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00:00Hello welcome to a new session. Proposal or Offer. In this video we going to learn Indian Contract Act from Business Law and Ethics.
00:06One person's willingness to do or abstain from doing anything with a view to obtaining the assent of other.
00:12Person making the proposal or offer is called the proposer or offerer. The person to whom the proposal is made is called the offeree.
00:20Next. Section 9 indicates how to make an offer.
00:24Or. Mode of making offer.
00:28Express offer.
00:29Offer. It means an offer made by words spoken or written.
00:33Implied offer. It means an offer inferred by.
00:37The conduct of a person or.
00:40By the circumstances of the case.
00:43Next. To whom an offer is made.
00:46Specific offer. It means an offer made to.
00:50A particular person or.
00:53To a particular group of persons.
00:56General offer.
00:57Offer. It means an offer which is made to the public in general.
01:00Next.
01:03Legal rules as to valid offer.
01:05Offer must be communicated.
01:08Case study.
01:09Bolton vs. Jones.
01:12Jay offered to purchase 50 feet of leather from Z.
01:15Z in the meantime sold his business to B.
01:17B. Therefore, instead of Z, B supplied the leather to J.
01:23J refused to accept the leather.
01:25It was held that the offer was not communicated to B, and so B had no legal right to accept the offer made by J.
01:32Therefore, no contract had concluded between J and B.
01:36CASE STUDY 2
01:38Carlyle vs. Carbolic Smokeball Company
01:41A pharmaceutical company advertised that it would give £100 to anyone who contracted influenza after using their smokeballs for a certain period.
01:50Mrs. Carlyle purchased smokeballs and used them as directed.
01:55Shortly afterwards, she contracted influenza.
01:59She claimed the £100.
02:02The court held that the advertisement issued by the pharmaceutical company was a general offer made to the public at large.
02:09Mrs. Carlyle, being a member of the public, had received the offer.
02:15And had acted upon it by using the smokeballs as directed.
02:19Therefore, a contract was formed between the pharmaceutical company.
02:24And Mrs. Carlyle, and so Mrs. Carlyle could claim £100.
02:29CASE STUDY 3
02:30Laumon Shukla V. Gari Dut
02:33G. S. NEPHEW WAS MISSING
02:35L, who was munim of G, went in search of the missing boy.
02:40Meanwhile G issued handbills offering reward of Rs. 501 to anyone who
02:45would trace the boy.
02:48L found the boy and brought him home.
02:51Since L had no knowledge of the offer made by G, he could not accept
02:55such offer.
02:57Since there was no acceptance, there could be no contract, and therefore
03:02it was held that L was not eligible to receive the reward.
03:06Next is
03:07Communication of Complete Offer
03:10Henderson vs. Stevenson
03:12X purchased a steamer ticket for traveling from Dublin to Whitehaven.
03:17On the back of the ticket, certain conditions were printed.
03:22One of the conditions excluded the liability of the company for any loss,
03:25injury, or delay to the passengers or their luggage.
03:28X never looked at the back of the ticket and there was nothing to draw his
03:32attention to the conditions printed on the back side.
03:36X's luggage was lost due to the negligence of the servants of the shipping
03:39company.
03:40Since the steamer company had not taken any steps to ensure that the
03:44conditions printed on the back of the ticket were brought to the knowledge of
03:47the passengers, such conditions do not form part of the contract.
03:52Therefore, X was entitled to recover the damages for loss of his luggage.
03:56Parker vs. SE
03:58Rail Company
04:00P deposited his bags in the cloakroom at a railway station.
04:05On the face of the receipt, the words C back were printed.
04:09One of the conditions printed on the back was the liability of the railway company
04:13shall be limited to $10 for any package.
04:16P.S. Bag was lost.
04:19He claimed the actual value of bag amounting to $24.
04:22It was held that the disclaimer clause was binding on P. since the railway company had
04:28taken all reasonable steps to ensure that the conditions printed on the back were brought
04:32to the knowledge of P.
04:34Next is.
04:35An offer must not thrust the burden of acceptance on the transferee.
04:40An offer must not contain any term the non-compliance of which amounts to acceptance.
04:44Feldhaus vs. Bindley
04:46A. Wrote to B. I will sell you my horse for Rs. 500.
04:51If I do not receive a reply by Sunday next, I shall assume that you have accepted the offer.
04:57B. Did not reply.
04:59It was held that an offer cannot impose the burden on the offeree to reply.
05:04Acceptance is valid only if it is communicated to the offerer.
05:07Since B. had not communicated his acceptance to A, there was no contract between A and B,
05:14and therefore A. could not sue B.
05:16Next is.
05:18Cross offers do not conclude a contract.
05:21Two offers which are similar in all respects made by two parties to each other,
05:26in ignorance of each other's offer are known as cross offers.
05:30Cross offers do not conclude a contract.
05:33Counter offer.
05:34A counter offer amounts to rejection of the original offer.
05:39Next is.
05:40Offer must be distinguished from invitation to offer.
05:44An invitation to offer does not imply a valid offer.
05:48Next is.
05:49Offer must be distinguished from a declaration of intention.
05:53A declaration or a statement merely indicates that an offer will be made or invited in future.
05:59Lastly.
06:00An offer must be certain.
06:02The terms of the offer must be.
06:05Definite.
06:07Unambiguous.
06:08And.
06:10Certain.
06:11Next topic is.
06:13Lapse of an offer.
06:15Notice by offerer that is, revocation.
06:18Revocation of offer means withdrawal or cancellation of the offer.
06:23An offer can be revoked by the offerer anytime.
06:25However, revocation is effective only if it is made before the offer is accepted.
06:32Next.
06:33Lapse of time.
06:35An offer lapses if it is not accepted.
06:38Within the time specified in the offer.
06:41Within reasonable time, if no time is specified in the offer.
06:45Next.
06:46Non-fulfillment of condition precedent.
06:49If an offer requires fulfillment of some condition before the offer can be accepted, the offer shall lapse if such condition is not fulfilled.
06:59Next.
07:00Counter-offer.
07:01A counter-offer results in rejection of the original offer.
07:06Next.
07:07Acceptance is not made in prescribed mode.
07:11If the offeree accepts the offer in a manner which is different from the manner specified by the offerer, the offerer may refuse to treat such acceptance as valid, and consequently the offer shall lapse.
07:22Next.
07:23Death or insanity of the offerer or offeree.
07:27An offer shall lapse in the following cases.
07:31Where the offerer dies or becomes insolvent and such fact comes to the knowledge of the offeree before acceptance of the offer.
07:37Where the offeree dies or becomes insolvent before acceptance of the offer.
07:42Next.
07:44Rejection by the offeree.
07:46An offer comes to an end if the offeree rejects the offer and communicates his refusal to the offerer.
07:52Lastly.
07:54Subsequent illegality.
07:56If, after making of an offer, the subject matter of the offer is destroyed or the performance becomes impossible or unlawful, the offer shall lapse.
08:06Next topic is.
08:07Standing offers.
08:09It is also known as open offer or continuous offer.
08:13Here a person offers to another.
08:16Specific goods.
08:18Up to a stated slash required quantity.
08:21At a certain rate.
08:22During a fixed period.
08:24An acceptance of such an offer merely amounts to intimation it will be accepted from time to time by placing order.
08:32Next topic is.
08:34Revocation of offer by the offerer.
08:36At any time before acceptance.
08:39Revocation must be communicated to the offeree.
08:42If before its actual communication it is accepted it will create binding contract.
08:48The revocation must reach the offeree before he sends out the acceptance.
08:51Next topic.
08:53Next topic.
08:54Acceptance.
08:56Section 2, B.
08:58Definition of acceptance.
09:00When the person to whom the proposal is made signifies is assent thereto the proposal is said to be accepted.
09:06Promise.
09:07Promise.
09:08In case of a specific offer.
09:10Only that particular person or group of persons to whom the specific offer has been made and none else.
09:17In case of a general offer.
09:19Any person if he has the knowledge of the offer, and.
09:23He fulfills the terms and conditions of the offer.
09:27Mode of acceptance.
09:28Express acceptance.
09:31Implied acceptance.
09:33Section 7 Legal Rules for a Valid Acceptance.
09:37Absolute and Unqualified.
09:39The offeree should assent to all the terms of the offer.
09:42There must be no variation, reservation, that is, acceptance must be unconditional.
09:49Next.
09:51Acceptance must be communicated.
09:53Acceptance cannot be made in ignorance of the offer.
09:56Mere mental acceptance is no acceptance.
10:00Next.
10:01Acceptance to whom?
10:03The acceptance must be communicated to the offerer.
10:07Feldhaus vs. Bindley.
10:09F. made an offer to his nephew to buy the nephew's horse for Rs. 500.
10:14The offer stated that if the nephew failed to reply to the offer of F. within 10 days,
10:19F. shall consider that the horse had been sold to him.
10:22The nephew directed his manager not to sell that horse to anybody since he wanted to sell
10:27that horse to F.
10:28But the nephew did not send any reply to F.
10:32By mistake, the manager sold that horse to some other person.
10:36It was held that nephew was not bound to send notice of refusal to F.
10:40Therefore, failure to send the letter of refusal within 10 days did not amount to acceptance.
10:47Also, nephew's communication of decision to sell the horse of F. did not result in a valid
10:53acceptance since such decision was not communicated to F, the offerer.
10:58Since there was no contract between F and the nephew, F. had no right against the nephew.
11:03Next topic is
11:05Classification of offer
11:07Express offer
11:09By words or by written
11:11Example
11:13X says to Y, will you purchase my white horse for Rs. 12,000?
11:19Implied offer
11:20Inferred by conduct or circumstances
11:22Example
11:24To board in a metro rail at metro station
11:27General offer
11:29Public at large
11:31Example
11:32An offer to give reward to anybody who finds the lost horse
11:37Case law
11:38Carlel vs. Carbolic Balls Company
11:41Specific offer
11:43Specific or ascertained person or only that person
11:47Example
11:48A offers to sell his car to B
11:51Only B can accept the offer
11:54Counteroffer
11:55Offery accepts subject to certain conditions or qualification
11:59Not accepting, not accepting, terminating, the original offer
12:03Example
12:05Mr. A offered to sell his car to Mr. B for 20,000
12:09B replied that he can accept for only Rs
12:1317,000
12:15Original offer gets terminated
12:17Cross offer
12:19Identical offer
12:20Identical offer by each party
12:21Ignorance of each other
12:23No contract
12:23As nobody shall be called for
12:26Example
12:28Mr. A offers by a letter to sell his car to Mr. B for Rs. 15,000
12:34Mr. B, at the same time, offers by a letter to buy A's car for Rs. 15,000
12:42The two letters cross each other in the post
12:45Refer case study TIN vs. Hoffman
12:48Standing or open or continuing offer
12:51Open for acceptance
12:53For reasonable time
12:56Example
12:57Tenders or share applications
13:00Invitation to an offer
13:02General information, public notice, to initiate the offer
13:07Note
13:08Only one party
13:10No question of communication
13:11Performance of invitation of offer
13:14No formation of contract
13:16Example
13:17Shopkeeper's catalog of price
13:20Display of goods in a shop
13:22Next
13:23Acceptance by whom?
13:26Acceptance must be given by the person who has the authority to accept the offer
13:30Next
13:32Manner of acceptance
13:34Situation
13:36A
13:36The offer does not prescribe the manner of acceptance
13:40The offer must be accepted in some usual and reasonable manner
13:44Situation
13:46B
13:46The offer prescribes the manner of acceptance
13:50The offer must be accepted in the prescribed manner
13:53If the offer is not accepted in the prescribed manner, the offerer may approve or reject such acceptance
14:00Next
14:01Time limit for acceptance
14:04Situation
14:05A
14:06The offer does not prescribe the time limit
14:09The offer must be accepted within reasonable time
14:13Situation
14:14B
14:15The offer prescribes the time limit
14:18The offer must be accepted within the prescribed time limit
14:22Next
14:23Acceptance must be given before the offer lapses or revoked
14:27Acceptance can be given only to an existing offer
14:31An offer open for a limited period
14:34An offer open for a limited period can be accepted only before the expiry of such specified period
14:37An offer can be revoked before acceptance
14:40Next
14:42Mode of acceptance
14:44Acceptance may be given by
14:46Performance of conditions or
14:49Acceptance of consideration
14:52Section 4
14:53Section 4
14:53Communication when complete
14:56Offer
14:57When the offer comes to the knowledge of the offers
15:00Acceptance
15:021.
15:04Communication is complete against the offer
15:06When acceptance is put in a course of
15:09Transmission so as to be out of the power of
15:13The offeree
15:142.
15:16Communication is complete against the offeree
15:19When acceptance to the knowledge of the offerer
15:223.
15:24Revocation
15:251.
15:26Communication is complete against the person who makes it
15:30When revocation is put in a course of
15:33Transmission so as to be out of the power of the person who makes it
15:362.
15:38Communication is complete against the person to whom it is made
15:41When revocation comes to the knowledge of the person to whom it is made
15:46Next
15:47Section 5
15:49Time Limit for Revocation
15:511.
15:52Revocation of offer and time limit for revocation before communication of
15:58Acceptance is complete against the offerer
16:002.
16:02Revocation of acceptance and time limit for revocation before communication of
16:06Acceptance is complete against the offeree
16:09Next topic is
16:11Section 2
16:12D.
16:14Meaning of consideration
16:15When, at the desire of the promiser, the promisee, or any other person has done or
16:21Abstained from doing, or does slash abstains from doing, or promises to do or to abstain
16:27From doing, something, such act, or abstinence slash promise is called a consideration for the
16:32Promise
16:33Something in return quid pro quo
16:36The price for which a promise is bought
16:38Sign and symbol of every contract
16:41Exchange of promise or performance with parties
16:45No single promise is enforceable without consideration
16:49Result in a benefit to the promiser or detriment to the promisee or both
16:54Let's see an example
16:56Mr.
16:57X agrees to sell his car
16:59Consideration for Mr.
17:01Y's promise, to Y for ours
17:031, 40, 000
17:06Consideration for Mr.
17:08X's promise
17:09Case law
17:11Mesa vs.
17:12Curry
17:13A valuable consideration in the sense of law may consist either in some right, interest,
17:18Profit or benefit accruing to one party, that is promiser, or forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility given
17:27Suffered or undertaken by the other, that is the promisee, dot
17:32Next topic
17:34Essentials of a valid consideration
17:371.
17:39Consideration must move at the desire of the promiser
17:42An act or abstinence shall constitute a good consideration only if it is done at
17:47The desire of the promiser
17:492.
17:52Consideration may move from promisee or any other person
17:55So long as there is consideration for promise, it is immaterial as to who has furnished it
18:01If a party receives consideration, the contract is valid, even though the person furnishing the consideration is not a party to the contract
18:10Where a third party furnishes the consideration, it is valid consideration
18:15As long as there is consideration in a contract, it is immaterial as to who has given this consideration
18:22This rule is generally stated as privity of consideration is not required
18:273.
18:29No adequacy of consideration required
18:32The law requires that there must be consideration in every contract
18:36However, adequacy of consideration is not required
18:41Even if it is proved that such consideration is inadequate, the contract is not void
18:47The fact of inadequacy of consideration shall be given due weightage while determining whether the consent of the promiser was freely given or not
18:554.
18:57It must be different from promiser's existing obligation
19:00Consideration received by a party must be something more than the other party's contractual and legal obligation
19:075.
19:09Consideration must be lawful
19:11An agreement is void if the consideration furnished by any of the parties is unlawful
19:166.
19:18It must be real, and not illusory
19:21Consideration received by a party must be of some value
19:25Consideration must not be illusionary, that is existing in name
19:30Next topic moving on to
19:32Execution section 25
19:35No consideration no contract
19:371.
19:39Agreements made on
19:40Account of natural
19:42Love and affection
19:44Conditions
19:45The agreement is made in writing
19:48The agreement must be registered
19:50The agreement must be made between the parties standing in immediate relation to each other
19:56There must be natural love and affection between the parties
20:00However, mere nearness of relationship does not imply natural love and affection
20:05Example
20:07Mr. X promised to pay the debts of brother Mr. Y, on account of love and affection
20:13The agreement was put to writing and registered
20:16Valid contract
20:18Refer case study for more details
20:21Case law
20:22Rajuki vs. Bhutnath
20:252.
20:26Compensation for past voluntary services
20:29Conditions
20:31A party renders some services to the other party or performs the legal obligation of the other party
20:37The services are rendered without any desire of the other party, that is the services are rendered voluntarily
20:44The other party afterwards promises to compensate the former party for the services rendered to him
20:50Example
20:52Mr. A finds Mr. B's purse and gives it to him
20:55Mr. B promises to give Mr. A 100 Indian rupees
21:003.
21:02Promise to pay a time-barred debt
21:04A creditor can sue the debtor for recovery of his money
21:08By going to the court of law
21:10However, if the creditor
21:12Fails to institute the suit within 3 years of debt
21:16Becoming due for payment, the debt is said to be time
21:20Barred debt, that is the creditor cannot institute the suit
21:24After the expiry of said period of 3 years
21:28The general rule is that an agreement to pay a time
21:31Barred debt is void
21:33Exception
21:34An agreement to pay a time-barred debt is enforceable if the following conditions are satisfied
21:40The debt is a time-barred debt
21:43The debtor promises to pay the time-barred debt
21:46The promise is made in writing
21:48The promise is signed by the debtor
21:51Example
21:53Mr. X owes Mr. Y Indian rupee 1,00,000 but the debt is barred by Limitation Act
22:01Mr. X signs a written promise to pay Mr. Y 95,000 Indian rupees on account of debt
22:074.
22:09Law of agency between principal and agent
22:12No consideration is necessary to create an agency
22:16Refer case study Dunlop Pneumatic Tire Company Limited vs. Selfridge & Co.
22:22Limited
22:225.
22:25Completed gift
22:26Agreement to make a gift is not enforceable
22:29However, once a gift has actually been made, the donor cannot demand it back on the ground that there was no consideration
22:36Example
22:38Donations
22:40Remission
22:42No consideration is necessary for an agreement to receive less than what is due
22:487.
22:50Guarantee
22:50In a contract of guarantee, consideration received by the principal debtor shall be sufficient consideration for the surety
22:588.
23:00Contract under seal
23:01Under the law a contract made in the form of a deed under seal is valid even though it is made without consideration
23:08Example
23:10Deed under seal
23:11Next topic is meaning of privity of contract
23:15The general rule is that only the parties to a contract can sue
23:19In other words, if a person is not a party to the contract, that is a stranger to contract, he cannot sue
23:27Privity of consideration
23:30It is well established that privity of consideration is not required
23:34Consideration may move from promisee or any other person
23:38So long as there is consideration for promise, it is immaterial who has furnished it
23:44Example
23:46Dunlop
23:47Pneumatic Tire Company vs. Selfridge & Co.
23:50D. entered into a contract of sale of certain tires to P.
23:54The contract provided that P. shall not sell the tires below the list price
23:59Also, the contract provided that P. shall, at time of resale, impose a condition on the retailer that sale by retailer shall not be made below the list price
24:10P. sold certain tires to S. S. resold certain tires below the list price
24:15In a suit instituted by D. against S, the court held that such suit was not maintainable since there was no privity of contract between S and D
24:24Privity of Contract Exceptions
24:271. Creation of a Trust
24:31Beneficiary is not a party to the agreement creating a trust
24:35However, the beneficiary is allowed to sue the trustee for enforcement of trustees' duties
24:41Refer Case Study
24:43Dan Kewa vs. Sarla Devi
24:462. Marriage or Family Arrangements
24:50Where a marriage or family settlement is made, the person who is a beneficiary under such settlement is entitled to sue even though he may not be a party to sue settlement
25:003. Acknowledgement
25:03The person, who becomes an agent of a third party by acknowledgement, can be sued by such third party
25:10Example
25:11Mr. A pays Mr. B 500 Indian rupees and Mr. B acknowledges to Mr. C that he holds for him
25:19Here Mr. C can enforce
25:214. Assignment of a Contract
25:25An assignee is entitled to exercise all the rights which could have been exercised by the assignor previously
25:32Even though the assignee was not a party to the contract as originally made
25:37Example
25:38Mr. A assigns his insurance policy in favor of his wife
25:42The wife can enforce even though not a party
25:465. Covenants running with the land may be enforced by the successor of the seller
25:52Example
25:53Mr. A gifts the property to his son-in-law on his marriage with daughter
25:58Mr. A gets the right to enforce his rights which Mr. A had already
26:02Section 11
26:04Capacity of Parties
26:06Person is competent to contract who is
26:09Of the age of majority and
26:12Of sound mind and
26:14Not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject
26:19Effects of Minors Agreement
26:211. Agreement is void ab initio, that is without any legal effect
26:27A minor is incompetent to enter into any contract
26:31Therefore, any agreement
26:33Made by a minor is void ab initio, i.e., it is without any legal effect
26:39Mohoribibi vs. Darmotas goes
26:42A minor entered into an agreement for mortgage of his property
26:46He was paid a certain amount for mortgaging the property
26:50Afterwards, the mortgagee filed a suit against the minor for recovery of money paid to the minor
26:56It was held that the money was paid to the minor under a void agreement, and therefore the mortgage was not valid
27:022. An agreement for the benefit of minor is enforceable by minor
27:07The principle laid down in Mohoribibi vs. Dharamotas goes applies only if the agreement creates an obligation of a minor
27:15Where, an agreement is for the benefit of a minor, the agreement is not void and therefore the minor can enforce such agreement
27:23If the other party to the agreement fails to perform his part of obligation, the minor can claim restitution
27:303. Restitution
27:33Kangool vs. Laka Singh
27:36Following principles were laid down in the above case
27:39The court may grant relief to the other party if the other party had entered into a contract with the minor on the basis of a misrepresentation made by the minor
27:48If the minor had received some consideration under the agreement, the court may grant restitution to the other party
27:55However, the minor shall not be personally liable
27:59In other words, restitution shall be made only to such an extent as the estate of minor has been benefited
28:06The power of the court to grant relief is discretionary in nature
28:10The court shall not grant relief if the other party had the knowledge of the fact that it was entering into an agreement with a minor
28:174. No estoppel against a minor
28:21If the rule of estoppel is applied against a minor, it would amount to an indirect way of enforcing a void agreement
28:28Therefore, the rule of estoppel does not apply against a minor
28:325. No specific performance
28:36The other party cannot demand that minor should perform the obligation
28:40Which he had agreed to perform under the agreement
28:446. No ratification by a minor
28:48Ratification means acceptance of a transaction already done
28:52An agreement entered into by a minor cannot be ratified by him after he has attained majority
28:58Where on attaining majority, a minor agrees to pay for the goods supplied by a third party
29:03Such agreement is void for want of consideration
29:067. No liability of guardian
29:10The guardian of a minor shall not be liable for acts of a minor
29:148. Contracts by a guardian
29:17The contract by a guardian on behalf of a minor shall be valid if
29:22The contract is for the benefit of minor, and
29:25The guardian has the authority to enter into such a contract
29:299. Minor's liability for necessities
29:34Nature of liability
29:36As per section 68, a minor is liable for necessities supplied to him, or
29:42Any other person who is dependent on the minor
29:45Conditions
29:47The liability is only for necessities of life
29:50The term necessity means necessities of life as per the social status and conditions of life of the minor
29:56The minor is not already in possession of such necessities
30:01The minor shall not be personally liable
30:0410. Position of minor
30:07Minor cannot be a guarantor
30:09Minor may be admitted as a member where the shares are fully paid up
30:13Minor can be an apprentice provided he is of at least 14 years of age
30:18Minor cannot be a partner in a firm
30:21However, he may be admitted to the benefits of partnership
30:25Section 12
30:27Persons of Unsound Mind
30:30Meaning of Sound Mind
30:32A person is said to be of sound mind if he is able to
30:36Understand the contract, and form a rational judgment
30:40Presumption
30:41The law presumes that every person is of sound mind
30:45Requirements of law
30:47At the time of entering into a contract, a person must be of sound mind
30:52A person can enter into a contract in accordance with the following principles
30:57Nature of person of sound mind
31:00He can enter into a contract at all the times
31:03He cannot enter into a contract when he is of unsound mind
31:07Nature of person of unsound mind
31:10He can enter into a contract only at such intervals of time, if any, when he is of sound mind
31:17Burden of proof
31:19A person who is usually of sound mind
31:22The burden of proving that he was of unsound mind
31:25At the time of entering into the contract lies on the
31:29Person who challenges the validity of the contract
31:32A person who is
31:34Usually of unsound
31:36Mind
31:38The burden of proving that he was of sound mind at
31:41The time of entering into the contract lies on the
31:45Person who affirms the contract
31:47Next is
31:49Persons disqualified under law
31:52Company
31:53A company is a legal person and therefore it can enter into a contract in its
31:58Own name
31:59However, a company is disqualified to enter into any contract which falls
32:05Outside the object clause of memorandum
32:08Alien enemy
32:09A person not an Indian citizen is an alien
32:13During the peace, alien can enter into contract
32:17But on the declaration of war he becomes an alien enemy
32:20A contract with an alien enemy becomes unenforceable
32:24Foreign diplomats
32:26Can be sued
32:28Only in the following cases
32:30Where he submits himself to the court
32:33Where approval of CG is obtained
32:36Convict
32:37Existing contract is suspended until his conviction is completed
32:42Fresh contract cannot be entered into
32:45Permission of CG
32:47An existing contract can be enforced
32:49A fresh contract can be entered into
32:52Part of the mystery, an artificial is encamping in actual
32:54In date
32:55The second example
32:56Is an alien
32:57Or a man
32:58Man
32:59Friend
32:59A
33:00Man
33:01In date
33:02A
33:02Man
33:04A
33:05Man
33:05A
33:05Man
33:06A
33:06Man
33:06A
33:07Man
33:08A
33:08Man
33:09A
33:10Man
33:11A
33:11Man
33:12A
33:13Man
33:13A
33:14Man
33:14A
33:15Man
33:15A
33:17Man
33:17A
33:19Man
33:19A
33:20Man
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