny boat landed at the palace.
00:05:26There was only one way to come in unobserved, so she lay down in a bag of bedclothes.
00:05:38Apollodorus rolled up the sack and brought it in through the doors to Caesar.
00:05:48Rug unwrapped.
00:05:50Cleopatra revealed.
00:05:56It is the first of many spectaculars that Cleopatra engages in, causing some historians to characterize her as the mistress of spectacle.
00:06:08She really loved to perform.
00:06:10She wanted to have the stage.
00:06:11And she would do things with a bravura that absolutely shocked and amazed everybody.
00:06:19Caesar was 53.
00:06:22Cleopatra just 22.
00:06:23She was young.
00:06:28As far as we know, still a virgin.
00:06:31She knew his reputation.
00:06:33He was known to be easily seduced, put it mildly.
00:06:37His soldiers took great pride in this.
00:06:40And there's a song, they used to sing a marching song, the gist of which is, you know, Caesar's coming, lock away your wives and daughters.
00:06:48The bald whoremonger, they called him.
00:06:50It's not surprising, though I don't think it was inevitable, that it would end up in a sexual affair.
00:07:03But there were no rules in this particular game.
00:07:05Young Ptolemy arrives the next morning, summoned very early by Caesar.
00:07:13He finds his sister still there and Caesar no longer quite so willing to take Ptolemy's side in things.
00:07:20This story, like much of Cleopatra's story, comes from the Greek biographer Plutarch.
00:07:36Writing 150 years later, he presents Cleopatra's life as a moral tale.
00:07:44He is probably, on the whole, quite accurate.
00:07:49He has got a lot of reasonably reliable and detailed histories of at least the first part of the period.
00:07:56He seems to have a memoir of Cleopatra's doctor, and there's a lot of medical detail which looks surprisingly accurate.
00:08:06And he's even got his own family tradition.
00:08:08His own grandfather was there in Alexandria, in the court.
00:08:15Cleopatra's audacious affair with Caesar gave rise to the legend of the ravishing Eastern seductress.
00:08:21Every generation imagines her as a beautiful woman, partially because we don't really know what she looked like.
00:08:34This is, in a sense, a face onto which one can project anything.
00:08:43According to Roman propaganda, she was so devastatingly beautiful
00:08:47that any man who laid eyes on her was immediately driven mad with degrading lust.
00:08:55The most reliable description of her is Plutarch's.
00:09:00His words are something like this.
00:09:02Her beauty was not such as to immediately enchant the beholder,
00:09:06which I think is a polite way of saying that she was pretty ordinary looking,
00:09:10but that she did have a great deal of charm.
00:09:17There are accounts of her knowing half a dozen languages well
00:09:20and being able to talk generally in half a dozen more.
00:09:24She was an educated lady, a lady who took an interest in ideas, in philosophy,
00:09:28and in the cultures of the people that she saw around her.
00:09:32She wasn't mentally confined to Alexandria.
00:09:37Cleopatra was an intellectual.
00:09:39Far from simply being the femme fatale of myth,
00:09:49Cleopatra was a sophisticated and cultured woman.
00:09:53And rather than being an exotic Oriental,
00:09:56Cleopatra wasn't Egyptian, but Greek.
00:09:58In 330 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt
00:10:06and founded one of the greatest cities of the ancient world, Alexandria.
00:10:12His Macedonian general, Ptolemy Soter, became pharaoh of Egypt.
00:10:17And the Ptolemaic royal family had held absolute power ever since.
00:10:21Cleopatra was his direct descendant.
00:10:27Although her family had been ruling Egypt for over two centuries,
00:10:31there's no reason to suppose she actually had any Egyptian blood.
00:10:34She was a Greek.
00:10:38The situation in Egypt was a bit like that in Norman Britain,
00:10:42where you have a ruling class who speak a different language
00:10:46and are ethnically different from the people they're governing.
00:10:49The rulers of Egypt from 300 BC down to Cleopatra
00:11:02are superficially Greek.
00:11:06But in order to rule over Egyptian population,
00:11:10they have to take on all the characteristics of Egyptian culture.
00:11:13They have to be, appear like, be worshipped as,
00:11:16just like pharaohs, just like the traditional rulers of Egypt.
00:11:19One of the pharaonic traditions the Ptolemies adopted was incest.
00:11:32When Caesar restored Cleopatra's rule,
00:11:35she was obliged to marry another brother,
00:11:3710-year-old Ptolemy the 14th.
00:11:39Ptolemy's custom dictated that brother and sister share the throne and the bedroom,
00:11:47though it's unlikely this marriage was ever consummated.
00:11:50In the Egyptian population as a whole,
00:11:57roughly one-fifth, one-sixth of all marriages were between brother and sister.
00:12:03So it wasn't just the royal family that did it,
00:12:05but it was common in the total population.
00:12:07Quite extraordinary.
00:12:09The only human population among whom we know this to have been practised to that extent.
00:12:13We have love poems from brother to sister.
00:12:26We have astrological predictions.
00:12:28And we say, if you're really lucky, you'll get to marry your sister.
00:12:31Unless for her brother, Cleopatra followed another Ptolemaic family tradition.
00:12:46The Ptolemies kept all sorts of things within the family.
00:12:49Incest was one of them, and murder was another.
00:12:52It was always a rather good way of simplifying things
00:12:57if you could get rid of a spare sister or a spare brother
00:13:00or somebody who was just awkwardly placed within the family.
00:13:03And once the idea had grown up that anybody in the family
00:13:06could end up ruling the place,
00:13:08it was open season for murder, intrigue and general mayhem.
00:13:16At the age of 22, Cleopatra was already a widow.
00:13:20Her first brother-husband had been dispatched by Caesar.
00:13:29She would take care of the new one herself.
00:13:38Cleopatra was back in power.
00:13:40But she was going to have to pay for Rome's protection.
00:13:50In the spring of 47 BC,
00:13:52Queen Cleopatra took her lover and protector, Julius Caesar,
00:13:56on a celebratory tour of her kingdom.
00:14:01They sailed up the River Nile,
00:14:03the source of Egypt's legendary riches.
00:14:05The Romans could see that potentially
00:14:10here was the richest country in the Mediterranean.
00:14:14Two harvests were easy.
00:14:15You could get three out of it in a year
00:14:17if you knew what you were doing.
00:14:20The Romans could have tried direct rule over Egypt,
00:14:22but they didn't really have the resources,
00:14:25and they probably, at that stage,
00:14:27didn't have the will to take it over.
00:14:29It was much easier to identify the local ruler
00:14:32who could deliver the goods best.
00:14:34And the local ruler who looked as if
00:14:36she was going to deliver the goods best
00:14:38was Cleopatra.
00:14:43Cleopatra is just showing how wealthy she is,
00:14:47and she's taking every opportunity, I think,
00:14:48to point out to Caesar the sights of the land.
00:14:51My vision is that they must have stopped
00:14:56like modern tourists today,
00:14:58and she brought them to a ruin
00:15:00and said, now look at this site
00:15:01or look at that site.
00:15:08This is an unbelievable boat.
00:15:11It's got shrines.
00:15:13It's got banks of oarsmen.
00:15:15It's heavily, heavily appointed.
00:15:21This was more than mere spectacle.
00:15:25It was a declaration of an alliance
00:15:27that gave Cleopatra security
00:15:29and, for Caesar,
00:15:31access to Egypt's enormous wealth.
00:15:37Cleopatra has just come to power
00:15:39as a young woman in a vast country
00:15:42after an extremely debilitating
00:15:45and vicious civil war.
00:15:51It's essential for her
00:15:54to be seen to be in command.
00:15:58And there is nowhere better to do it
00:16:01than to go through the central river
00:16:02of your community, the Nile,
00:16:05arm in arm with the greatest ruler
00:16:07of the Roman world.
00:16:13After the tour,
00:16:14Caesar returned to Rome in triumph.
00:16:18Cleopatra would soon follow.
00:16:21She was now pregnant with their son.
00:16:34In 47 BC,
00:16:36Queen Cleopatra arrived in Rome.
00:16:39She'd come to secure her alliance
00:16:48with her lover and protector,
00:16:49Julius Caesar.
00:16:55Caesar already had a wife,
00:16:57Calpurnia,
00:16:58so he housed his royal mistress
00:16:59in a sumptuous villa
00:17:01across the river Tiber.
00:17:02But Rome was in turmoil
00:17:07and Cleopatra had brought political dynamite.
00:17:11Her baby son,
00:17:12whom she called Ptolemy Caesar,
00:17:15or Caesarian.
00:17:16It was a terrific risk
00:17:21for Cleopatra to go to Rome.
00:17:23To leave her
00:17:24extremely unstable
00:17:26kingdom
00:17:28at a time when her control over it
00:17:30was still not very well established
00:17:32was dangerous in the extreme.
00:17:36But it was a gamble
00:17:37that she had obviously decided
00:17:39was worth taking
00:17:40because she had given birth
00:17:43to the child
00:17:45whom she always claimed,
00:17:47and I believe,
00:17:48I don't think there's really
00:17:49any reason to doubt it,
00:17:49was Julius Caesar's son.
00:17:54Cleopatra's ambitions,
00:17:56it seems,
00:17:56were growing.
00:18:00Caesar aspired to become
00:18:01undisputed master
00:18:02of the Roman Empire.
00:18:04Through her son,
00:18:06she hoped to share the spoils.
00:18:10If he'd ended up
00:18:11ruling the Roman Empire,
00:18:12if he'd become
00:18:13the first emperor,
00:18:15it's quite likely
00:18:16that Cleopatra
00:18:17would have become
00:18:17a kind of empiresse
00:18:19of the East.
00:18:21She would have ruled
00:18:22with Caesar's son.
00:18:24She would have had the East
00:18:25given to her on a plate
00:18:27by her Roman protectors,
00:18:29and she would have been
00:18:30probably the second force
00:18:31within the Empire.
00:18:32A lot of Romans
00:18:33didn't like this idea.
00:18:36The Romans didn't just
00:18:38dislike Cleopatra.
00:18:40They hated the very idea
00:18:41of kingship.
00:18:44They'd killed their last monarch
00:18:45500 years earlier
00:18:47and founded a democracy
00:18:48of sorts,
00:18:50the Republic.
00:18:52Designed to rule
00:18:53a small city-state,
00:18:54the Republican system
00:18:55was now cracking
00:18:56under the strain
00:18:57of governing
00:18:58a huge, volatile empire.
00:19:02The Republic
00:19:03is a very curious
00:19:04constitutional construction.
00:19:07The aristocrats
00:19:08compete for power
00:19:10through popular elections,
00:19:11but they can hold power
00:19:12for only one year at a time
00:19:14and always with a fellow,
00:19:17a colleague
00:19:19with whom they split the power.
00:19:21So it's a system
00:19:21which is designed
00:19:22to prevent any aristocrat
00:19:24from becoming too powerful.
00:19:26At the same time,
00:19:27the Romans have to control
00:19:28this huge empire.
00:19:32The most successful
00:19:34empire builder ever.
00:19:36Julius Caesar
00:19:36was now so powerful
00:19:38he threatened
00:19:39the very existence
00:19:39of the Republic itself.
00:19:44To Caesar's
00:19:45Republican opponents,
00:19:46Cleopatra's arrival
00:19:47seemed further proof
00:19:49that the great general
00:19:50planned to be king.
00:19:52The stories were rife
00:19:54about the potential
00:19:56Cleopatra had
00:19:57to destroy Rome.
00:20:00It was always open
00:20:02to Caesar's enemies
00:20:03to suggest
00:20:04that Caesar was going
00:20:07to declare himself
00:20:08king,
00:20:09Cleopatra,
00:20:10as his queen,
00:20:11and to even,
00:20:13perhaps,
00:20:13move the capital
00:20:14of Rome
00:20:15to Alexandria.
00:20:17It's difficult
00:20:20to over-exaggerate
00:20:22the paranoia,
00:20:23fear,
00:20:24and danger
00:20:25of Rome
00:20:26at this time.
00:20:27There is a sense
00:20:29in which every word
00:20:31you speak
00:20:31aligns you
00:20:33with one side
00:20:34or the other.
00:20:36The Romans themselves
00:20:38were heading
00:20:39towards civil war.
00:20:41You can see why
00:20:42in that atmosphere
00:20:43for Cleopatra
00:20:44to appear,
00:20:45she becomes
00:20:46not perhaps
00:20:47a catalyst
00:20:48for the war,
00:20:49but one of those
00:20:49images that make
00:20:51war happen faster.
00:20:55To allay Roman fears,
00:20:58Cleopatra attempted
00:20:59to win over
00:20:59some of the city's
00:21:00most influential figures.
00:21:04It looks as if
00:21:06Cleopatra herself
00:21:07is trying to make
00:21:09some friendly gestures
00:21:10to some of the
00:21:11important individuals.
00:21:15She seems to have
00:21:17made some sort
00:21:18of gesture
00:21:19towards Cicero,
00:21:20Cicero the great
00:21:21learned Cicero.
00:21:23She'd made an offer,
00:21:25says Cicero,
00:21:25in a letter,
00:21:26perhaps to give him
00:21:27some books or something.
00:21:31A fierce critic
00:21:32of Caesar
00:21:33and a passionate
00:21:34Republican,
00:21:35Cicero found
00:21:36her regal manner
00:21:37too much to bear.
00:21:38I hate the Queen
00:21:43and the Queen's
00:21:45insolence
00:21:45when she was
00:21:46living in Caesar's
00:21:47house in the
00:21:47gardens beyond
00:21:48the Tiber.
00:21:49I cannot recall
00:21:50without indignation.
00:22:00Caesar's autocratic
00:22:01ambitions became
00:22:02increasingly blatant.
00:22:05Early in 44 BC,
00:22:08he took the title
00:22:09dictator for life,
00:22:11emperor in all
00:22:12but name.
00:22:16For his Republican
00:22:17enemies,
00:22:18it was a step
00:22:19too far.
00:22:22On the Ides of March,
00:22:24Julius Caesar
00:22:25was brutally murdered.
00:22:28Surrounded on all sides,
00:22:30wherever Caesar
00:22:31turned his gaze,
00:22:33he met the thrust
00:22:33of a sword
00:22:34aimed at his face
00:22:35and eyes.
00:22:40Like a wild beast,
00:22:42he found no escape
00:22:43anywhere from
00:22:44his enemy's blows
00:22:45because they were
00:22:47all involved
00:22:48in the murder.
00:23:01Caesar's murder
00:23:04dashed Cleopatra's
00:23:05dreams of empire.
00:23:09She fled back
00:23:10to Alexandria
00:23:11with her son,
00:23:12leaving Rome
00:23:13embroiled in a
00:23:13savage civil war.
00:23:23Out of the chaos,
00:23:25two men emerged
00:23:26to claim Caesar's mantle.
00:23:31His great nephew,
00:23:32Octavian,
00:23:33and Caesar's
00:23:34charismatic right-hand
00:23:35man,
00:23:36Mark Antony.
00:23:40Antony's a fascinating
00:23:42figure.
00:23:44Stories circulate
00:23:45about him
00:23:46as a degenerate
00:23:47in his youth.
00:23:48Are they scurrilous
00:23:49or not?
00:23:51No one quite knows.
00:23:56Stories circulate
00:23:57about him
00:23:58as an adult
00:23:59having affairs,
00:24:00behaving badly.
00:24:02At the same time,
00:24:04he's rising
00:24:04to a position
00:24:05of immense political power.
00:24:07He has immense
00:24:08military skills.
00:24:10And it's that
00:24:11extraordinary combination
00:24:12of people's
00:24:14willingness
00:24:15to trust him
00:24:16in positions
00:24:16of highest
00:24:17authority,
00:24:18with armies,
00:24:20and at the same time
00:24:21unwilling to trust him
00:24:22with any woman
00:24:23or boy
00:24:23who happened
00:24:24to be passing.
00:24:29The contrast
00:24:30between the great
00:24:31military hero,
00:24:3240-year-old Antony,
00:24:34and his rival,
00:24:35the 19-year-old Octavian,
00:24:37couldn't be greater.
00:24:41Scurrilous rumours
00:24:42circulated
00:24:42as to how Octavian
00:24:44had become
00:24:44Caesar's adopted son
00:24:46and official heir.
00:24:49To be an active
00:24:50homosexual seemed
00:24:51to be fine,
00:24:52but to allow yourself
00:24:53to be buggered
00:24:53would totally discredit you.
00:24:57Octavian was
00:24:57certainly accused of it.
00:25:00And of course,
00:25:01the suggestion
00:25:01was made
00:25:02was that
00:25:03he had managed
00:25:05to get
00:25:07Julius Caesar's
00:25:08affection
00:25:08and have himself
00:25:09proclaimed
00:25:11Julius Caesar there
00:25:12by granting
00:25:13sexual favours.
00:25:17Nobody knows
00:25:19what a 19-year-old
00:25:20in the field
00:25:21of Roman politics
00:25:22but with a name,
00:25:23the name of Caesar,
00:25:24can do.
00:25:26Are the troops
00:25:27going to rally
00:25:28through him?
00:25:28Somebody with
00:25:29no military experience,
00:25:30somebody who's
00:25:31almost unknown?
00:25:33It's not much
00:25:34to compare
00:25:35with the greatest
00:25:36captain of the world,
00:25:37who is Antony.
00:25:38But what he does
00:25:39have is a
00:25:40trifically shrewd
00:25:41political mind
00:25:43and what he does
00:25:44have is flexibility.
00:25:47For a time,
00:25:49the two made
00:25:49unlikely allies,
00:25:51united in the war
00:25:52against Caesar's
00:25:53republican assassins.
00:25:58While Antony scored
00:25:59some spectacular
00:26:00military successes,
00:26:03Octavian spent
00:26:04much of the time
00:26:05ill in his tent.
00:26:11In victory,
00:26:12they divided
00:26:13the empire
00:26:14between them.
00:26:16Octavian had to
00:26:17settle for the
00:26:18troublesome west,
00:26:20while Antony,
00:26:21who was stronger,
00:26:22claimed the east
00:26:23and its enormous wealth.
00:26:24But Antony's
00:26:32ambitions went
00:26:33beyond sharing
00:26:34the empire
00:26:35with a boy
00:26:35half his age.
00:26:38Antony is
00:26:39certainly not
00:26:40going to be
00:26:41willing to have
00:26:41anybody who is
00:26:42clearly stronger
00:26:44and more powerful
00:26:45than he is at Rome,
00:26:46least of all Octavian.
00:26:50There's no reason
00:26:50why he should
00:26:51put up with that.
00:26:53In Rome,
00:26:53even in the days
00:26:54of the Republic,
00:26:55it was a competitive
00:26:57quest for glory.
00:26:59Antony was going
00:27:00to be contending
00:27:00for that number
00:27:01one position
00:27:02and had a lot
00:27:03of claims for it
00:27:04in terms of his
00:27:04own military success.
00:27:08Rome wouldn't
00:27:09stomach yet another
00:27:10civil war.
00:27:12But for Antony,
00:27:13there was an
00:27:13alternative way
00:27:14to win the empire
00:27:15for himself,
00:27:16to emulate the
00:27:17ancient world's
00:27:18greatest military
00:27:19hero,
00:27:20Alexander the Great.
00:27:21The other great
00:27:23power in the world
00:27:25to the east of Rome
00:27:25was Parthia,
00:27:27the modern Persia.
00:27:28Alexander had done
00:27:30the unthinkable.
00:27:31He'd invaded Persia
00:27:32and conquered it.
00:27:33Could it be redone?
00:27:35If you were a really
00:27:36successful general,
00:27:37that was the ultimate
00:27:38ambition.
00:27:41If you can invade
00:27:42Parthia and win,
00:27:44you are the new
00:27:44Alexander.
00:27:45If you're the new
00:27:46Alexander, you're the
00:27:47master of the world.
00:27:48Antony's plans to
00:27:53conquer Parthia
00:27:54were immensely
00:27:55ambitious.
00:27:56Other Roman generals
00:27:57had tried and failed
00:27:59and it would take
00:28:00enormous resources.
00:28:02Antony needed money,
00:28:04Antony needed troops,
00:28:06Antony needed the
00:28:07corn that goes with
00:28:08money and troops
00:28:09to keep them going.
00:28:10The one place he
00:28:11could get that was
00:28:11Egypt.
00:28:12The person who had
00:28:13control of that was
00:28:14Cleopatra.
00:28:15In 41 BC, Antony,
00:28:20Lord of the East,
00:28:21summoned Cleopatra,
00:28:23queen of the richest
00:28:23nation in his domain,
00:28:25to meet him at his
00:28:26base in southern Turkey.
00:28:33Three years after
00:28:34fleeing Rome,
00:28:35Cleopatra would once
00:28:36more be center stage
00:28:38in world history.
00:28:40And it was a meeting
00:28:41she was determined
00:28:42to exploit to the full.
00:28:45Cleopatra is a showman,
00:28:53but a showman
00:28:54with a purpose.
00:28:55What she wants to do
00:28:56is to impress
00:28:57this rather uncouth
00:28:59Roman with the
00:29:00tradition that she
00:29:01comes from.
00:29:02She's the heiress
00:29:03to Egypt,
00:29:05she's the heiress
00:29:05to the kingdom
00:29:07of the Ptolemies,
00:29:08and the kingdom
00:29:08of the Ptolemies
00:29:09have been founded
00:29:10by no lesser person
00:29:11than one of
00:29:12Alexander's generals.
00:29:13She thinks,
00:29:16how am I going
00:29:17to make an entrance?
00:29:20And she does,
00:29:21oh,
00:29:22she uses
00:29:23all the wealth
00:29:24of Egypt,
00:29:25well,
00:29:26not really,
00:29:26all the wealth
00:29:27to make a grand
00:29:28entrance dressed
00:29:30like the goddess
00:29:31Aphrodite,
00:29:31the goddess of love.
00:29:32She sailed up
00:29:36the river
00:29:37on a golden
00:29:38prowled barge
00:29:40with sails
00:29:41of purple
00:29:42outspread.
00:29:44She herself
00:29:44reclined beneath
00:29:45a gold-embroidered
00:29:46canopy,
00:29:48flanked by slave
00:29:49boys
00:29:49who cooled
00:29:51her with fans.
00:29:52people poured
00:30:01out of the city
00:30:02to see her,
00:30:05leaving Antony,
00:30:07waiting
00:30:07impotently
00:30:08in the market
00:30:09place,
00:30:09the appointed
00:30:10place of the,
00:30:11where the encounter
00:30:13should have taken
00:30:14place.
00:30:15So she stole
00:30:16the show
00:30:16very effectively.
00:30:17The climax
00:30:26of Cleopatra's
00:30:27extraordinary display
00:30:28was a lavish banquet
00:30:29held in Antony's
00:30:31honour.
00:30:33He was especially
00:30:34struck by the
00:30:35amazing number
00:30:36of lights.
00:30:38There are said
00:30:38to have been
00:30:39so many lights
00:30:40hanging on display
00:30:41that the sight
00:30:42was one of rare
00:30:43and remarkable
00:30:44beauty.
00:30:47The way Plutarch
00:30:48tells it,
00:30:49it's so much
00:30:50a story
00:30:51of two people
00:30:52who are gauging
00:30:53one another.
00:30:54It's a wonderful
00:30:56portrayal
00:30:57of two people
00:30:57who are beginning
00:30:58to sense
00:30:59what the other
00:31:00person is like.
00:31:05Does she
00:31:06pre-plan
00:31:07seduction?
00:31:10She's done it
00:31:11with Caesar,
00:31:11tried again
00:31:12with Antony.
00:31:14Is it sheer
00:31:16cold political
00:31:17calculation?
00:31:18I have to secure
00:31:19my power base.
00:31:20He needs me.
00:31:21I need him.
00:31:22Together we might
00:31:22manage.
00:31:23I might get to be
00:31:24Queen of the East.
00:31:27No one can tell
00:31:28why not both
00:31:29and many other
00:31:30things that we
00:31:31don't know about
00:31:32all at once.
00:31:37A bargain was
00:31:38struck.
00:31:39In exchange for
00:31:40troops and money,
00:31:41Antony would
00:31:42execute Cleopatra's
00:31:43last remaining rival
00:31:45for the Egyptian
00:31:45throne, her
00:31:47exiled sister,
00:31:48Arsinoe.
00:31:52It was the
00:31:53beginning of an
00:31:53alliance that
00:31:54would take Cleopatra
00:31:55and Antony to the
00:31:57very brink of ruling
00:31:58the Roman Empire.
00:31:59in the mountains of
00:32:04Parthia.
00:32:15In 41 BC, Antony
00:32:17ought to have been
00:32:18doing battle in the
00:32:19mountains of Parthia.
00:32:22Instead, he returned
00:32:24with Cleopatra to the
00:32:25city of Alexandria.
00:32:26What Antony should do
00:32:31is go off and be a
00:32:33general in the East.
00:32:35What does he do?
00:32:37He goes to Alexandria
00:32:38in pursuit of Cleopatra,
00:32:42in pursuit of
00:32:42Cleopatra's resources.
00:32:44Who knows?
00:32:45But he spends time,
00:32:46precious time,
00:32:47time when Octavian in
00:32:49the West is building up
00:32:50his resources,
00:32:52building up his power
00:32:53base with the Roman
00:32:53aristocracy.
00:32:54Antony is frivolously
00:32:56getting drunk,
00:32:57dressed up as God,
00:32:58carousing,
00:32:59reveling,
00:33:00spending time,
00:33:01spending money,
00:33:02in pleasure.
00:33:11What's amazing, I suppose,
00:33:13about ancient love
00:33:14affairs like this
00:33:15is that they're
00:33:16conducted in a
00:33:17semi-public.
00:33:19Antony and Cleopatra
00:33:20make a public
00:33:21demonstration of their
00:33:23togetherness.
00:33:28She always found
00:33:29some fresh pleasure
00:33:31and delight to apply.
00:33:33She was with him
00:33:33when he was playing
00:33:34dice, drinking,
00:33:36and hunting.
00:33:38She was with him
00:33:38while he exercised
00:33:39with his weapons.
00:33:40Antony, he's fascinated
00:33:45by Cleopatra.
00:33:48He starts to realise
00:33:49that he's involved
00:33:50with somebody quite
00:33:51unlike anything
00:33:52he's ever met.
00:33:53A lady who's
00:33:54an intellectual,
00:33:55a philosopher,
00:33:56with an enormous
00:33:57sense of humour
00:33:58and fun,
00:34:00and somebody
00:34:00who makes Roman
00:34:01politics look
00:34:02parochial and boring.
00:34:04The Alexandrians
00:34:11celebrated their
00:34:12queen's passionate
00:34:13affair with the
00:34:14great Roman general.
00:34:19We're told
00:34:20from an inscription
00:34:21that's been found
00:34:22in the Fayum
00:34:23outside of Cairo
00:34:24that the men
00:34:26of the Greek
00:34:27communities in Egypt
00:34:28admired the sexual
00:34:29proclivities of
00:34:30Antony,
00:34:31because this inscription
00:34:32says, in paraphrase,
00:34:34not only is
00:34:35Antony great in bed,
00:34:37but he's enormous.
00:34:38The only instance
00:34:39I know of any
00:34:41here, of any
00:34:42leader's sexual
00:34:42attributes being
00:34:45flaunted in public
00:34:45positively.
00:34:52So, this public
00:34:53inscription that
00:34:54this guy likes
00:34:55to be in bed
00:34:56leads one to believe
00:34:57that when the two
00:34:58of them were together
00:34:59in private,
00:35:00the room must have
00:35:00been shaking.
00:35:01I mean, they must have
00:35:02really, really enjoyed
00:35:03the pleasure
00:35:04of one another's
00:35:05company.
00:35:18Antony may have
00:35:19been losing himself
00:35:20in carnal pleasure,
00:35:22but Cleopatra sought
00:35:23more from their
00:35:24relationship.
00:35:25She harbored dreams
00:35:26of rebuilding the
00:35:27Ptolemies' once
00:35:28great empire.
00:35:29future.
00:35:30Like Caesar before
00:35:31him, she saw
00:35:32Antony as the key
00:35:34to fulfilling
00:35:34her ambitions.
00:35:41Plutarch tells the
00:35:43story that Antony
00:35:44was fishing,
00:35:46and Cleopatra,
00:35:47seeing that he
00:35:48wasn't having much
00:35:49success,
00:35:51arranged for a
00:35:52diver to put a
00:35:54piece of saltfish
00:35:55fish on his
00:35:56hook.
00:36:02He reeled this
00:36:03in, and this
00:36:04was a fish that
00:36:04had evidently been
00:36:05dead for months,
00:36:06putting breaded
00:36:07haddock on the
00:36:08end of the hook.
00:36:09And Antony is
00:36:10extremely discomfited
00:36:11and is very
00:36:12sheepish about it
00:36:13all.
00:36:15But what makes the
00:36:16story is Cleopatra.
00:36:18She says to Antony,
00:36:19leave a fishing rod
00:36:20to us, the monarchs
00:36:21of the Nile.
00:36:22Your prey is kingdoms
00:36:24and continents and
00:36:26empires, and the
00:36:27way in which
00:36:28discomfiture is
00:36:29turned into a
00:36:30majestic compliment.
00:36:31That style.
00:36:33story does suggest
00:36:39that the traditional
00:36:40line, which is
00:36:41that she had
00:36:42seduced him into
00:36:44spending his time
00:36:45in kind of trivial
00:36:45pastimes, was
00:36:47actually the opposite
00:36:47of what was really
00:36:48going on, that she
00:36:49was maybe suggesting
00:36:50to him that he
00:36:51should expand his
00:36:52ambitions and start
00:36:53thinking of doing
00:36:55something even greater
00:36:56than he had
00:36:56previously intended.
00:37:00By now, Cleopatra
00:37:02was pregnant with
00:37:03twins, and a new
00:37:04dynasty was in the
00:37:05making.
00:37:07But political turmoil
00:37:08in Rome would again
00:37:10thwart her ambitions.
00:37:19Rival supporters of
00:37:21Antony and Octavian
00:37:22were virtually at war.
00:37:25Antony was compelled
00:37:26to return and calm
00:37:27the situation.
00:37:32to avoid all-out
00:37:38hostilities, he and
00:37:40Octavian chose a
00:37:41typical Roman way
00:37:42to secure peace.
00:37:47Despite his love
00:37:48affair with Cleopatra,
00:37:50Antony would marry
00:37:50Octavian's younger
00:37:52sister, Octavia.
00:37:56Political marriages
00:37:57were extremely common
00:37:58in Rome.
00:37:59their normal form of
00:38:00making alliance
00:38:01between families,
00:38:03a way in which
00:38:03political deals
00:38:05were sealed.
00:38:08Marriage was a
00:38:10dynastic link
00:38:11between families
00:38:12for the production
00:38:12of children and
00:38:13the maintenance
00:38:14of property.
00:38:15Marriage is not
00:38:16normally regarded
00:38:17as an erotic
00:38:18entanglement.
00:38:19It's not normally
00:38:20regarded necessarily
00:38:21even as a matter
00:38:23of what we would
00:38:23call sexual love.
00:38:25Affection, for sure.
00:38:27Duty, absolutely.
00:38:29But fundamentally
00:38:30it's a machine
00:38:32for making families
00:38:33work.
00:38:39Everyone wanted
00:38:41to see this marriage
00:38:42take place
00:38:42since they hoped
00:38:44that Octavia,
00:38:46with all her dignity
00:38:46and intelligence,
00:38:48as well as her
00:38:49great beauty,
00:38:50would prove to be
00:38:51the saviour
00:38:52of all Rome's
00:38:53affairs.
00:38:53It may have been
00:39:00a political
00:39:00convenience,
00:39:01but Antony
00:39:02and Octavia's
00:39:03marriage thrived.
00:39:05They moved
00:39:05to Athens
00:39:06and she bore him
00:39:07two daughters.
00:39:13It seems Antony
00:39:15had forgotten
00:39:15Cleopatra,
00:39:17and for a time
00:39:18the Egyptian queen
00:39:19simply disappears
00:39:20from the Roman
00:39:21histories.
00:39:25Her story
00:39:26is a story
00:39:26about love
00:39:27and war,
00:39:28sex and violence,
00:39:30and we have
00:39:31to rely mostly
00:39:32on Roman authors
00:39:33or on authors
00:39:34who saw Rome
00:39:35as being the
00:39:35centre of the world.
00:39:38In the times
00:39:39which constitute
00:39:40most of her
00:39:41adult life,
00:39:42when she was
00:39:42actually working
00:39:43hard,
00:39:44looking after
00:39:45her country's
00:39:46economy,
00:39:46negotiating trade
00:39:48deals with
00:39:49neighbouring kingdoms,
00:39:52she's not good
00:39:53copy,
00:39:53she's not
00:39:53interesting.
00:39:56For three years,
00:39:58Antony and
00:39:58Cleopatra were
00:39:59apart.
00:40:02But Antony
00:40:03hadn't given up
00:40:04his ambitions
00:40:05to rule the
00:40:05Roman Empire,
00:40:06and he renewed
00:40:07plans to conquer
00:40:08Parthia.
00:40:13once again
00:40:15he summoned
00:40:16his Egyptian
00:40:16ally to meet
00:40:17him,
00:40:19this time
00:40:19in the Syrian
00:40:20city of Antioch.
00:40:27The awful
00:40:28calamity
00:40:28which had been
00:40:29dormant
00:40:30for a long
00:40:30time,
00:40:32his love
00:40:32for Cleopatra,
00:40:34which seemed
00:40:34to have been
00:40:35lulled and
00:40:36charmed to sleep
00:40:36by better notions,
00:40:39fled up again
00:40:40and regained
00:40:41its confidence
00:40:42the nearer he
00:40:43got to Syria.
00:40:49When Antony
00:40:50goes back to
00:40:51the east,
00:40:51he probably
00:40:51thought he
00:40:52could have it
00:40:52both ways,
00:40:53but he was up
00:40:54against something
00:40:54much bigger
00:40:55than he imagined.
00:40:59Cleopatra the
00:41:00woman had been
00:41:01insulted by the
00:41:02fact that he'd
00:41:02gone back to
00:41:03Rome and had
00:41:03married a Roman.
00:41:06Cleopatra the
00:41:06queen was even
00:41:07more insulted,
00:41:08and she was
00:41:09determined to
00:41:10extract a price.
00:41:11If Antony
00:41:12wanted his
00:41:13fantasy,
00:41:14if he wanted
00:41:14the east,
00:41:15if he wanted
00:41:15to be an
00:41:16intellectual,
00:41:17if he wanted
00:41:17to spend
00:41:18the night
00:41:18partying with
00:41:20a descendant
00:41:21of one of
00:41:21Alexander's
00:41:22generals,
00:41:23he had to
00:41:23pay the price.
00:41:25And the price
00:41:26was large
00:41:27chunks of
00:41:28the Roman
00:41:29empire.
00:41:32In return
00:41:33for her
00:41:34support,
00:41:35Cleopatra
00:41:35demanded and
00:41:36received territories
00:41:37in Syria,
00:41:39Cyprus and
00:41:40Judea.
00:41:40their
00:41:41relationship
00:41:44had changed.
00:41:45This was no
00:41:46longer an
00:41:47affair between
00:41:47a client
00:41:48queen and
00:41:49her Roman
00:41:49overlord,
00:41:50but a
00:41:51partnership
00:41:51of equals,
00:41:53with plans
00:41:54to build
00:41:54an empire
00:41:55together.
00:41:59In a way,
00:42:00you would
00:42:00expect them
00:42:00to keep
00:42:01this affair
00:42:01quiet or
00:42:02to finesse
00:42:03it, but
00:42:05they celebrate
00:42:05it.
00:42:06they have
00:42:06coins minted
00:42:07with
00:42:08Antony's
00:42:09head on
00:42:09one side
00:42:10and Cleopatra's
00:42:11head on
00:42:12the other
00:42:12side.
00:42:14They're
00:42:14publicly
00:42:15celebrating
00:42:15their joint
00:42:16rule of
00:42:17the eastern
00:42:18Mediterranean.
00:42:18These coins
00:42:21are the
00:42:22closest there
00:42:22is to a
00:42:23reliable image
00:42:24of Cleopatra.
00:42:27Significantly,
00:42:27she had
00:42:28herself portrayed
00:42:29not as a
00:42:29glamorous
00:42:30oriental queen,
00:42:31but a
00:42:32stern head
00:42:32of state.
00:42:33from political
00:42:39reasons,
00:42:40if all
00:42:41the matter
00:42:41was politics,
00:42:42Antony
00:42:43should have
00:42:43just taken
00:42:43over Egypt
00:42:44and got
00:42:44rid of
00:42:45Cleopatra.
00:42:47But no.
00:42:49And there
00:42:49must have
00:42:49been something
00:42:50more to it
00:42:50than that.
00:42:51He must,
00:42:52in some sense,
00:42:53have wanted
00:42:53to celebrate
00:42:54their being
00:42:56together.
00:43:00It looks
00:43:01as though
00:43:01Plutarch is
00:43:02right,
00:43:02that he's
00:43:03in love
00:43:03with her.
00:43:08The lovers
00:43:09spent six
00:43:09months together
00:43:10in Syria
00:43:10while Antony
00:43:11planned his
00:43:12Parthian
00:43:12campaign.
00:43:15Rumours
00:43:15circulated that
00:43:16he'd married
00:43:16Cleopatra in
00:43:17a polygamous
00:43:18Egyptian rite.
00:43:22It wouldn't
00:43:22have been
00:43:23clear whether
00:43:23they were
00:43:24really husband
00:43:25and wife.
00:43:27There was a
00:43:28sort of
00:43:28Egyptian
00:43:28marriage which
00:43:29didn't require
00:43:30ceremonial,
00:43:31but it was
00:43:31certainly possible
00:43:32for Octavian
00:43:33to present
00:43:34this as
00:43:35having two
00:43:36wives at
00:43:36the same
00:43:36time,
00:43:37as being
00:43:38deeply
00:43:38faithless to
00:43:40Octavia.
00:43:44While Antony
00:43:45was alienating
00:43:46Roman public
00:43:47opinion,
00:43:48Octavian's
00:43:49star was
00:43:50rising.
00:43:53He proved
00:43:54himself not
00:43:55just an able
00:43:56military leader
00:43:56but a natural
00:43:58politician.
00:44:04What Octavian
00:44:06had throughout
00:44:07his life was a
00:44:08remarkable
00:44:08political
00:44:09savviness.
00:44:14He could be in
00:44:15the right place
00:44:16at the right
00:44:16time, he
00:44:17manipulated people
00:44:18in the right
00:44:18way, and above
00:44:20all he was a
00:44:20fantastic organiser
00:44:22and somebody who
00:44:24knew what it
00:44:24took to hold
00:44:26on to power.
00:44:29In contrast to
00:44:30Octavian's growing
00:44:31power and prestige,
00:44:33Antony's invasion of
00:44:34Parthia was a
00:44:36catastrophe.
00:44:38He lost 60,000
00:44:40troops and was
00:44:41forced into a
00:44:42humiliating retreat
00:44:43back into the arms
00:44:45of Cleopatra.
00:44:49The balance of
00:44:51power between
00:44:51Antony and
00:44:52Octavian had
00:44:53changed.
00:44:55Octavian now
00:44:56turned the
00:44:56screw on his
00:44:57weakened rival.
00:45:00The symbolic
00:45:01moment of the
00:45:03final division
00:45:04between Antony
00:45:05and Octavian
00:45:06comes after his
00:45:08disastrous Parthian
00:45:09campaign, when
00:45:11Octavian, with a
00:45:13considerable degree
00:45:14of political
00:45:14savvy, has
00:45:15sent Octavia,
00:45:17Antony's wife,
00:45:18his sister, off
00:45:19to meet Antony
00:45:20with money to
00:45:21offer her
00:45:22support.
00:45:26In a clever
00:45:27political move,
00:45:29Octavian forced
00:45:30Antony to choose
00:45:31between his Roman
00:45:31wife and the
00:45:33Egyptian queen.
00:45:36According to
00:45:37Plutarch,
00:45:38Cleopatra was
00:45:39desperate not to
00:45:40lose Antony a
00:45:41second time.
00:45:43She made a
00:45:44great pretense of
00:45:46passionate love for
00:45:47Antony.
00:45:48She allowed her
00:45:49body to waste away
00:45:50on a meager diet
00:45:51and looked ecstatic
00:45:53whenever he came
00:45:55near.
00:45:56She made him so
00:45:58soft and effeminate
00:45:59he became afraid of
00:46:01Cleopatra wasting
00:46:02away.
00:46:03within Roman culture.
00:46:06Within Roman culture,
00:46:08love is often
00:46:09described as a kind
00:46:11of disease, a
00:46:12madness that can
00:46:14take you over
00:46:15where you lose your
00:46:17capacity to function
00:46:18as a Roman citizen.
00:46:20Hence, to describe
00:46:22Antony as being in
00:46:23love is to describe
00:46:25Antony as being no
00:46:26Roman citizen at all.
00:46:27Antony sends a cruel,
00:46:34cold message to
00:46:36Octavia to say he'd
00:46:38welcomed the troops
00:46:39but he cannot see
00:46:40her.
00:46:42Octavia returns to
00:46:43Rome not having seen
00:46:45her husband, knowing
00:46:46that he's in the
00:46:49embraces of Cleopatra.
00:46:51Cleopatra has won.
00:46:52And that's tantamount
00:46:55to declaring war
00:46:56between Octavian and
00:46:58Antony, sister
00:46:59rejected, Egyptian
00:47:01queen welcomed.
00:47:18Antony's bid to become
00:47:19the most powerful man
00:47:20in the Roman Empire
00:47:21had founded in his
00:47:23ill-fated invasion
00:47:24of Parthia.
00:47:25But he hadn't given
00:47:26up.
00:47:28In 34 BC, he embarked
00:47:31on a swift and
00:47:32successful campaign
00:47:33in Armenia.
00:47:35Laden with loot,
00:47:37he returned to Egypt
00:47:38where he and Cleopatra
00:47:39invited the Alexandrians
00:47:41to celebrate in a
00:47:43remarkable piece of
00:47:44theatre.
00:47:51Antony and Cleopatra
00:48:04engineered the most
00:48:06extraordinary political
00:48:07display.
00:48:09They arranged for their
00:48:11own children to be
00:48:13established as kings or
00:48:15queens over particular
00:48:17territories, some of which
00:48:18they didn't even rule
00:48:19and some of which
00:48:20most dangerously were
00:48:21ruled by Rome.
00:48:24He had two golden
00:48:25thrones placed on a
00:48:27silver stage, one for
00:48:29himself, one for
00:48:31Cleopatra, with further
00:48:33thrones for his children.
00:48:35Then he proclaimed
00:48:37Cleopatra queen of Egypt,
00:48:39Cyprus, Africa and Syria,
00:48:42with Caesarian as her
00:48:45joint ruler.
00:48:49When Cleopatra was
00:48:51reaffirmed as queen of
00:48:52Egypt and of the
00:48:53traditional lands of the
00:48:55Ptolemaic at their
00:48:56furthest extent and more
00:48:57as well, and her children
00:48:59acknowledged as kings and
00:49:00queens of fabled kingdoms,
00:49:02she must have been
00:49:02cock-a-hoop.
00:49:04She must have thought,
00:49:04gosh, I've won the
00:49:05jackpot.
00:49:08For Cleopatra, the
00:49:10Alexandria donations, as
00:49:11they were known, made her
00:49:13stronger than ever.
00:49:15But for Antony, playing
00:49:16the Greek god Dionysus to
00:49:18her Egyptian goddess
00:49:19Isis, it was a massive
00:49:21gamble.
00:49:26At that moment, he was
00:49:27declaring, really, that
00:49:29from now on, any
00:49:30conquests he achieved
00:49:31would not be done for
00:49:33Rome.
00:49:34They would be done for
00:49:35him and Cleopatra and
00:49:38the dynasty they were
00:49:38finding.
00:49:41If Antony thought, with
00:49:57Cleopatra, that they had
00:49:59sufficient resources, either
00:50:00to remain independent or
00:50:02together, to defeat
00:50:04Octavian, it was a smart
00:50:06move.
00:50:06If Antony wanted to keep
00:50:11Roman opinion on his
00:50:13side, then to declare
00:50:15independence in this way
00:50:17must have seemed amazing
00:50:19and really rather stupid.
00:50:26In Rome, Octavian sought to
00:50:28turn the city against their
00:50:30popular general, Mark Antony.
00:50:31He seized upon the
00:50:34Alexandria donations and
00:50:37proved himself a brilliant
00:50:38exponent of black
00:50:39propaganda.
00:50:47Modern politicians love to
00:50:49think that spin is a modern
00:50:50invention.
00:50:51It's always been this.
00:50:52And never more bloodthirsty and
00:50:57direct than in these end
00:50:58days of the Roman
00:50:59Republic.
00:51:00Octavian was an absolute
00:51:02master of the propaganda
00:51:03war.
00:51:06He was establishing himself
00:51:08as the bastion of true
00:51:10Roman moral values and
00:51:13setting up Antony and
00:51:14Cleopatra as political
00:51:16degenerates to be despised.
00:51:18Slander poured out that
00:51:23Antony was a degenerate
00:51:25drunkard, living it up with
00:51:27his harlot queen.
00:51:31We can see this sort of
00:51:33propaganda beginning to
00:51:34bite.
00:51:37We can see Antony having to
00:51:39respond to it.
00:51:41We know that he wrote a
00:51:43pamphlet entitled On His Own
00:51:45Drunkenness.
00:51:47I suppose this is not
00:51:48actually describing the
00:51:49moselle he has first thing
00:51:50in the morning, but it is
00:51:51rather saying, no, I'm not
00:51:53as drunken as all that.
00:51:56We've got a fragment of a
00:51:57letter that he writes to
00:51:59Octavian.
00:52:00It's from the year 33.
00:52:03What has changed your mind
00:52:05that I am sleeping with the
00:52:07Queen?
00:52:08Is she my wife?
00:52:09Have I just begun or have I
00:52:11been doing it nine years
00:52:12already?
00:52:14And do you screw only
00:52:16Drusilla?
00:52:18Have you not been in bed with
00:52:20Tertillia, Terentilla, Rufia or
00:52:22Titusenia?
00:52:24Or all of them?
00:52:27Does it really matter where and
00:52:29in whom you get it up?
00:52:33That's wonderful stuff.
00:52:36It's also extraordinarily crude,
00:52:38blunt, crass language, and that
00:52:40makes its own point, I think.
00:52:41This is soldier language, this is
00:52:44rough soldier talk.
00:52:46He's saying, look, I'm still
00:52:48the man I was.
00:52:53In their war of words, Antony was
00:52:55at a crucial disadvantage.
00:52:57He was in Egypt, whereas Octavian
00:53:00was in Rome.
00:53:01It was here that Octavian
00:53:07delivered his coup de grace.
00:53:12Octavian,
00:53:13Sons of the Senate,
00:53:14sensational discovery.
00:53:16The Vestal Virgins
00:53:17have given him
00:53:18Antony's will.
00:53:20Now, it's wholly illegal
00:53:24to read and open
00:53:26a living person's will,
00:53:28but no matter.
00:53:29And the Vestal Virgins
00:53:30shouldn't be themselves
00:53:31manipulated politically like that.
00:53:33That's no matter either.
00:53:40Octavian may have been
00:53:41a brilliant forger,
00:53:42or he may simply
00:53:44have been a good editor.
00:53:48But he got hold
00:53:50of Antony's will.
00:53:51He made it public,
00:53:52and he claims
00:53:53that Antony had asked
00:53:56to be buried in Egypt.
00:53:59I, Marcus Antonius,
00:54:03do hereby declare
00:54:04that it is my intention
00:54:06to be buried
00:54:07in the mausoleum
00:54:08of Cleopatra VII,
00:54:10Thea Philippata.
00:54:12To be buried in Egypt
00:54:17seemed like definitive proof
00:54:19that he'd turned
00:54:19his back on Rome.
00:54:24Antony seemed to be saying,
00:54:26this is where I live now.
00:54:28Rome is no longer my place.
00:54:34The will was most likely
00:54:36a forgery,
00:54:37but the damage was done.
00:54:39In the eyes of Rome,
00:54:40Antony was now
00:54:41completely under the
00:54:42spell of a power-crazed
00:54:44Cleopatra.
00:54:48She takes a man
00:54:50who was a reckless
00:54:52but brave and courageous,
00:54:55virile Roman soldier,
00:54:57and turns him
00:54:58into this kind
00:54:59of eunuch plaything.
00:55:02He changes
00:55:03from a soldier
00:55:04to a servant.
00:55:05and there is a danger
00:55:10that the world
00:55:11is going to be taken over
00:55:12like Antony
00:55:13has been taken over
00:55:14by this monstrous
00:55:17whore queen.
00:55:18So what we need
00:55:20is a virile,
00:55:21masculine saviour.
00:55:25Octavian presented himself
00:55:27as Rome's saviour.
00:55:28In 32 B.C.
00:55:30In 32 B.C.,
00:55:31he declared war,
00:55:32not against a fellow
00:55:34Roman general,
00:55:35Antony,
00:55:36but the dangerous
00:55:37oriental monarch,
00:55:39Cleopatra.
00:55:39A decree was passed
00:55:43declaring war
00:55:44on Cleopatra
00:55:45and depriving Antony
00:55:47of the authority
00:55:48which he had surrendered
00:55:49to a woman.
00:55:51In a speech,
00:55:52Octavian added
00:55:53that Antony was under
00:55:55the influence
00:55:55of drugs
00:55:56and had no control
00:55:58over even himself.
00:56:00After 500 years
00:56:09of republicanism,
00:56:11Rome was now faced
00:56:12with dictatorship
00:56:12under Octavian
00:56:13or absolute rule
00:56:15by Antony
00:56:16and Queen Cleopatra.
00:56:20What's at stake
00:56:21is that there can be
00:56:23only one ruler
00:56:24of the Mediterranean world.
00:56:26It's impossible
00:56:27to leave it split
00:56:28in two
00:56:29for long.
00:56:32Antony has deserted Rome.
00:56:34Octavian controls Rome.
00:56:36They have to fight
00:56:37and it's best
00:56:39for them to fight
00:56:40at least
00:56:42in the Romans' minds
00:56:44against a foreign enemy.
00:56:51Octavian had won
00:56:52the propaganda battle.
00:56:54However,
00:56:56Antony was Rome's
00:56:57greatest living general.
00:56:59And with all the wealth
00:57:00of Egypt behind him,
00:57:02he was a formidable opponent.
00:57:08Antony and Cleopatra
00:57:09look like winners
00:57:10at the beginning of 31.
00:57:14They've got tremendous
00:57:16manpower in the army.
00:57:18They've got a big fleet.
00:57:20They've also got bigger ships
00:57:21and the way
00:57:21naval battles are fought,
00:57:23big ships matter.
00:57:25And most of all,
00:57:26they've got Antony himself.
00:57:34Cleopatra and Antony
00:57:36garrisoned more than
00:57:37a hundred thousand troops
00:57:38and five hundred ships
00:57:39on the west coast of Greece.
00:57:44Octavian,
00:57:45with a slightly smaller force,
00:57:46set sail to confront them.
00:57:48Right to the end,
00:57:56they carried on
00:57:56trading insults.
00:57:59Third century historian
00:58:00Cassius Dio
00:58:01reports the speeches
00:58:02Antony and Octavian
00:58:03supposedly made
00:58:05to their troops.
00:58:06They are weaker,
00:58:08not only in numbers,
00:58:10but in the whole range
00:58:11of their equipment.
00:58:12And above all,
00:58:15in the youth
00:58:15and inexperience
00:58:17of their commander.
00:58:19I do not need
00:58:20to dwell upon
00:58:21his shortcomings
00:58:21in every detail.
00:58:27We Romans
00:58:28rule the greatest
00:58:30and best part
00:58:32of this world.
00:58:34And yet we find
00:58:35ourselves spurned
00:58:37and trampled upon
00:58:38by a woman
00:58:39of Egypt.
00:58:42He is a puny
00:58:43creature in body
00:58:44and he has never
00:58:46by his own efforts
00:58:49won a victory.
00:58:51What has anyone
00:58:53to fear of him?
00:58:54The fitness of his body?
00:58:57But he has become
00:58:58effeminate
00:58:59and his homosexuality
00:59:03has worn him out.
00:59:04Out.
00:59:09Victory in the coming war
00:59:11would hand the winner
00:59:12one of the greatest empires
00:59:14the world has ever known.
00:59:23The battle for the future
00:59:25of the Roman world
00:59:26took place
00:59:27off the west coast
00:59:28of Greece.
00:59:32Antony was renowned
00:59:33as Rome's greatest
00:59:34military leader
00:59:35and he and Cleopatra
00:59:37had the larger forces.
00:59:40But Octavian's general
00:59:41Agrippa
00:59:42proved to be
00:59:43a brilliant tactician.
00:59:45Rather than confront
00:59:47Antony's huge land army
00:59:48through the summer
00:59:49of 31 BC
00:59:50Agrippa and Octavian
00:59:53mounted an aggressive
00:59:54guerrilla campaign
00:59:55at sea.
00:59:56At the beginning of 31
00:59:59Antony and Cleopatra
01:00:00may have looked
01:00:01like winners
01:00:01but things have changed.
01:00:04They've had a lot
01:00:05of their individual squadrons
01:00:07being picked off
01:00:08one by one.
01:00:10By now they're outnumbered.
01:00:12They've been trying
01:00:13desperately to engage
01:00:15Octavian in a land battle.
01:00:17They haven't succeeded.
01:00:18By the autumn
01:00:21Antony and Cleopatra
01:00:22had lost control
01:00:23of all the neighbouring
01:00:24islands
01:00:25and their forces
01:00:26became trapped
01:00:27in the huge bay
01:00:28at Actium.
01:00:29The final battle
01:00:31is really a story
01:00:32of disaster
01:00:33at least for Antony's side.
01:00:36Agrippa
01:00:37who was Octavian's general
01:00:38blockades the bay.
01:00:40Antony's forces
01:00:41get weaker and weaker
01:00:43because they can't
01:00:44get enough food
01:00:45and the navy
01:00:48tries to break out.
01:00:55The great battle
01:00:57of Actium
01:00:57glorified in Roman propaganda
01:00:59was in fact
01:01:01a tactical retreat
01:01:02by Antony and Cleopatra.
01:01:05The traditional
01:01:07hostile account
01:01:08of the day
01:01:09says that Cleopatra
01:01:10being a weak and feeble woman
01:01:12lost her nerve
01:01:13headed off
01:01:14for Alexandria
01:01:15as fast as she could go
01:01:16and Antony
01:01:17being shamefully
01:01:18subject to her
01:01:20followed
01:01:21abandoning his fleet.
01:01:27In fact
01:01:28it was pre-agreed
01:01:29between them
01:01:30that they would
01:01:31indeed try to get away
01:01:32because all the treasure
01:01:34which they carried
01:01:35around with them
01:01:36you know
01:01:36the wealth of Egypt
01:01:38was in those ships
01:01:39they needed
01:01:40to get it away.
01:01:44Cleopatra and Antony
01:01:49broke Octavian's blockade
01:01:51but escape
01:01:52came at a terrible price.
01:01:56Most of their fleet
01:01:57and all of Antony's mystique
01:02:00were destroyed.
01:02:02Much of their huge land army
01:02:03rather than fight
01:02:04surrendered.
01:02:05Antony and Cleopatra's bid
01:02:18to rule the Roman Empire
01:02:20was over.
01:02:22Yet even in defeat
01:02:23Cleopatra remained defiant.
01:02:25As her vessels
01:02:28approached Alexandria
01:02:29she ladens their bows
01:02:32with their prows
01:02:33with garlands
01:02:34and enters the harbor
01:02:36with flautists
01:02:37playing victory music
01:02:39feigning
01:02:42that it was not
01:02:43a defeat
01:02:44but a victory.
01:02:46But Antony knew
01:02:47it would only be
01:02:48a matter of time
01:02:49before his nemesis
01:02:50Octavian
01:02:51would arrive in Egypt
01:02:52and he fell
01:02:53into deep depression.
01:02:59Antony does seem
01:03:00to have despaired
01:03:01much more quickly
01:03:02and more immediately
01:03:03than Cleopatra did.
01:03:07He was still
01:03:08a Roman at heart
01:03:09and he'd
01:03:10to be defeated
01:03:11by Rome
01:03:13and
01:03:14so quickly
01:03:15and so humiliatingly
01:03:17must have been
01:03:17devastating for him.
01:03:22Antony turns himself
01:03:24into a hermit
01:03:24builds his own
01:03:26little
01:03:27what was known
01:03:27as a Timoneon
01:03:28where he'll be
01:03:29a Timon of Athens
01:03:30the misanthrope
01:03:31who will have
01:03:32no dealings
01:03:33with anybody.
01:03:36He spent his time
01:03:38there
01:03:38an exile
01:03:40from the world
01:03:41of men.
01:03:43He said he too
01:03:44had been wronged
01:03:45and treated
01:03:46with ingratitude
01:03:47by his friends
01:03:48and so
01:03:49had come
01:03:50to mistrust
01:03:51and hate
01:03:52the whole
01:03:53human race.
01:03:57Cleopatra
01:03:58eventually
01:03:59coaxed Antony
01:03:59back to the palace
01:04:00with a final bout
01:04:02of wild
01:04:02Bacchanalian feasting.
01:04:04They had
01:04:15in the good days
01:04:17formed a dining club
01:04:19the club
01:04:22of the inimitable
01:04:23livers
01:04:23people who live
01:04:24inimitably
01:04:25and then finally
01:04:28at the end
01:04:29we're told
01:04:29they changed
01:04:30the name
01:04:31of this club
01:04:31to their
01:04:32partners in death
01:04:33for those
01:04:34who will die
01:04:34together.
01:04:37It's a very
01:04:38very strange
01:04:39eerie atmosphere
01:04:40as everybody
01:04:40knows the end
01:04:41is coming.
01:04:54We who are
01:04:55inimitable in love
01:04:56was transformed
01:04:57into those of us
01:04:58who were united
01:04:59in death.
01:05:02Let's enjoy
01:05:03life now
01:05:03to the foes
01:05:04to a very
01:05:04very carpet
01:05:05DMC's
01:05:06the moment
01:05:06kind of a situation.
01:05:11And I think
01:05:12that's very
01:05:13very telling.
01:05:15Their relationship
01:05:16has to have been
01:05:18more on a personal
01:05:19level than
01:05:20politically motive
01:05:21for whatever.
01:05:23The very fact
01:05:24that we're going
01:05:25to die together
01:05:25but let's go out
01:05:26with a bang
01:05:27that's exquisite.
01:05:29almost a year
01:05:34after his
01:05:35victory at
01:05:35Actium
01:05:36Octavian
01:05:37arrived at
01:05:37the gates
01:05:38of Alexandria.
01:05:40Anthony led
01:05:41out an attack
01:05:42against him
01:05:42and briefly
01:05:44seemed to be
01:05:46successful
01:05:47but that night
01:05:49so the story
01:05:50goes
01:05:50strange music
01:05:51was heard
01:05:52in Alexandria
01:05:53which was
01:05:54supposed to be
01:05:55the god
01:05:55Dionysus
01:05:56abandoning
01:05:57Anthony.
01:06:02Round about
01:06:04the middle
01:06:04of that night
01:06:05there were
01:06:06suddenly heard
01:06:07the harmonious
01:06:08sounds of all
01:06:09kinds of
01:06:10musical instruments.
01:06:12It was as if
01:06:13a troop of
01:06:13Dionysian revelers
01:06:15were noisily
01:06:16making their way
01:06:17out of the city.
01:06:18The next day
01:06:34the remnants
01:06:35of Anthony's
01:06:36army were
01:06:36routed.
01:06:39Surrounded
01:06:40by all
01:06:40of Egypt's
01:06:41riches
01:06:41Cleopatra
01:06:43sealed herself
01:06:43away
01:06:44in her
01:06:44mausoleum.
01:06:48In the confusion
01:06:54word reached
01:06:56Anthony
01:06:56that his
01:06:57queen was
01:06:57dead.
01:07:03The noble
01:07:04Roman
01:07:04after defeat
01:07:06if still alive
01:07:07could fall
01:07:09on his
01:07:09sword.
01:07:12Suicide
01:07:13was a noble
01:07:14act
01:07:14that epitomized
01:07:16Roman masculinity
01:07:17at the end.
01:07:31He tries
01:07:32to commit suicide
01:07:32nobly by
01:07:33falling on a
01:07:34sword.
01:07:39And he
01:07:41misses.
01:07:42But not only
01:07:43does he miss
01:07:43I mean he
01:07:44misses in the
01:07:44most horrific
01:07:45way possible
01:07:46that
01:07:46mortally
01:07:47wounds
01:07:47himself
01:07:48and he's
01:07:49there
01:07:49just
01:07:49expiring
01:07:50as this
01:07:50blood
01:07:50just
01:07:50gushes out
01:07:51of his
01:07:52body.
01:07:55By now
01:07:56news has come
01:07:57that Cleopatra
01:07:57is alive
01:07:58after all.
01:08:01Anthony
01:08:01is brought
01:08:02to Cleopatra
01:08:03he says
01:08:04to Cleopatra
01:08:05don't lament
01:08:06me now
01:08:06I am
01:08:06gone
01:08:07just remember
01:08:08I am
01:08:09a Roman
01:08:09and by
01:08:10a Roman
01:08:10valiantly
01:08:11vanquished
01:08:12she tore
01:08:20her clothes
01:08:21in grief
01:08:22over him
01:08:22beat her
01:08:24breast
01:08:24with her
01:08:25hands
01:08:25and raked
01:08:26it with
01:08:27her nails
01:08:27she smeared
01:08:31some of his
01:08:32blood on her
01:08:32face
01:08:33and called
01:08:34him
01:08:34her master
01:08:35husband
01:08:37and emperor
01:08:39this was not
01:08:43stage management
01:08:44no one was
01:08:45witnessing this
01:08:46except servants
01:08:46I think this is
01:08:53real
01:08:54genuine
01:08:54grief
01:08:55and despair
01:08:57not only
01:08:58at
01:08:59the loss
01:09:00of a kingdom
01:09:01but at
01:09:02the loss
01:09:02of the man
01:09:02she loved
01:09:03Octavian
01:09:15entered
01:09:16Alexandria
01:09:16to claim
01:09:17his prize
01:09:18it was the
01:09:19end of
01:09:193,000 years
01:09:21of Egyptian
01:09:21nationhood
01:09:22the victorious
01:09:26general
01:09:27planned to
01:09:27take Egypt's
01:09:28treasury
01:09:28and its
01:09:29queen
01:09:30back to
01:09:30Rome
01:09:31in triumph
01:09:32Cleopatra
01:09:40had been
01:09:41to Rome
01:09:41she knew
01:09:42what happened
01:09:42to the
01:09:43victims
01:09:43of Roman
01:09:44imperialism
01:09:44she had
01:09:45no desire
01:09:46to be publicly
01:09:47humiliated
01:09:48by being
01:09:48traipsed
01:09:49through the
01:09:49streets
01:09:50for a
01:09:50public
01:09:51shouting
01:09:51romance
01:09:52consequently
01:09:56great stage
01:09:58manager
01:09:58to the end
01:09:59she set up
01:10:00a dramatic
01:10:01scene
01:10:01of her
01:10:02time
01:10:02of her own
01:10:03final
01:10:03moment
01:10:04she reclined
01:10:18on her
01:10:18couch
01:10:19and proceeded
01:10:20to eat
01:10:21a spectacular
01:10:22midday meal
01:10:23home
01:10:24in the middle
01:10:25in the middle
01:10:25of which
01:10:25a man
01:10:26arrived
01:10:27with a
01:10:28basket
01:10:28after removing
01:10:30some of
01:10:31the figs
01:10:32Cleopatra
01:10:33spotted the
01:10:34snake
01:10:34and said
01:10:36here it is
01:10:37then
01:10:37for 2000
01:10:46for 2000
01:10:46years
01:10:47this story
01:10:48like so much
01:10:49of Cleopatra's
01:10:50legend
01:10:50has been told
01:10:51and retold
01:10:52embellished
01:10:53and eroticized
01:10:55a common
01:10:58fallacy
01:10:58is that
01:10:59she's stripped
01:10:59naked
01:10:59all the
01:11:03paintings
01:11:03of Cleopatra's
01:11:04death
01:11:04show her
01:11:05at least
01:11:05with her
01:11:05breast
01:11:06exposed
01:11:06and often
01:11:07with hardly
01:11:08any clothes
01:11:09on at all
01:11:09in fact
01:11:13she had
01:11:13herself dressed
01:11:14in all
01:11:15her royal
01:11:16robes
01:11:16probably
01:11:17wearing
01:11:18her crown
01:11:18which had
01:11:19a sort
01:11:19of cobra
01:11:19headdress
01:11:21as part
01:11:21of it
01:11:22she would
01:11:25have
01:11:25appeared
01:11:26as
01:11:27Isis
01:11:28the goddess
01:11:29and she
01:11:31applied the
01:11:31asp
01:11:31not to her
01:11:32breast
01:11:32but to
01:11:32her arm
01:11:33there was
01:11:38a clear
01:11:38message
01:11:39being sent
01:11:39to Rome
01:11:40by this
01:11:41death
01:11:41first of
01:11:42all
01:11:42she used
01:11:43a snake
01:11:43the snake
01:11:46is the
01:11:46protector
01:11:47of the
01:11:47pharaohs
01:11:48what her
01:11:52death
01:11:52is saying
01:11:53is that
01:11:53Egypt
01:11:54rules
01:11:54the
01:11:56female
01:11:56cult
01:11:57rules
01:11:57and I
01:12:00will be
01:12:00remembered
01:12:00forever
01:12:01it becomes
01:12:06an image
01:12:07that
01:12:08reverberates
01:12:09throughout
01:12:10the Roman
01:12:11world
01:12:11it's an image
01:12:12interestingly
01:12:13that Octavian
01:12:14couldn't
01:12:14finally
01:12:15control
01:12:15it's an image
01:12:18where Cleopatra
01:12:19stands out
01:12:20for herself
01:12:21against Roman
01:12:22authority
01:12:22in victory
01:12:30Octavian
01:12:31allowed
01:12:32Cleopatra
01:12:32to be buried
01:12:33with Antony
01:12:34though the tomb
01:12:35has never been
01:12:35found
01:12:36Cleopatra
01:12:37last of the
01:12:38pharaohs
01:12:39was 39
01:12:40Antony
01:12:4153
01:12:42but Octavian's
01:12:49generosity
01:12:49didn't extend
01:12:50to Cleopatra's
01:12:51son with
01:12:52Julius Caesar
01:12:53Caesarian
01:12:54he was murdered
01:12:55leaving Octavian
01:12:57Caesar's sole
01:12:58surviving heir
01:12:59and master
01:13:00of the Roman
01:13:01world
01:13:02here is Octavian
01:13:09attacking
01:13:11Antony and
01:13:12Cleopatra
01:13:13for playing
01:13:13the god
01:13:14for playing
01:13:15at being
01:13:16kings
01:13:16of the eastern
01:13:17Mediterranean
01:13:18but once
01:13:19he won
01:13:20of course
01:13:20he played
01:13:21their game
01:13:21he became
01:13:22in effect
01:13:23king of Rome
01:13:24he used
01:13:25the wealth
01:13:26of Egypt
01:13:26to kick
01:13:29start
01:13:29his monarchical
01:13:30regime
01:13:31so much
01:13:39Egyptian
01:13:39treasure
01:13:39flowed
01:13:40into Rome
01:13:40the price
01:13:41of silver
01:13:42halved
01:13:42and interest
01:13:43rates
01:13:43collapsed
01:13:44Octavian
01:13:50ordered a
01:13:51massive
01:13:51rebuilding
01:13:51program
01:13:52to make
01:13:53Rome
01:13:53fit
01:13:53for a
01:13:54king
01:13:54he changed
01:13:58his name
01:13:58to Augustus
01:13:59Caesar
01:14:00a name
01:14:01suitable
01:14:01for an
01:14:02emperor
01:14:02he now
01:14:06depicts himself
01:14:07as the
01:14:08saviour
01:14:09of the
01:14:09Roman
01:14:09state
01:14:10who
01:14:10defeated
01:14:11the
01:14:11threatening
01:14:12empire
01:14:13from the
01:14:13east
01:14:14and what
01:14:17is remarkable
01:14:18is that
01:14:19this
01:14:19establishes
01:14:20him
01:14:20as
01:14:22emperor
01:14:22not a
01:14:24term
01:14:24he himself
01:14:25starts off
01:14:26using
01:14:26a term
01:14:27he himself
01:14:27projects
01:14:28nonetheless
01:14:32it is the
01:14:33fundamental
01:14:33moment
01:14:34that
01:14:35establishes
01:14:36an empire
01:14:36that runs
01:14:37for 400
01:14:38years
01:14:39in the
01:14:39west
01:14:40with
01:14:41an emperor
01:14:41at its
01:14:42head
01:14:43we move
01:14:44from the
01:14:44republic
01:14:45to an
01:14:46empire
01:14:47and the
01:14:47defeat
01:14:48of Cleopatra
01:14:49is central
01:14:50to that
01:14:50story
01:14:51of the
01:14:51greatest
01:14:52imperialism
01:14:52of the
01:14:53west
01:14:53as the
01:15:00last
01:15:00player
01:15:01on the
01:15:01egyptian
01:15:02throne
01:15:02for 2000
01:15:03years
01:15:04she had
01:15:05a magnificent
01:15:05run for
01:15:06her money
01:15:06and she
01:15:08could have
01:15:08won
01:15:09it's important
01:15:12to realise
01:15:13how close
01:15:14she came
01:15:14to success
01:15:15it could
01:15:15so easily
01:15:16have gone
01:15:17the other
01:15:17way
01:15:17it could
01:15:18so easily
01:15:19have become
01:15:20Antony
01:15:20and Cleopatra
01:15:21as the
01:15:22new rulers
01:15:24of a
01:15:24world
01:15:24if Antony
01:15:28and Cleopatra
01:15:29had won
01:15:29the entire
01:15:30shift of the
01:15:31Roman Empire
01:15:31would have
01:15:32moved to
01:15:32the east
01:15:33we might
01:15:34nowadays
01:15:34be speaking
01:15:35a language
01:15:36not full
01:15:36of Latin
01:15:37words
01:15:37but full
01:15:38of Greek
01:15:39words
01:15:39it would
01:15:40have been
01:15:40a very
01:15:40different
01:15:40world
01:15:41in many
01:15:41ways
01:15:41it didn't
01:15:46happen
01:15:46and maybe
01:15:46it didn't
01:15:47happen
01:15:47because it
01:15:47could never
01:15:48have happened
01:15:48that actually
01:15:49already
01:15:50Rome
01:15:51was so
01:15:51dominant
01:15:52that any
01:15:54rival power
01:15:55was likely
01:15:57to be
01:15:57a close
01:15:58back
01:15:58thing
01:16:01to be
01:16:02and
01:16:03to be
01:16:04a close
01:16:05to be
01:16:05one
01:16:06one
01:16:07to be
01:16:08one
01:16:09could never
01:16:10go
01:16:11and be
01:16:12to be
01:16:13one
01:16:13that
01:16:14could never
01:16:15be
01:16:15one
01:16:16one
01:16:16could never
01:16:17be
01:16:17one
01:16:18one
01:16:19one
01:16:19could never
01:16:20be
01:16:21to be
01:16:22another
01:16:22one
01:16:23could never
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