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00:00Born in chaos the planet nurtured life through fire and ice. Oxygen allowed life to grow and
00:13spread across the planet. Life settled into a rhythm and pattern. And fires burned from
00:25within. Most of life was wiped out. The dinosaurs came to rule for millions of years. Disaster
00:38from space wiped them away. And the mammals would rise and dominate the miracle planet.
01:08Today Zhejiang province in southern China is a place of agriculture and growth. And the rocks
01:24here show evidence of the greatest mass extinction the planet has experienced. For geologists this
01:33is a window into the past. Geologists Dr. Yugen Jin and Dr. Douglas Irwin are seeking answers to
01:49exactly what did cause almost all the life on earth to become extinct. These rocks were once
01:58a part of a vanished sea. And where they end marks one of the boundaries where the world changed.
02:17Although very limited in numbers there are some fossils that still remain. These attracted
02:23attention for they hinted at a total change in the environment. Chloride is a paper thin
02:40incredibly abundant so you find pavements of tens of thousands of these very very thin bivalves in
02:49the early Triassic. Many times bivalves similar to this were found in low oxygen settings. So one
02:56hypothesis is that the abundance of this particular species indicates that there were low oxygen
03:04conditions in the earliest part of the Triassic. It seems that the planet heated up at the same
03:11time as oxygen levels plummeted. Some cataclysmic event had spread across the globe.
03:19Clues to what happened came from the oil fields in the west of Siberia.
03:41As they drilled deeper a remarkable discovery was made. The bedrock beneath the oil layer was
03:48lava which reached down almost two miles beneath the earth's surface.
04:08Samples of the lava were dated back to exactly the same time as the mass extinction.
04:15The spread of lava was even greater than it was first thought. It bulged out to cover an area
04:23almost the size of Western Europe. This mountain range was once molten lava.
04:44What happened was the greatest volcanic eruption to have ever occurred in the long history of the planet.
05:06Researchers from Russia and the United Kingdom began to suspect that the eruption in Siberia
05:12was in some way responsible for the global extinction of so many species.
05:16The team was led by Dr. Andrew Saunders of Leicester University.
05:24It could have been just another peaceful day.
05:34Force of the eruption shot lava as high as 3,000 meters, almost 10,000 feet into the air.
05:41Curtains of blazing fire stretched across the horizon.
05:53Nothing living in the immediate area could have escaped.
06:11Dr. Saunders and his team began to explore just what caused this massive eruption.
06:28Gradually their attention was drawn to huge rifts and splits beneath the surface of West Siberia.
06:34Some are 100 kilometers or 60 miles wide and they stretch for almost a thousand miles.
06:52He thinks these are evidence of what caused the massive eruptions.
06:58The uplift, the doming that triggered this rifting, also we estimate was of the order of 1,000, perhaps 1,500 kilometers across.
07:09Again you're looking at an area of a substantial portion of Western Europe.
07:15At the end of the Cretaceous we see evidence that the impact came from above, a meteorite impact 65 million years ago extinguishing a large amount of life.
07:27At the end of the Permian what we seem to be seeing is that there's impact from beneath, from deep within the earth and this seems to have been causing extinction at that time.
07:40The doming that Dr. Saunders talks about is a phenomenon caused by the molten rocks just below the crust.
07:48In parts of the planet this rock experiences greater vertical movements than were previously imagined.
07:58In the vicinity of deep ocean trenches some dramatic movements have been detected.
08:06In one an enormous rock plate has gradually dropped into the regions close to the earth's core.
08:14In other parts of the world surges of the heated rock have also been detected.
08:23The mantle moves closer to the earth's crust and this is what scientists think happened in Siberia.
08:37When land masses are clustered together there is a greater possibility of this occurring.
08:43300 million years ago there was one supercontinent, Pangaea.
09:03This vast land mass was surrounded by a deep ocean trench.
09:13And from this trench rock plates which had formed the continent dropped slowly toward the earth's core.
09:23This resulted in a surge of heated rock towards the crust.
09:27The plume is forced up until it breaks the surface in a massive eruption, a dome of lava rising from the center of the earth.
09:43Thus the first cause of the mass extinction came from within.
09:50Although this was an eruption on an unprecedented scale it was still localized.
09:56This alone could not have wiped out most of life on earth, but perhaps it was the trigger.
10:03All life in the immediate vicinity would have been wiped out, but not across the globe.
10:10Some other factor must have been in play.
10:14Evidence came from drilling in the deep ocean.
10:18There was a huge amount of lava in the deep ocean.
10:22The lava was so large that it could not be seen from the surface.
10:26The lava was so large that it could not be seen from the surface.
10:30It was so large that it could not be seen from the surface.
10:35The lava was so large that it could not be seen from the surface.
10:39The lava was so large that it could not be seen from the surface.
10:44The offshore survey is searching for methane hydrate, which could become an alternative energy source.
10:53Methane hydrate is a unique substance formed when water and methane gas bond together.
10:59When buried deep beneath the ocean, it is frozen.
11:17Deep in the seabed where the temperature is always low,
11:21methane hydrate is very stable.
11:25As the temperature rises, it melts and generates methane gas in volumes
11:29over 150 times larger than when the gas was bonded.
11:42It is very volatile.
11:55In China, at the boundary that marks the mass extinction,
12:05evidence was found that large amounts of methane hydrate
12:08had started to melt at the same time as the Siberian eruption.
12:12And also, there was a dramatic increase in an element called carbon-12.
12:26Methane hydrate also contains high levels of carbon-12.
12:29The two had to be connected.
12:32But perhaps methane hydrate was the culprit which caused the mass extinction.
12:47Dr. Paul Wignall of the University of Leeds in Great Britain
12:50is certain that methane hydrate was one of the culprits.
12:57Now, of course, ice melts and, in fact, we know from the present-day methane hydrates
13:06which are trapped beneath the sediment
13:07that it would only take a temperature rise of the waters of a few degrees
13:12and then we would start melting that ice.
13:13And as the ice melts, it will release its methane
13:15which will bubble out to the ocean surface
13:18and then, hey, for instance, you've got a nasty greenhouse gas escaping.
13:23And we think that this melting of methane hydrates
13:25may have happened at the end of the Permian.
13:28There is always cause and effect.
13:32This volcanic eruption released huge quantities of carbon dioxide
13:36which then caused the Earth's temperature to climb.
13:40As the water temperature rose, methane hydrate began to melt.
13:49Methane is 20 times more efficient as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
14:04Global temperatures soared, thus releasing even more methane hydrate.
14:13We get a positive feedback.
14:15The release of the methane will accelerate the increase of warming
14:18which will release more methane
14:19which will accelerate more and more the global warming
14:23until eventually you have this catastrophic increase.
14:27It's a sort of a super greenhouse climate,
14:28probably the hottest that the planet has been
14:30for the past sort of 600 million years or so.
14:34Once started, the process is hard to stop.
14:46At the equator, temperatures rose by several degrees,
14:50but at the poles, by a massive 25 Celsius, almost 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
14:55And this had a devastating effect around the globe.
14:59Entire ecosystems vanished.
15:04And if this wasn't bad enough, oxygen levels dropped.
15:08This was the critical element of extinction
15:11triggered by the volcanic eruption.
15:19And the firm evidence of that
15:22can be found in the frozen continent of Antarctica.
15:29Amidst the exposed rocks of the trans-Antarctic mountain range,
15:33researchers from the USA and South Africa pool their resources.
15:42Dr. Greg Retallack of the University of Oregon is team leader.
15:47He has detected a very rare mineral locked in the rock strata
15:51which immediately followed the mass extinction.
15:55In this part of the sequence that's exposed here,
15:58in the very early Triassic, we have some really unusual soils.
16:02I've not seen anything like them anywhere else
16:04but in this particular early Triassic zone.
16:09Early Triassic zone of death.
16:12Here's one here. Top of it's there.
16:14Root traces go down to this unusual nodule here.
16:17It's a very weird mineral called bertherine
16:20and it indicates very low oxygen conditions in the early Triassic.
16:26The mineral bertherine cannot be produced when oxygen is abundant.
16:32The discovery of this mineral is added proof
16:35that the world had undergone great change.
16:38It would have been hot
16:40and the animals that depended upon oxygen would have suffocated.
16:50Dr. Bob Berner of Yale University fed data
16:53based on different geological findings into a computer.
16:56This is his result.
16:59Oxygen levels today are about 20%.
17:03Just before the mass extinction,
17:06oxygen levels had risen to around 30%.
17:11Then it plummeted to 10%.
17:20Several factors were at work.
17:22When the plants died out, they stopped producing oxygen
17:26and methane gas released from the seabed reacted with oxygen molecules
17:31considerably reducing the atmospheric levels.
17:37Some animals managed to survive.
17:39One of them was the creature we think is our common ancestor, cyanodont.
17:44That it survived at all is probably due to chance and luck.
17:49Yet this oxygen depleted climate
17:51allowed a species of reptile to dominate all life on the miracle planet.
18:07There are a few fossils immediately above the boundary line drawn in the rocks.
18:12But then it changed.
18:18Plants had returned, but so had the reptiles.
18:22They had grown into giants, the dinosaurs.
18:37They spread into every available niche.
18:40There were herbivores like these massive apatosaurus
18:49and terrible predators like the allosaurus.
19:07There were mammals at this time too, our ancestors,
19:11but they were of necessity small and secretive,
19:14though very recent findings suggest
19:16that they did prey on some of the smallest of the dinosaurs.
19:22What has fascinated science is why these reptiles
19:25were so much more active than other animals.
19:28Because they're cold-blooded, heat would certainly help.
19:32But perhaps oxygen had a part to play as well.
19:37This topic has fascinated Dr. Mark Norell
19:40of the American Museum of Natural History.
19:43He began to compare some of the specific characteristics
19:46of dinosaurs from their fossils.
19:49Some of them, it seems, share organs very similar to those of modern birds.
19:54This is the neck vertebra of an Andean condor.
19:58This is the neck vertebra of an Andean condor.
20:01And it's a very, very complex structure.
20:04Basically, this is the front of the vertebra right here.
20:07This is what's called the neural spine.
20:09This hole that goes right through here
20:11is where the spinal cord would have gone through.
20:14But if you look very carefully, you'll see
20:16that there's almost a sponge-like tissue
20:18of little pockets and holes
20:20throughout the entire body of the vertebra itself.
20:23And this is where the air sacs permeated the bone itself.
20:27Now, this can be compared almost exactly
20:30with this allosaurus right here.
20:32We have the same thing.
20:34We have the tall neural spine up on the top.
20:37We have the cavity, which is here filled by rock,
20:40where the spinal cord went through.
20:42And we have some of these pneumatic cavities,
20:44or these air spaces,
20:46which are found in the same position as that of the Andean condor.
20:50Birds are probably descended from dinosaurs.
20:54And today, only birds have an air sac system for breathing,
20:58a very specialized evolution of the respiratory system.
21:08In an ordinary breathing system,
21:10the lungs are alternately filled with oxygen and carbon dioxide.
21:14This happens because the same pathway
21:16is used for inhaling and exhaling air.
21:19Oxygen in, then carbon dioxide out.
21:22It's the way we breathe.
21:32In an air sac system,
21:34two different pathways are used for inhaling and exhaling.
21:37This is achieved by making use of special bags called air sacs,
21:41which are part of the modified lung system.
21:44With this method of breathing,
21:46the lungs are always filled with fresh oxygen.
21:50Migratory birds can fly at altitudes in excess of 30,000 feet,
21:54where oxygen levels are so low
21:56that without the air sac system of breathing,
21:59they would simply not have the energy.
22:05The system is thought to be at least three times as efficient
22:08as our normal lungs.
22:12Perhaps dinosaurs also evolved this same way of breathing
22:16to cope with low oxygen levels after the mass extinction.
22:26Dr. Peter Ward of the University of Washington
22:29has been researching why dinosaurs were able to remain
22:32the dominant species for as long as they did.
22:47I remember dinosaur experts scratching his head in public
22:51and also writing in print, saying,
22:53I can't understand.
22:55These man-like reptiles have such better teeth,
22:58and yet these really primitive-toothed dinosaurs survive and flourish.
23:02You should think that these would be the winners
23:05and these the losers, and it's just the opposite.
23:08Well, just the opposite probably isn't so much from the feeding
23:12as it is from the respiration.
23:15During the age of the dinosaurs,
23:17the mammals remained small and secretive.
23:20They did not adapt to the low level of oxygen
23:23as perhaps the dinosaurs did.
23:25Yet it was the mammals who survived.
23:30We have two mass extinctions.
23:32The first one kills off 90% of everything.
23:34The second one kills off less.
23:36And the reason it kills off less is that there are creatures
23:39which are now adapted to deal with this crisis.
23:42They eat it and they skate right through it and advance.
23:45The low levels of oxygen continue right into the Jurassic.
23:50Mammals, which survive, are having a very hard time.
23:53Being a mammal is tough enough.
23:55Tasting great is even tougher.
23:57But being a mammal with a very bad lung system,
23:59you're not very good.
24:01The best you can do is small or hide,
24:03and in long periods of time,
24:05you're probably not capable of a lot of rapid movement.
24:08Instead, you have all these super-skaters around you,
24:11and these super-scooter dinosaurs,
24:13which are extracting oxygen more efficiently.
24:15They can last longer than you can.
24:17They can run faster than you can.
24:19They're as intelligent as you are.
24:21They do better.
24:23Dinosaurs in that world are just better.
24:42Dr. Smith of the South African Museum
24:45thinks that our distant ancestors
24:47also took an evolutionary step
24:49by improving their own breathing system.
24:56He was researching Thrinaxodon,
24:59one of the cynodont group of mammal-like reptiles
25:02which did survive.
25:06He thinks that the evolution of mammals
25:09He thinks that there is evidence
25:11that it was beginning to adapt to environments
25:13with low oxygen levels.
25:22In its ancestral form,
25:24the ribcage covered the entire trunk.
25:29Now the ribcage covered only its chest.
25:34It shows a very distinctive change in rib morphology
25:38about midway down the trunk, about this level here.
25:42And in fact, it's very similar
25:44to the change in rib morphology that humans have.
25:47And it's postulated that this could have been caused
25:54or could have supported a diaphragm.
25:58And a diaphragm, of course,
26:00increases the efficiency of inhalation and exhalation
26:04of air into the lung.
26:09When the diaphragm goes down,
26:11more oxygen can be taken in.
26:13When it rises, it helps to exhale
26:15a greater amount of air from the lungs.
26:22This was perhaps an adaptation to low oxygen levels,
26:25but not as efficient as the dinosaurs.
26:30Dinosaurs
26:48Strangely, this adaptation of the ribcage
26:51was to give mammals a huge advantage
26:54millions of years later.
27:01Most mammals can twist their trunk
27:04so that their abdomen can face sideways,
27:07an advantage if you feed your young with breast milk.
27:11With the ribcage extending all the way to the trunk,
27:14as with reptiles, this posture is almost impossible.
27:17Even though mammals were unable to cope well
27:20with low oxygen content,
27:22the evolutionary advantage of their lung system
27:25proved to be a survival factor.
27:30Fossilized for all time,
27:32a mother and offspring lie side by side.
27:35This was found in South Africa.
27:40Immediately following the mass extinction,
27:43mammals began a different lifestyle.
27:46They cared and nurtured their young,
27:49fed them with breast milk.
28:00Scientists think that the low oxygen levels
28:03continued for a further 100 million years,
28:06and this played its part in the evolution of true mammals.
28:18This fossil is the oldest known
28:20of a mammal which had a placenta.
28:22It was recently unearthed in China.
28:25It was found in strata
28:27dating back to 125 million years ago,
28:30at the time when dinosaurs were at their peak.
28:41This could be the ancestor
28:43from which all placental mammals,
28:45including humans, have evolved.
28:53Dr. Ji Qiang was part of the team
28:56that announced the discovery.
29:27With mammals like us,
29:29the mother and her child
29:31came to be linked by the placenta.
29:34Her blood flows through the umbilical cord
29:37to the developing fetus.
29:41Red blood cells are the organs
29:43that make up the placenta,
29:45and the placenta is the organ
29:47that makes up the fetus.
29:49The placenta is the organ
29:51that makes up the fetus.
29:54Red blood cells laden with oxygen
29:57are fed to her infant,
29:59supporting the growth and development
30:01inside her womb.
30:08Perhaps instigated by low oxygen levels,
30:11this relationship between mother and young
30:14was a new evolutionary step
30:17and is unique to the mammals
30:20of the miracle planet.
30:24Some 65 million years ago,
30:26the mammals were still obliged
30:28to live in secrecy,
30:30still trying to stay hidden
30:32from the giant reptiles
30:34which had ruled the world
30:36for the previous 150 million years.
30:39But that reign was to come
30:41abruptly to a close.
30:43When you go to the end of the Cretaceous
30:45to see the rocks deposited then,
30:47there's very easy-to-recognize evidence
30:50that an enormous catastrophe
30:52was caused by this asteroid impact.
30:54We see the result of tidal waves.
30:56We find material falling from the sky.
30:58We even find minerals
31:00we don't find on Earth, such as iridium.
31:21The dinosaurs were wiped out.
31:23The mammals survived.
31:32Now we stand and wonder
31:34at the bones of these giant lizards
31:36which were the dominant species for so long.
31:38The world was now for the taking.
31:48Mammals were able to move
31:50into every niche,
31:52but it was one group
31:54that lived in the trees
31:56that began a new life
31:58in the evolutionary path.
32:00It was a group
32:02that lived in the trees
32:04that began a new life
32:06in the evolutionary path.
32:08This fossil dates
32:10to about 9 million years
32:12after the dinosaurs had gone.
32:14It's called Carpolestes.
32:24There is a feature of this skeleton
32:26which is intriguing.
32:28On one of its limbs there are fingers
32:30and one of them bends toward the palm.
32:32This is what primates have today.
32:36From this fossil
32:38we can try
32:40to reconstruct its world.
32:44Like many mammals
32:46it was probably nocturnal.
32:50More than likely
32:52it spent most of the time
32:54in the trees.
32:56It was safer there
32:58than on the forest floor.
33:00Its diet
33:02may have been fruit
33:04and berries,
33:06but Carpolestes' lifestyle
33:08had hardly changed
33:10since the time of dinosaurs.
33:12There were still
33:14ferocious predators
33:16on the prowl.
33:18This fossil gives the clue.
33:24The creature
33:26which made this footprint
33:28was a contemporary of Carpolestes.
33:36They belonged to a bird,
33:38a giant bird called Diatrema,
33:40almost 2 meters 7 feet tall,
33:42possibly the largest animal on land.
33:44Once the dinosaurs had gone,
33:46birds like this
33:48seized dominance.
34:14Dr. Lawrence Whitmar
34:16is a dinosaur expert
34:18at Ohio University.
34:26He has been studying
34:28the ecology of these giants
34:30for the last 15 years.
34:32He is fascinated by the skull.
34:34When I first saw the skull
34:36of Diatrema,
34:38the first thing that I was struck by
34:40was its size.
34:42This comes from a bird,
34:44but it's larger than any known bird skull
34:46that's living today.
34:48It's potentially larger
34:50than what we see in a lion or a bear,
34:52but it's organized differently.
34:54What this animal used
34:56this unusual skull for?
35:06From the CT scans
35:08of the bird skull,
35:10we can see the cavities
35:12on the inside of the cranium.
35:24He thinks this is where
35:26the muscles to move the beak
35:28were supported.
35:36From their size,
35:38Diatrema was very tough,
35:40capable of stripping flesh
35:42from prey animals,
35:44as lions do today.
35:50Its skull was very large
35:52in proportion to the size of its body.
35:54Obviously, it was a ferocious predator.
35:58We know that Diatrema,
36:00just like the tyrannosaurs,
36:02had a very powerful bite
36:04that was well adapted
36:06to not just killing,
36:08but also removing the flesh
36:10from the bones.
36:12So, in a sense,
36:14what we see here with Diatrema,
36:16and I would imagine
36:18that the animals of its day
36:20viewed it in much the same way,
36:22was Diatrema was, in many respects,
36:24sort of a mini T. rex.
36:26This reconstruction
36:28is based on the evidence
36:30gathered from the fossils.
36:32There were four species
36:34of mammoths and grasslands,
36:36but because of their weight,
36:38they were flightless.
36:40They could probably run
36:42as fast as humans today.
36:50But at this time,
36:52mammals were still mostly small
36:54and weren't able to move swiftly.
36:56The ancestor of the modern horse
36:58would not have stood a chance.
37:04Once dead,
37:24the flesh would have been
37:26ripped from the body
37:28by the giant and powerful beak.
37:34Little wonder
37:36that many of the small mammals
37:38still kept to the trees.
37:48These giant birds
37:50ruled from Europe
37:52to North America.
37:58They were also on other continents
38:00in the southern hemisphere.
38:04Everywhere
38:06except Asia.
38:08Here there are no fossil birds,
38:10only mammals.
38:18The giant birds ruled their domain
38:20for another 15 or 20 million years.
38:22Their end came
38:24as a result of two things,
38:26a dramatic change in the climate
38:28and from conflict.
38:3460 million years ago
38:36there was a long and narrow sea
38:38which stretched between Asia
38:40and Europe,
38:42separating the two continents.
38:44At the other end,
38:46Asia was connected
38:48to North America
38:50by a land bridge
38:52located far north
38:54and under permanent ice.
38:56Nothing could cross
38:58in or out of Asia.
39:00So in Asia,
39:02mammals began to diversify,
39:04safe from the threat
39:06of the gigantic birds.
39:08And among the mammals
39:10was a predator,
39:12smaller than the birds
39:14but with distinct advantages,
39:16as Dr. Chris Beard knows.
39:18The hyenodontids
39:20were the largest species
39:22of mammals in the world.
39:24They were the largest
39:26in the world.
39:28The hyenodontids
39:30were an amazing group
39:32of predatory mammals.
39:34There were really two main things
39:36that distinguished the hyenodontids
39:38from any other kinds of predatory mammals
39:40that were alive at this time.
39:42The first was
39:44that the hyenodontids
39:46had three sets of teeth
39:48on the upper and the lower jaws
39:50that were used to cut through flesh.
39:52The other thing
39:54that set hyenodontids apart
39:56was that they were very fast runners.
39:58The other
40:00predatory mammals
40:02that were alive at the time of hyenodontids
40:04were slow, ponderous animals
40:06that were not fast runners.
40:08Some of them could climb
40:10and were arboreal,
40:12but none of them were quick runners.
40:14The smooth, round joints and sockets
40:16show that this creature was able to
40:18run fast and hunt down its prey.
40:26There would come a time
40:28when the mammal predators
40:30would come face-to-face
40:32with diatrema,
40:34and there would only be
40:36one victor.
40:38But first,
40:40the ice bridge had to go.
40:42And it did.
40:44Once again,
40:46the climate shifted.
40:56Ice had melted,
40:58and the land bridge was open.
41:00A confrontation was inevitable.
41:02It was just a matter of time.
41:04It was the mammals
41:06who made the journey
41:08to North America.
41:14We can imagine
41:16that hyenodontids,
41:18because they were fast runners,
41:20must have been the first
41:22pursuit predators.
41:24They must have been
41:26very wolf-like in the way
41:28that they hunted.
41:30They probably ran around in packs
41:32and chased down their prey.
41:34That not only allowed them
41:36to capture their prey,
41:38but it also allowed them
41:40to capture larger prey.
41:54Hyenodontidae
41:56Hyenodontidae
41:58Hyenodontidae
42:00Hyenodontidae
42:02Hyenodontidae
42:04Hyenodontidae
42:06Hyenodontidae
42:08Hyenodontidae
42:10Hyenodontidae
42:12Hyenodontidae
42:14Hyenodontidae
42:16Hyenodontidae
42:18Hyenodontidae
42:20Hyenodontidae
42:22Hyenodontidae
42:24Hyenodontidae
42:26Hyenodontidae
42:28Hyenodontidae
42:30Hyenodontidae
42:32Hyenodontidae
42:34Hyenodontidae
42:36Hyenodontidae
42:38Hyenodontidae
42:40Hyenodontidae
42:42Hyenodontidae
42:44Hyenodontidae
42:46Hyenodontidae
42:48Hyenodontidae
42:51So when Hyenodontids finally did migrate
42:54into the West, into North America
42:56and into Europe,
42:57it really signaled a change.
42:59In a sense, mammals had been
43:03sort of suppressed even
43:05during the age of dinosaurs,
43:06but even when dinosaurs became extinct,
43:09it was still another 15 or maybe
43:11even 20 million years
43:12before we can really say
43:14that the age of mammals began.
43:16The forests of the night were still dangerous places, but now mammal hunted mammal.
43:27Our ancestors, the primates, clung to the trees for shelter.
43:44But the evolutionary road was inevitably leading to the species which would rise to dominate
43:49the world.
43:56The eyesight of the primates evolved to be sharp.
44:00Their brain grew to be intelligent.
44:02They came to walk on two legs, and to finally rule the miracle planet.
44:21The primates ruled the world.
44:22The primates ruled the world.
44:23The primates ruled the world.
44:24The primates ruled the world.
44:25The primates ruled the world.
44:26The primates ruled the world.
44:27The primates ruled the world.
44:28The primates ruled the world.
44:29The primates ruled the world.
44:30The primates ruled the world.
44:31The primates ruled the world.
44:32The primates ruled the world.
44:33The primates ruled the world.
44:34The primates ruled the world.
44:35The primates ruled the world.
44:36The primates ruled the world.
44:37The primates ruled the world.
44:38The primates ruled the world.
44:39The primates ruled the world.
44:40The primates ruled the world.
44:41The primates ruled the world.
44:42The primates ruled the world.
44:43The primates ruled the world.
44:44The primates ruled the world.
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