00:00Following is the apparatus used to study anode rays.
00:10A closed tube.
00:13The air in the tube has been pumped out.
00:17So the tube becomes a vacuum tube.
00:23The metal plate on the left side will be connected to the positive pole of the DC voltage source.
00:31We can call this metal the anode.
00:37The metal plate on the right side will be connected to the negative pole of the DC voltage source.
00:44We can call this metal the cathode.
00:49Unlike the anode, the cathode metal plate has a hole that penetrates the surface of the other side.
00:56The actual hole is so small, it cannot be seen with the naked eye.
01:03This hole looks big just for animation purposes.
01:10Between these two plates, there is a space.
01:14In this chamber hydrogen gas is injected in a certain concentration.
01:20We can say that this gas is a low pressure gas.
01:26These are the components of the apparatus used in this experiment.
01:35Now connect the electrical circuit and turn it on.
01:40On the surface of the cathode a negative charge will accumulate.
01:45On the surface of the anode a positive charge will accumulate.
01:52At a certain voltage value, electrons from the cathode surface will move towards the anode.
02:01Why don't electrons move to the right?
02:05Because negatively charged electrons will experience columns forced towards the positive charge, or to the left.
02:12On the right, there are no external forces.
02:18During its movement, these electrons will collide with hydrogen gas molecules.
02:25Electrons in the hydrogen gas will bounce out towards the anode.
02:31At this time, the hydrogen gas molecules lose electrons and become positively charged particles.
02:39Particles with positive electrical charge will experience column forces towards the negative charge, or to the right.
02:47Because there is a negatively charged surface there.
02:51Positive electrically charged particles will move towards the cathode.
02:56However, there are several holes in the cathode.
03:00Positively charged particles can pass through the hole to the other end.
03:04Well, the trajectory of this particle is a straight line.
03:09We can name this movement of particles as rays.
03:13Anode rays.
03:15Because it is as if the light comes from the anode.
03:19How do we know that the anode rays are positively charged?
03:28If we still remember the cathode ray experiment.
03:31We can place parallel plates at the right end.
03:36Just assume the top plate is connected to the positive pole of the DC voltage source.
03:42And the bottom plate is connected to the negative pole of the DC voltage source.
03:48Then the light will appear to turn towards the negatively charged plate.
03:53This is proof that the anode rays have a positive charge.
03:58In some references, these rays are known as canal rays.
04:03Well, the scientist who researched canal ray was Eugene Goldstein in 1886.
04:14Using a method similar to Thompson's experiment,
04:17Eugene Goldstein was able to calculate the charge-to-mass ratio, or E per m, of the anode rays.
04:23It turns out that the value of E per m is not just a single value.
04:28This value has several different values, depending on the type of gas used.
04:35Because it does not have one value, we cannot say that a ray channel particle is a single particle.
04:44Because it does not have one value, we cannot say that a canal rays particle is a single particle.
04:50Rutherford researched the canal rays experiments further.
04:54In 1920, Rutherford succeeded in identifying a single positively charged particle known as a proton.
05:04So scientifically, the discoverer of the proton was Ernest Rutherford.
05:09However, Eugene Goldstein is still known as the inventor of canal rays.
05:13Thank you for watching this video.
05:15And, don't forget to watch the next video.
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