Discover the incredible power behind Elon Musk’s latest technological marvel — the Colossus Supercomputer! This cutting-edge machine is set to revolutionize AI development, boosting speed and capability to unprecedented levels. Get an exclusive look at how Colossus is shaping the future of artificial intelligence and technology innovation.
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00:00Elon Musk and his ex-AI startup have built the largest and most powerful artificial
00:05intelligence training supercomputer in the world.
00:09Elon has named this beast Colossus.
00:13It is equipped with the latest Nvidia GPU hardware, its liquid cooled with vast amounts
00:18of water, and is powered by giant Tesla Megapack batteries.
00:22Elon believes that all of this combined will create the world's most powerful artificial
00:26intelligence, one that will literally solve the mysteries of the universe.
00:30And what we see today is only the beginning.
00:34This is what's inside Colossus.
00:37The location is Memphis, Tennessee in an industrial park southwest of the city center
00:42on the bank of the mighty Mississippi River.
00:44The building itself wasn't constructed by XAI, it was previously home to Electrolux,
00:49which is a Swedish appliance manufacturer.
00:52So if you've been wondering why Elon chose Memphis and not Austin,
00:56it basically just comes down to finding the right building in the right location
01:00to get this thing up and running as fast as possible.
01:04Now, as unassuming as the exterior of Colossus might be, it's what's inside that counts.
01:10And inside is the largest AI training cluster in the world.
01:14Currently, over 100,000 NVIDIA HGX H100 GPUs connected with exabytes of data storage over
01:21a super fast network.
01:24NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang has said himself that Colossus is, quote,
01:28easily the fastest supercomputer on the planet.
01:32And it was all built to power Grok, an AI model that Elon Musk and XAI will evolve into
01:39something far more capable than a simple chatbot.
01:43This is the breeding ground for artificial super intelligence.
01:48The entire facility as we see it was built in just 122 days.
01:53That is insane.
01:55A more traditional supercomputer cluster would have just one half to one quarter the amount of
02:00GPUs as Colossus, but the construction of those traditional systems would take years from start to
02:06finish. The training work happens in an area called the data hall.
02:10XAI uses a configuration known as the raised floor data hall, which splits the system into three levels.
02:17Above is the power, below is the cooling, and in the middle is the GPU cluster.
02:22There are four data halls inside Colossus, each with 25,000 GPUs plus storage and the fiber optic
02:30network that ties it all together. Colossus uses water for liquid cooling.
02:34Below the GPU cluster is a network of giant pipes that move vast amounts of water in and out of
02:40the facility. Hot water from the server is sent outside to a chiller, which lowers the temperature
02:45of the water by a few degrees before pumping it back in. This doesn't necessarily need to be cold
02:50water though. Without getting too deep into thermodynamics, just remember that energy always
02:55travels from hot to cold. So as long as the temperature of the water is lower than the hardworking
03:01GPUs which get pretty hot, then the excess heat energy will be drawn into the water as it flows
03:06past and heat will be removed from the system. Here is what those GPU racks look like. Each tray is
03:12loaded with eight Nvidia H100 GPUs, the current state-of-the-art chip for AI training. That will
03:19change in a relatively short amount of time, and Elon already has plans to upgrade Colossus to the Nvidia
03:24B200 chip when that becomes widely available, but for right now, there's no time to waste. There are
03:31eight of these racks built into one cabinet with a total of 64 GPU chips and 16 CPU chips in every
03:38vertical stack. Each of the racks has its own independent water cooling system, with these small
03:44tubes that lead directly into the GPU housing, blue tubes for cold water delivery, and red tubes for hot
03:49water extraction. The beauty of these GPU racks built for XAI by Supermicro is that each one can
03:56be pulled individually for maintenance, and it's serviceable on the tray. That means the entire
04:02cabinet doesn't need to be shut down and disassembled just to replace one chip. The technician can simply
04:07pull the rack, perform the service right there on the tray, and then slide it back in and get back to
04:13training. This is unique in the AI industry. Only XAI has a setup like this, and it will allow them to
04:19keep their downtime to an absolute minimum. The same is true for the water system. Each cabinet has its
04:25own cooling management unit at the base that's responsible for monitoring flow rate and temperature,
04:31with an individual water pump that can easily be removed and serviced. Now, the thing to keep in mind
04:36about gigantic computer systems like this is that things will break. There's no way to avoid that,
04:43but having a plan to keep failures localized and get problems solved as fast as possible,
04:48that is going to make an incredible difference in the overall productivity of the cluster. On the
04:54back of each cabinet is a rear door heat exchanger. That's basically just a really big fan that pulls
04:59air through the rack and facilitates the heat transfer from the hot chips to the cool water.
05:05This replaces giant air conditioning units that are found in typical data centers, and again,
05:10keeps each of the racks self-contained. Every fan is glowing with a colored light. That's not for
05:15aesthetics, it's a way for technicians to quickly identify failures. A healthy fan will have a blue
05:21light, while a bad fan will switch to a red light, and then they just replace those individual units as
05:26they go down. While GPU chips do the heavy lifting for AI training, CPU chips are used for preparing the
05:32data and running the operating system. There are two CPUs for every eight GPUs. All of the data used to
05:40train Grok is held in a massive hard drive storage system. Exabytes of text, images, and video that are
05:46fed into the training cluster. One exabyte is a billion gigabytes, and all of that data is handled
05:53by a super high-speed network system. Data is moved around Colossus by ethernet, but this is not anything
05:59like your home network. The XAI network is powered by Nvidia Bluefield 3 DPUs. That's a data processing unit,
06:07and these chips can handle 400 gigabits per second through a network of fiber optic cables.
06:12That's around 400 times faster than a very fast home internet connection. The ethernet is necessary
06:20for scaling beyond the size of a traditional supercomputer system. You see, AI training requires
06:25a massive amount of storage that needs to be accessible by every server in the data center.
06:30Now, this massive amount of equipment requires an equally massive amount of power,
06:35and again, XAI has done something totally unique with their energy delivery. They are using Tesla
06:41Energy. Colossus doesn't use solar energy. It's draining power from traditional generators.
06:47But there was a problem that XAI encountered when they started to bring their 100,000 GPU system online.
06:53The tiny millisecond variations in power coming from the grid would create inconsistencies in the
06:59training process. We are talking very small fluctuations, but at this giant scale, those will add up quickly.
07:06So the solution was to bring in Tesla Megapack battery units. So what they do now is pipe input
07:13power from the grid into the Megapacks, then the batteries discharge directly into the training cluster.
07:18This provides the super consistent direct energy required for the entire network to have the most efficient
07:25training session that is physically possible. This unique energy upgrade will become even more
07:31critical when XAI doubles the size of Colossus to over 200,000 H100 GPUs, something that Elon claims will
07:39happen within the next two months. That is an insane rate of growth, and it's got the established AI giant
07:47scared. There have been reports that OpenAI CEO Sam Altman has already told Microsoft executives that he's
07:54concerned Elon will soon overtake them in access to computing power. Of course, this stuff ain't cheap.
08:01It was just a few months ago that XAI raised $6 billion in venture capital funding, bringing the
08:06one-year-old company to a valuation of $24 billion. That's a lot of money for a young company that only
08:14had one basic product on the market at the time. But they did have the richest man in the world at the
08:20controls, so obviously that counts for a lot. Now, we've just seen reports from the Wall Street Journal
08:25that Elon is already looking for a lot more money, enough to bring the value of XAI to $40 billion.
08:33For a sense of scale, the industry giant OpenAI is currently valued at $157 billion, while a smaller
08:41scale operation like Perplexity, who makes a highly regarded AI search tool, they're expected to soon hit a
08:47valuation of $8 billion. As for Grok, the AI chatbot is continuing to rapidly evolve thanks to new power
08:54provided by Colossus. Just recently, Grok was upgraded to include vision capabilities, meaning
09:00that the AI can analyze and comprehend input from images alongside its existing text functions.
09:07This new feature is integrated into the X social media platform for premium users. Now, when you see an
09:13image in a post, you can click a button to send that image to Grok, where you can now ask the AI any
09:19question you want about the content of that image. Grok can analyze or provide additional context.
09:26This is an important step for XAI on their path towards achieving artificial general intelligence.
09:32That's a big buzz term right now. It basically just means an AI that can do pretty much anything.
09:38Essentially, an artificial reproduction of the human mind and its incredible versatility.
09:43We can write words, we can make music, we can solve complex problems, invent new things.
09:48In theory, an artificial general intelligence would have all of the knowledge of the entire human race,
09:55all concentrated into one super powerful computer brain, making it infinitely smarter than any human
10:03being. Then the AGI can use that knowledge to learn even more, to discover the undiscoverable,
10:09solve the unsolvable, invent the uninventable. According to Elon Musk, this is how we unlock
10:16the mysteries of the universe and the very nature of our own existence. Or the AI will go rogue and kill
10:22us all. But that's where Neuralink comes in, which is a whole other video that we've already made.
10:27Make sure you check one of those out next.