00:00Dr. Gregory House is in the middle of another medical puzzle, a middle-aged man forced
00:22to recover due to mood swings, attention disturbances, light insufferance and strong
00:28abdominal pain. After having excluded the use of drugs and a whole series of neurological
00:33pathologies, from Alzheimer's Epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, to autoimmune neuropathies,
00:40House, who in the meantime had cured coarse and extravagant amnesia in the patient's stories,
00:45from which he had also collected the news of an important photophobia that made him
00:50intolerant to light, with one of his tricks of genius, hypothesizes what will then
00:55turn out to be the right diagnosis of porphyria.
01:25The active operation of these enzymes leads to the progressive accumulation in the body
01:30of toxic substances that can change according to the deficiency enzyme, toxic substances
01:38that in turn will become responsible for important symptoms that can be visceral,
01:44neurological, cutaneous or all together. On the more strictly clinical level, I would say
01:49that porphyria can be distinct based on what is the organ that is most interested
01:56in the pathology, which can be the liver, the nervous system or the skin, but also
02:00according to clinical manifestations that can be distinct in acute and chronic. In particular,
02:07the one geniusly diagnosed by Dr. House was acute intermittent porphyria.
02:14Some forms of porphyria are associated with photosensitivity, that is, with a high sensitivity
02:20to sunlight, and sometimes the first symptoms of the disease manifest themselves with the
02:24appearance of painful, pruriginous skin lesions, as a result of exposures even short to the sun.
02:30This is one of the reasons why porphyria is sometimes called the disease of vampires,
02:36which is known to refract light. Another reason seems to be related to the role of garlic
02:42in the release of symptoms.
02:44The alleged hypersensitivity of these patients to garlic is a topic that has actually been debated for a long time,
02:52but probably much more related to folklore than to medical science. However,
02:58wanting to find a clue that can somehow justify this sort of closeness,
03:03we can remember that among the various components, garlic also contains a particular substance inside it,
03:11potentially able to activate an enzyme capable of damaging the haemoglobin.
03:17And so, since these patients already have some structural alteration of the red blood cells,
03:24it has been hypothesized that the approach of some of these patients to a clove of garlic
03:30can in some way accentuate the underlying problem.
03:34It is, however, a hypothesis. On the more rigorously clinical level,
03:39we can say that patients with acute and intermittent porphyria are often completely asymptomatic.
03:46I remind you that it is still a rather rare disease.
03:50When the symptoms must manifest, let's say that the symptomatic process includes,
03:56in the meantime, rather violent and widespread abdominal pain, also associated with nausea, vomiting or stipsy.
04:04There is anxiety, there is agitation, there is excitement, there is hyperexcitability and insomnia.
04:10Sometimes there may also be hallucinations.
04:13There are joint pains that are especially felt at the upper and lower arms and at the back.
04:21There are joint pains that can also be associated with muscle pain,
04:25with cramps, with fractures, paresthesia and tingling, right up to the intorpedo.
04:31There is an increase in blood pressure, there are respiratory disorders of various severity
04:36and then the most classic sign is represented by the emission of purple urine.
04:42According to the American Porphyria Foundation,
04:45there are probably no more than a few hundred serious cases in this disease worldwide.
04:50Most of the patients affected by porphyria will show much less dramatic symptoms than those described,
04:56with good will of the vampires,
04:58whose myth related to porphyria remains only an extravagant hypothesis that does not hold up to the scientific examination.
05:06In documented cases of porphyria, it will always be necessary to maintain well-controlled food patterns,
05:13avoiding alcohol, avoiding excesses, avoiding cigarette smoke,
05:17avoiding some drugs that could trigger the attack.
05:21In acute phases, it may be useful to supply glucose or even Eme,
05:27although there is a drug called Givosiran,
05:30which is able to perform a good control action on the disease,
05:35reducing the frequency and intensity of acute attacks.
05:47For more information, visit www.fema.gov
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